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linux-next/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
Daniel Borkmann 747ea55e4f bpf: fix bpf_skb_in_cgroup helper naming 
While hashing out BPF's current_task_under_cgroup helper bits, it came
to discussion that the skb_in_cgroup helper name was suboptimally chosen.

Tejun says:

  So, I think in_cgroup should mean that the object is in that
  particular cgroup while under_cgroup in the subhierarchy of that
  cgroup. Let's rename the other subhierarchy test to under too. I
  think that'd be a lot less confusing going forward.

  [...]

  It's more intuitive and gives us the room to implement the real
  "in" test if ever necessary in the future.

Since this touches uapi bits, we need to change this as long as v4.8
is not yet officially released. Thus, change the helper enum and rename
related bits.

Fixes: 4a482f34af ("cgroup: bpf: Add bpf_skb_in_cgroup_proto")
Reference: http://patchwork.ozlabs.org/patch/658500/
Suggested-by: Sargun Dhillon <sargun@sargun.me>
Suggested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2016-08-12 21:53:33 -07:00

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/* Copyright (c) 2011-2014 PLUMgrid, http://plumgrid.com
* Copyright (c) 2016 Facebook
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* General Public License for more details.
*/
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <net/netlink.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
/* bpf_check() is a static code analyzer that walks eBPF program
* instruction by instruction and updates register/stack state.
* All paths of conditional branches are analyzed until 'bpf_exit' insn.
*
* The first pass is depth-first-search to check that the program is a DAG.
* It rejects the following programs:
* - larger than BPF_MAXINSNS insns
* - if loop is present (detected via back-edge)
* - unreachable insns exist (shouldn't be a forest. program = one function)
* - out of bounds or malformed jumps
* The second pass is all possible path descent from the 1st insn.
* Since it's analyzing all pathes through the program, the length of the
* analysis is limited to 32k insn, which may be hit even if total number of
* insn is less then 4K, but there are too many branches that change stack/regs.
* Number of 'branches to be analyzed' is limited to 1k
*
* On entry to each instruction, each register has a type, and the instruction
* changes the types of the registers depending on instruction semantics.
* If instruction is BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_5), then type of R5 is
* copied to R1.
*
* All registers are 64-bit.
* R0 - return register
* R1-R5 argument passing registers
* R6-R9 callee saved registers
* R10 - frame pointer read-only
*
* At the start of BPF program the register R1 contains a pointer to bpf_context
* and has type PTR_TO_CTX.
*
* Verifier tracks arithmetic operations on pointers in case:
* BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10),
* BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_1, -20),
* 1st insn copies R10 (which has FRAME_PTR) type into R1
* and 2nd arithmetic instruction is pattern matched to recognize
* that it wants to construct a pointer to some element within stack.
* So after 2nd insn, the register R1 has type PTR_TO_STACK
* (and -20 constant is saved for further stack bounds checking).
* Meaning that this reg is a pointer to stack plus known immediate constant.
*
* Most of the time the registers have UNKNOWN_VALUE type, which
* means the register has some value, but it's not a valid pointer.
* (like pointer plus pointer becomes UNKNOWN_VALUE type)
*
* When verifier sees load or store instructions the type of base register
* can be: PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE, PTR_TO_CTX, FRAME_PTR. These are three pointer
* types recognized by check_mem_access() function.
*
* PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE means that this register is pointing to 'map element value'
* and the range of [ptr, ptr + map's value_size) is accessible.
*
* registers used to pass values to function calls are checked against
* function argument constraints.
*
* ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY is one of such argument constraints.
* It means that the register type passed to this function must be
* PTR_TO_STACK and it will be used inside the function as
* 'pointer to map element key'
*
* For example the argument constraints for bpf_map_lookup_elem():
* .ret_type = RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL,
* .arg1_type = ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR,
* .arg2_type = ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY,
*
* ret_type says that this function returns 'pointer to map elem value or null'
* function expects 1st argument to be a const pointer to 'struct bpf_map' and
* 2nd argument should be a pointer to stack, which will be used inside
* the helper function as a pointer to map element key.
*
* On the kernel side the helper function looks like:
* u64 bpf_map_lookup_elem(u64 r1, u64 r2, u64 r3, u64 r4, u64 r5)
* {
* struct bpf_map *map = (struct bpf_map *) (unsigned long) r1;
* void *key = (void *) (unsigned long) r2;
* void *value;
*
* here kernel can access 'key' and 'map' pointers safely, knowing that
* [key, key + map->key_size) bytes are valid and were initialized on
* the stack of eBPF program.
* }
*
* Corresponding eBPF program may look like:
* BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10), // after this insn R2 type is FRAME_PTR
* BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -4), // after this insn R2 type is PTR_TO_STACK
* BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, map_fd), // after this insn R1 type is CONST_PTR_TO_MAP
* BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
* here verifier looks at prototype of map_lookup_elem() and sees:
* .arg1_type == ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR and R1->type == CONST_PTR_TO_MAP, which is ok,
* Now verifier knows that this map has key of R1->map_ptr->key_size bytes
*
* Then .arg2_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY and R2->type == PTR_TO_STACK, ok so far,
* Now verifier checks that [R2, R2 + map's key_size) are within stack limits
* and were initialized prior to this call.
* If it's ok, then verifier allows this BPF_CALL insn and looks at
* .ret_type which is RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL, so it sets
* R0->type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL which means bpf_map_lookup_elem() function
* returns ether pointer to map value or NULL.
*
* When type PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL passes through 'if (reg != 0) goto +off'
* insn, the register holding that pointer in the true branch changes state to
* PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE and the same register changes state to CONST_IMM in the false
* branch. See check_cond_jmp_op().
*
* After the call R0 is set to return type of the function and registers R1-R5
* are set to NOT_INIT to indicate that they are no longer readable.
*/
struct reg_state {
enum bpf_reg_type type;
union {
/* valid when type == CONST_IMM | PTR_TO_STACK | UNKNOWN_VALUE */
s64 imm;
/* valid when type == PTR_TO_PACKET* */
struct {
u32 id;
u16 off;
u16 range;
};
/* valid when type == CONST_PTR_TO_MAP | PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE |
* PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL
*/
struct bpf_map *map_ptr;
};
};
enum bpf_stack_slot_type {
STACK_INVALID, /* nothing was stored in this stack slot */
STACK_SPILL, /* register spilled into stack */
STACK_MISC /* BPF program wrote some data into this slot */
};
#define BPF_REG_SIZE 8 /* size of eBPF register in bytes */
/* state of the program:
* type of all registers and stack info
*/
struct verifier_state {
struct reg_state regs[MAX_BPF_REG];
u8 stack_slot_type[MAX_BPF_STACK];
struct reg_state spilled_regs[MAX_BPF_STACK / BPF_REG_SIZE];
};
/* linked list of verifier states used to prune search */
struct verifier_state_list {
struct verifier_state state;
struct verifier_state_list *next;
};
/* verifier_state + insn_idx are pushed to stack when branch is encountered */
struct verifier_stack_elem {
/* verifer state is 'st'
* before processing instruction 'insn_idx'
* and after processing instruction 'prev_insn_idx'
*/
struct verifier_state st;
int insn_idx;
int prev_insn_idx;
struct verifier_stack_elem *next;
};
#define MAX_USED_MAPS 64 /* max number of maps accessed by one eBPF program */
/* single container for all structs
* one verifier_env per bpf_check() call
*/
struct verifier_env {
struct bpf_prog *prog; /* eBPF program being verified */
struct verifier_stack_elem *head; /* stack of verifier states to be processed */
int stack_size; /* number of states to be processed */
struct verifier_state cur_state; /* current verifier state */
struct verifier_state_list **explored_states; /* search pruning optimization */
struct bpf_map *used_maps[MAX_USED_MAPS]; /* array of map's used by eBPF program */
u32 used_map_cnt; /* number of used maps */
u32 id_gen; /* used to generate unique reg IDs */
bool allow_ptr_leaks;
};
#define BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_INSNS 65536
#define BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_STACK 1024
struct bpf_call_arg_meta {
struct bpf_map *map_ptr;
bool raw_mode;
int regno;
int access_size;
};
/* verbose verifier prints what it's seeing
* bpf_check() is called under lock, so no race to access these global vars
*/
static u32 log_level, log_size, log_len;
static char *log_buf;
static DEFINE_MUTEX(bpf_verifier_lock);
/* log_level controls verbosity level of eBPF verifier.
* verbose() is used to dump the verification trace to the log, so the user
* can figure out what's wrong with the program
*/
static __printf(1, 2) void verbose(const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list args;
if (log_level == 0 || log_len >= log_size - 1)
return;
va_start(args, fmt);
log_len += vscnprintf(log_buf + log_len, log_size - log_len, fmt, args);
va_end(args);
}
/* string representation of 'enum bpf_reg_type' */
static const char * const reg_type_str[] = {
[NOT_INIT] = "?",
[UNKNOWN_VALUE] = "inv",
[PTR_TO_CTX] = "ctx",
[CONST_PTR_TO_MAP] = "map_ptr",
[PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE] = "map_value",
[PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL] = "map_value_or_null",
[FRAME_PTR] = "fp",
[PTR_TO_STACK] = "fp",
[CONST_IMM] = "imm",
[PTR_TO_PACKET] = "pkt",
[PTR_TO_PACKET_END] = "pkt_end",
};
static void print_verifier_state(struct verifier_state *state)
{
struct reg_state *reg;
enum bpf_reg_type t;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
reg = &state->regs[i];
t = reg->type;
if (t == NOT_INIT)
continue;
verbose(" R%d=%s", i, reg_type_str[t]);
if (t == CONST_IMM || t == PTR_TO_STACK)
verbose("%lld", reg->imm);
else if (t == PTR_TO_PACKET)
verbose("(id=%d,off=%d,r=%d)",
reg->id, reg->off, reg->range);
else if (t == UNKNOWN_VALUE && reg->imm)
verbose("%lld", reg->imm);
else if (t == CONST_PTR_TO_MAP || t == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE ||
t == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL)
verbose("(ks=%d,vs=%d)",
reg->map_ptr->key_size,
reg->map_ptr->value_size);
}
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_STACK; i += BPF_REG_SIZE) {
if (state->stack_slot_type[i] == STACK_SPILL)
verbose(" fp%d=%s", -MAX_BPF_STACK + i,
reg_type_str[state->spilled_regs[i / BPF_REG_SIZE].type]);
}
verbose("\n");
}
static const char *const bpf_class_string[] = {
[BPF_LD] = "ld",
[BPF_LDX] = "ldx",
[BPF_ST] = "st",
[BPF_STX] = "stx",
[BPF_ALU] = "alu",
[BPF_JMP] = "jmp",
[BPF_RET] = "BUG",
[BPF_ALU64] = "alu64",
};
static const char *const bpf_alu_string[16] = {
[BPF_ADD >> 4] = "+=",
[BPF_SUB >> 4] = "-=",
[BPF_MUL >> 4] = "*=",
[BPF_DIV >> 4] = "/=",
[BPF_OR >> 4] = "|=",
[BPF_AND >> 4] = "&=",
[BPF_LSH >> 4] = "<<=",
[BPF_RSH >> 4] = ">>=",
[BPF_NEG >> 4] = "neg",
[BPF_MOD >> 4] = "%=",
[BPF_XOR >> 4] = "^=",
[BPF_MOV >> 4] = "=",
[BPF_ARSH >> 4] = "s>>=",
[BPF_END >> 4] = "endian",
};
static const char *const bpf_ldst_string[] = {
[BPF_W >> 3] = "u32",
[BPF_H >> 3] = "u16",
[BPF_B >> 3] = "u8",
[BPF_DW >> 3] = "u64",
};
static const char *const bpf_jmp_string[16] = {
[BPF_JA >> 4] = "jmp",
[BPF_JEQ >> 4] = "==",
[BPF_JGT >> 4] = ">",
[BPF_JGE >> 4] = ">=",
[BPF_JSET >> 4] = "&",
[BPF_JNE >> 4] = "!=",
[BPF_JSGT >> 4] = "s>",
[BPF_JSGE >> 4] = "s>=",
[BPF_CALL >> 4] = "call",
[BPF_EXIT >> 4] = "exit",
};
static void print_bpf_insn(struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
u8 class = BPF_CLASS(insn->code);
if (class == BPF_ALU || class == BPF_ALU64) {
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X)
verbose("(%02x) %sr%d %s %sr%d\n",
insn->code, class == BPF_ALU ? "(u32) " : "",
insn->dst_reg,
bpf_alu_string[BPF_OP(insn->code) >> 4],
class == BPF_ALU ? "(u32) " : "",
insn->src_reg);
else
verbose("(%02x) %sr%d %s %s%d\n",
insn->code, class == BPF_ALU ? "(u32) " : "",
insn->dst_reg,
bpf_alu_string[BPF_OP(insn->code) >> 4],
class == BPF_ALU ? "(u32) " : "",
insn->imm);
} else if (class == BPF_STX) {
if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_MEM)
verbose("(%02x) *(%s *)(r%d %+d) = r%d\n",
insn->code,
bpf_ldst_string[BPF_SIZE(insn->code) >> 3],
insn->dst_reg,
insn->off, insn->src_reg);
else if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_XADD)
verbose("(%02x) lock *(%s *)(r%d %+d) += r%d\n",
insn->code,
bpf_ldst_string[BPF_SIZE(insn->code) >> 3],
insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
insn->src_reg);
else
verbose("BUG_%02x\n", insn->code);
} else if (class == BPF_ST) {
if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM) {
verbose("BUG_st_%02x\n", insn->code);
return;
}
verbose("(%02x) *(%s *)(r%d %+d) = %d\n",
insn->code,
bpf_ldst_string[BPF_SIZE(insn->code) >> 3],
insn->dst_reg,
insn->off, insn->imm);
} else if (class == BPF_LDX) {
if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM) {
verbose("BUG_ldx_%02x\n", insn->code);
return;
}
verbose("(%02x) r%d = *(%s *)(r%d %+d)\n",
insn->code, insn->dst_reg,
bpf_ldst_string[BPF_SIZE(insn->code) >> 3],
insn->src_reg, insn->off);
} else if (class == BPF_LD) {
if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_ABS) {
verbose("(%02x) r0 = *(%s *)skb[%d]\n",
insn->code,
bpf_ldst_string[BPF_SIZE(insn->code) >> 3],
insn->imm);
} else if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_IND) {
verbose("(%02x) r0 = *(%s *)skb[r%d + %d]\n",
insn->code,
bpf_ldst_string[BPF_SIZE(insn->code) >> 3],
insn->src_reg, insn->imm);
} else if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_IMM) {
verbose("(%02x) r%d = 0x%x\n",
insn->code, insn->dst_reg, insn->imm);
} else {
verbose("BUG_ld_%02x\n", insn->code);
return;
}
} else if (class == BPF_JMP) {
u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
verbose("(%02x) call %d\n", insn->code, insn->imm);
} else if (insn->code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_JA)) {
verbose("(%02x) goto pc%+d\n",
insn->code, insn->off);
} else if (insn->code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_EXIT)) {
verbose("(%02x) exit\n", insn->code);
} else if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
verbose("(%02x) if r%d %s r%d goto pc%+d\n",
insn->code, insn->dst_reg,
bpf_jmp_string[BPF_OP(insn->code) >> 4],
insn->src_reg, insn->off);
} else {
verbose("(%02x) if r%d %s 0x%x goto pc%+d\n",
insn->code, insn->dst_reg,
bpf_jmp_string[BPF_OP(insn->code) >> 4],
insn->imm, insn->off);
}
} else {
verbose("(%02x) %s\n", insn->code, bpf_class_string[class]);
}
}
static int pop_stack(struct verifier_env *env, int *prev_insn_idx)
{
struct verifier_stack_elem *elem;
int insn_idx;
if (env->head == NULL)
return -1;
memcpy(&env->cur_state, &env->head->st, sizeof(env->cur_state));
insn_idx = env->head->insn_idx;
if (prev_insn_idx)
*prev_insn_idx = env->head->prev_insn_idx;
elem = env->head->next;
kfree(env->head);
env->head = elem;
env->stack_size--;
return insn_idx;
}
static struct verifier_state *push_stack(struct verifier_env *env, int insn_idx,
int prev_insn_idx)
{
struct verifier_stack_elem *elem;
elem = kmalloc(sizeof(struct verifier_stack_elem), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!elem)
goto err;
memcpy(&elem->st, &env->cur_state, sizeof(env->cur_state));
elem->insn_idx = insn_idx;
elem->prev_insn_idx = prev_insn_idx;
elem->next = env->head;
env->head = elem;
env->stack_size++;
if (env->stack_size > BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_STACK) {
verbose("BPF program is too complex\n");
goto err;
}
return &elem->st;
err:
/* pop all elements and return */
while (pop_stack(env, NULL) >= 0);
return NULL;
}
#define CALLER_SAVED_REGS 6
static const int caller_saved[CALLER_SAVED_REGS] = {
BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_3, BPF_REG_4, BPF_REG_5
};
static void init_reg_state(struct reg_state *regs)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
regs[i].type = NOT_INIT;
regs[i].imm = 0;
}
/* frame pointer */
regs[BPF_REG_FP].type = FRAME_PTR;
/* 1st arg to a function */
regs[BPF_REG_1].type = PTR_TO_CTX;
}
static void mark_reg_unknown_value(struct reg_state *regs, u32 regno)
{
BUG_ON(regno >= MAX_BPF_REG);
regs[regno].type = UNKNOWN_VALUE;
regs[regno].imm = 0;
}
enum reg_arg_type {
SRC_OP, /* register is used as source operand */
DST_OP, /* register is used as destination operand */
DST_OP_NO_MARK /* same as above, check only, don't mark */
};
static int check_reg_arg(struct reg_state *regs, u32 regno,
enum reg_arg_type t)
{
if (regno >= MAX_BPF_REG) {
verbose("R%d is invalid\n", regno);
return -EINVAL;
}
if (t == SRC_OP) {
/* check whether register used as source operand can be read */
if (regs[regno].type == NOT_INIT) {
verbose("R%d !read_ok\n", regno);
return -EACCES;
}
} else {
/* check whether register used as dest operand can be written to */
if (regno == BPF_REG_FP) {
verbose("frame pointer is read only\n");
return -EACCES;
}
if (t == DST_OP)
mark_reg_unknown_value(regs, regno);
}
return 0;
}
static int bpf_size_to_bytes(int bpf_size)
{
if (bpf_size == BPF_W)
return 4;
else if (bpf_size == BPF_H)
return 2;
else if (bpf_size == BPF_B)
return 1;
else if (bpf_size == BPF_DW)
return 8;
else
return -EINVAL;
}
static bool is_spillable_regtype(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
switch (type) {
case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE:
case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL:
case PTR_TO_STACK:
case PTR_TO_CTX:
case PTR_TO_PACKET:
case PTR_TO_PACKET_END:
case FRAME_PTR:
case CONST_PTR_TO_MAP:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
/* check_stack_read/write functions track spill/fill of registers,
* stack boundary and alignment are checked in check_mem_access()
*/
static int check_stack_write(struct verifier_state *state, int off, int size,
int value_regno)
{
int i;
/* caller checked that off % size == 0 and -MAX_BPF_STACK <= off < 0,
* so it's aligned access and [off, off + size) are within stack limits
*/
if (value_regno >= 0 &&
is_spillable_regtype(state->regs[value_regno].type)) {
/* register containing pointer is being spilled into stack */
if (size != BPF_REG_SIZE) {
verbose("invalid size of register spill\n");
return -EACCES;
}
/* save register state */
state->spilled_regs[(MAX_BPF_STACK + off) / BPF_REG_SIZE] =
state->regs[value_regno];
for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_SIZE; i++)
state->stack_slot_type[MAX_BPF_STACK + off + i] = STACK_SPILL;
} else {
/* regular write of data into stack */
state->spilled_regs[(MAX_BPF_STACK + off) / BPF_REG_SIZE] =
(struct reg_state) {};
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
state->stack_slot_type[MAX_BPF_STACK + off + i] = STACK_MISC;
}
return 0;
}
static int check_stack_read(struct verifier_state *state, int off, int size,
int value_regno)
{
u8 *slot_type;
int i;
slot_type = &state->stack_slot_type[MAX_BPF_STACK + off];
if (slot_type[0] == STACK_SPILL) {
if (size != BPF_REG_SIZE) {
verbose("invalid size of register spill\n");
return -EACCES;
}
for (i = 1; i < BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
if (slot_type[i] != STACK_SPILL) {
verbose("corrupted spill memory\n");
return -EACCES;
}
}
if (value_regno >= 0)
/* restore register state from stack */
state->regs[value_regno] =
state->spilled_regs[(MAX_BPF_STACK + off) / BPF_REG_SIZE];
return 0;
} else {
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (slot_type[i] != STACK_MISC) {
verbose("invalid read from stack off %d+%d size %d\n",
off, i, size);
return -EACCES;
}
}
if (value_regno >= 0)
/* have read misc data from the stack */
mark_reg_unknown_value(state->regs, value_regno);
return 0;
}
}
/* check read/write into map element returned by bpf_map_lookup_elem() */
static int check_map_access(struct verifier_env *env, u32 regno, int off,
int size)
{
struct bpf_map *map = env->cur_state.regs[regno].map_ptr;
if (off < 0 || off + size > map->value_size) {
verbose("invalid access to map value, value_size=%d off=%d size=%d\n",
map->value_size, off, size);
return -EACCES;
}
return 0;
}
#define MAX_PACKET_OFF 0xffff
static bool may_write_pkt_data(enum bpf_prog_type type)
{
switch (type) {
case BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
static int check_packet_access(struct verifier_env *env, u32 regno, int off,
int size)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs;
struct reg_state *reg = &regs[regno];
off += reg->off;
if (off < 0 || off + size > reg->range) {
verbose("invalid access to packet, off=%d size=%d, R%d(id=%d,off=%d,r=%d)\n",
off, size, regno, reg->id, reg->off, reg->range);
return -EACCES;
}
return 0;
}
/* check access to 'struct bpf_context' fields */
static int check_ctx_access(struct verifier_env *env, int off, int size,
enum bpf_access_type t, enum bpf_reg_type *reg_type)
{
if (env->prog->aux->ops->is_valid_access &&
env->prog->aux->ops->is_valid_access(off, size, t, reg_type)) {
/* remember the offset of last byte accessed in ctx */
if (env->prog->aux->max_ctx_offset < off + size)
env->prog->aux->max_ctx_offset = off + size;
return 0;
}
verbose("invalid bpf_context access off=%d size=%d\n", off, size);
return -EACCES;
}
static bool is_pointer_value(struct verifier_env *env, int regno)
{
if (env->allow_ptr_leaks)
return false;
switch (env->cur_state.regs[regno].type) {
case UNKNOWN_VALUE:
case CONST_IMM:
return false;
default:
return true;
}
}
static int check_ptr_alignment(struct verifier_env *env, struct reg_state *reg,
int off, int size)
{
if (reg->type != PTR_TO_PACKET) {
if (off % size != 0) {
verbose("misaligned access off %d size %d\n", off, size);
return -EACCES;
} else {
return 0;
}
}
switch (env->prog->type) {
case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS:
case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_ACT:
case BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP:
break;
default:
verbose("verifier is misconfigured\n");
return -EACCES;
}
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS))
/* misaligned access to packet is ok on x86,arm,arm64 */
return 0;
if (reg->id && size != 1) {
verbose("Unknown packet alignment. Only byte-sized access allowed\n");
return -EACCES;
}
/* skb->data is NET_IP_ALIGN-ed */
if ((NET_IP_ALIGN + reg->off + off) % size != 0) {
verbose("misaligned packet access off %d+%d+%d size %d\n",
NET_IP_ALIGN, reg->off, off, size);
return -EACCES;
}
return 0;
}
/* check whether memory at (regno + off) is accessible for t = (read | write)
* if t==write, value_regno is a register which value is stored into memory
* if t==read, value_regno is a register which will receive the value from memory
* if t==write && value_regno==-1, some unknown value is stored into memory
* if t==read && value_regno==-1, don't care what we read from memory
*/
static int check_mem_access(struct verifier_env *env, u32 regno, int off,
int bpf_size, enum bpf_access_type t,
int value_regno)
{
struct verifier_state *state = &env->cur_state;
struct reg_state *reg = &state->regs[regno];
int size, err = 0;
if (reg->type == PTR_TO_STACK)
off += reg->imm;
size = bpf_size_to_bytes(bpf_size);
if (size < 0)
return size;
err = check_ptr_alignment(env, reg, off, size);
if (err)
return err;
if (reg->type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE) {
if (t == BPF_WRITE && value_regno >= 0 &&
is_pointer_value(env, value_regno)) {
verbose("R%d leaks addr into map\n", value_regno);
return -EACCES;
}
err = check_map_access(env, regno, off, size);
if (!err && t == BPF_READ && value_regno >= 0)
mark_reg_unknown_value(state->regs, value_regno);
} else if (reg->type == PTR_TO_CTX) {
enum bpf_reg_type reg_type = UNKNOWN_VALUE;
if (t == BPF_WRITE && value_regno >= 0 &&
is_pointer_value(env, value_regno)) {
verbose("R%d leaks addr into ctx\n", value_regno);
return -EACCES;
}
err = check_ctx_access(env, off, size, t, &reg_type);
if (!err && t == BPF_READ && value_regno >= 0) {
mark_reg_unknown_value(state->regs, value_regno);
if (env->allow_ptr_leaks)
/* note that reg.[id|off|range] == 0 */
state->regs[value_regno].type = reg_type;
}
} else if (reg->type == FRAME_PTR || reg->type == PTR_TO_STACK) {
if (off >= 0 || off < -MAX_BPF_STACK) {
verbose("invalid stack off=%d size=%d\n", off, size);
return -EACCES;
}
if (t == BPF_WRITE) {
if (!env->allow_ptr_leaks &&
state->stack_slot_type[MAX_BPF_STACK + off] == STACK_SPILL &&
size != BPF_REG_SIZE) {
verbose("attempt to corrupt spilled pointer on stack\n");
return -EACCES;
}
err = check_stack_write(state, off, size, value_regno);
} else {
err = check_stack_read(state, off, size, value_regno);
}
} else if (state->regs[regno].type == PTR_TO_PACKET) {
if (t == BPF_WRITE && !may_write_pkt_data(env->prog->type)) {
verbose("cannot write into packet\n");
return -EACCES;
}
if (t == BPF_WRITE && value_regno >= 0 &&
is_pointer_value(env, value_regno)) {
verbose("R%d leaks addr into packet\n", value_regno);
return -EACCES;
}
err = check_packet_access(env, regno, off, size);
if (!err && t == BPF_READ && value_regno >= 0)
mark_reg_unknown_value(state->regs, value_regno);
} else {
verbose("R%d invalid mem access '%s'\n",
regno, reg_type_str[reg->type]);
return -EACCES;
}
if (!err && size <= 2 && value_regno >= 0 && env->allow_ptr_leaks &&
state->regs[value_regno].type == UNKNOWN_VALUE) {
/* 1 or 2 byte load zero-extends, determine the number of
* zero upper bits. Not doing it fo 4 byte load, since
* such values cannot be added to ptr_to_packet anyway.
*/
state->regs[value_regno].imm = 64 - size * 8;
}
return err;
}
static int check_xadd(struct verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs;
int err;
if ((BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_W && BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_DW) ||
insn->imm != 0) {
verbose("BPF_XADD uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
/* check src1 operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
/* check src2 operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
/* check whether atomic_add can read the memory */
err = check_mem_access(env, insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_READ, -1);
if (err)
return err;
/* check whether atomic_add can write into the same memory */
return check_mem_access(env, insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_WRITE, -1);
}
/* when register 'regno' is passed into function that will read 'access_size'
* bytes from that pointer, make sure that it's within stack boundary
* and all elements of stack are initialized
*/
static int check_stack_boundary(struct verifier_env *env, int regno,
int access_size, bool zero_size_allowed,
struct bpf_call_arg_meta *meta)
{
struct verifier_state *state = &env->cur_state;
struct reg_state *regs = state->regs;
int off, i;
if (regs[regno].type != PTR_TO_STACK) {
if (zero_size_allowed && access_size == 0 &&
regs[regno].type == CONST_IMM &&
regs[regno].imm == 0)
return 0;
verbose("R%d type=%s expected=%s\n", regno,
reg_type_str[regs[regno].type],
reg_type_str[PTR_TO_STACK]);
return -EACCES;
}
off = regs[regno].imm;
if (off >= 0 || off < -MAX_BPF_STACK || off + access_size > 0 ||
access_size <= 0) {
verbose("invalid stack type R%d off=%d access_size=%d\n",
regno, off, access_size);
return -EACCES;
}
if (meta && meta->raw_mode) {
meta->access_size = access_size;
meta->regno = regno;
return 0;
}
for (i = 0; i < access_size; i++) {
if (state->stack_slot_type[MAX_BPF_STACK + off + i] != STACK_MISC) {
verbose("invalid indirect read from stack off %d+%d size %d\n",
off, i, access_size);
return -EACCES;
}
}
return 0;
}
static int check_func_arg(struct verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
enum bpf_arg_type arg_type,
struct bpf_call_arg_meta *meta)
{
struct reg_state *reg = env->cur_state.regs + regno;
enum bpf_reg_type expected_type;
int err = 0;
if (arg_type == ARG_DONTCARE)
return 0;
if (reg->type == NOT_INIT) {
verbose("R%d !read_ok\n", regno);
return -EACCES;
}
if (arg_type == ARG_ANYTHING) {
if (is_pointer_value(env, regno)) {
verbose("R%d leaks addr into helper function\n", regno);
return -EACCES;
}
return 0;
}
if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY ||
arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE) {
expected_type = PTR_TO_STACK;
} else if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_STACK_SIZE ||
arg_type == ARG_CONST_STACK_SIZE_OR_ZERO) {
expected_type = CONST_IMM;
} else if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR) {
expected_type = CONST_PTR_TO_MAP;
} else if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_CTX) {
expected_type = PTR_TO_CTX;
} else if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_STACK ||
arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_RAW_STACK) {
expected_type = PTR_TO_STACK;
/* One exception here. In case function allows for NULL to be
* passed in as argument, it's a CONST_IMM type. Final test
* happens during stack boundary checking.
*/
if (reg->type == CONST_IMM && reg->imm == 0)
expected_type = CONST_IMM;
meta->raw_mode = arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_RAW_STACK;
} else {
verbose("unsupported arg_type %d\n", arg_type);
return -EFAULT;
}
if (reg->type != expected_type) {
verbose("R%d type=%s expected=%s\n", regno,
reg_type_str[reg->type], reg_type_str[expected_type]);
return -EACCES;
}
if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR) {
/* bpf_map_xxx(map_ptr) call: remember that map_ptr */
meta->map_ptr = reg->map_ptr;
} else if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY) {
/* bpf_map_xxx(..., map_ptr, ..., key) call:
* check that [key, key + map->key_size) are within
* stack limits and initialized
*/
if (!meta->map_ptr) {
/* in function declaration map_ptr must come before
* map_key, so that it's verified and known before
* we have to check map_key here. Otherwise it means
* that kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier
*/
verbose("invalid map_ptr to access map->key\n");
return -EACCES;
}
err = check_stack_boundary(env, regno, meta->map_ptr->key_size,
false, NULL);
} else if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE) {
/* bpf_map_xxx(..., map_ptr, ..., value) call:
* check [value, value + map->value_size) validity
*/
if (!meta->map_ptr) {
/* kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier */
verbose("invalid map_ptr to access map->value\n");
return -EACCES;
}
err = check_stack_boundary(env, regno,
meta->map_ptr->value_size,
false, NULL);
} else if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_STACK_SIZE ||
arg_type == ARG_CONST_STACK_SIZE_OR_ZERO) {
bool zero_size_allowed = (arg_type == ARG_CONST_STACK_SIZE_OR_ZERO);
/* bpf_xxx(..., buf, len) call will access 'len' bytes
* from stack pointer 'buf'. Check it
* note: regno == len, regno - 1 == buf
*/
if (regno == 0) {
/* kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier */
verbose("ARG_CONST_STACK_SIZE cannot be first argument\n");
return -EACCES;
}
err = check_stack_boundary(env, regno - 1, reg->imm,
zero_size_allowed, meta);
}
return err;
}
static int check_map_func_compatibility(struct bpf_map *map, int func_id)
{
if (!map)
return 0;
/* We need a two way check, first is from map perspective ... */
switch (map->map_type) {
case BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY:
if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_tail_call)
goto error;
break;
case BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY:
if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_perf_event_read &&
func_id != BPF_FUNC_perf_event_output)
goto error;
break;
case BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE:
if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_get_stackid)
goto error;
break;
case BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY:
if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_skb_under_cgroup)
goto error;
break;
default:
break;
}
/* ... and second from the function itself. */
switch (func_id) {
case BPF_FUNC_tail_call:
if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY)
goto error;
break;
case BPF_FUNC_perf_event_read:
case BPF_FUNC_perf_event_output:
if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY)
goto error;
break;
case BPF_FUNC_get_stackid:
if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE)
goto error;
break;
case BPF_FUNC_skb_under_cgroup:
if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY)
goto error;
break;
default:
break;
}
return 0;
error:
verbose("cannot pass map_type %d into func %d\n",
map->map_type, func_id);
return -EINVAL;
}
static int check_raw_mode(const struct bpf_func_proto *fn)
{
int count = 0;
if (fn->arg1_type == ARG_PTR_TO_RAW_STACK)
count++;
if (fn->arg2_type == ARG_PTR_TO_RAW_STACK)
count++;
if (fn->arg3_type == ARG_PTR_TO_RAW_STACK)
count++;
if (fn->arg4_type == ARG_PTR_TO_RAW_STACK)
count++;
if (fn->arg5_type == ARG_PTR_TO_RAW_STACK)
count++;
return count > 1 ? -EINVAL : 0;
}
static void clear_all_pkt_pointers(struct verifier_env *env)
{
struct verifier_state *state = &env->cur_state;
struct reg_state *regs = state->regs, *reg;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++)
if (regs[i].type == PTR_TO_PACKET ||
regs[i].type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END)
mark_reg_unknown_value(regs, i);
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_STACK; i += BPF_REG_SIZE) {
if (state->stack_slot_type[i] != STACK_SPILL)
continue;
reg = &state->spilled_regs[i / BPF_REG_SIZE];
if (reg->type != PTR_TO_PACKET &&
reg->type != PTR_TO_PACKET_END)
continue;
reg->type = UNKNOWN_VALUE;
reg->imm = 0;
}
}
static int check_call(struct verifier_env *env, int func_id)
{
struct verifier_state *state = &env->cur_state;
const struct bpf_func_proto *fn = NULL;
struct reg_state *regs = state->regs;
struct reg_state *reg;
struct bpf_call_arg_meta meta;
bool changes_data;
int i, err;
/* find function prototype */
if (func_id < 0 || func_id >= __BPF_FUNC_MAX_ID) {
verbose("invalid func %d\n", func_id);
return -EINVAL;
}
if (env->prog->aux->ops->get_func_proto)
fn = env->prog->aux->ops->get_func_proto(func_id);
if (!fn) {
verbose("unknown func %d\n", func_id);
return -EINVAL;
}
/* eBPF programs must be GPL compatible to use GPL-ed functions */
if (!env->prog->gpl_compatible && fn->gpl_only) {
verbose("cannot call GPL only function from proprietary program\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
changes_data = bpf_helper_changes_skb_data(fn->func);
memset(&meta, 0, sizeof(meta));
/* We only support one arg being in raw mode at the moment, which
* is sufficient for the helper functions we have right now.
*/
err = check_raw_mode(fn);
if (err) {
verbose("kernel subsystem misconfigured func %d\n", func_id);
return err;
}
/* check args */
err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_1, fn->arg1_type, &meta);
if (err)
return err;
err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_2, fn->arg2_type, &meta);
if (err)
return err;
err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_3, fn->arg3_type, &meta);
if (err)
return err;
err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_4, fn->arg4_type, &meta);
if (err)
return err;
err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_5, fn->arg5_type, &meta);
if (err)
return err;
/* Mark slots with STACK_MISC in case of raw mode, stack offset
* is inferred from register state.
*/
for (i = 0; i < meta.access_size; i++) {
err = check_mem_access(env, meta.regno, i, BPF_B, BPF_WRITE, -1);
if (err)
return err;
}
/* reset caller saved regs */
for (i = 0; i < CALLER_SAVED_REGS; i++) {
reg = regs + caller_saved[i];
reg->type = NOT_INIT;
reg->imm = 0;
}
/* update return register */
if (fn->ret_type == RET_INTEGER) {
regs[BPF_REG_0].type = UNKNOWN_VALUE;
} else if (fn->ret_type == RET_VOID) {
regs[BPF_REG_0].type = NOT_INIT;
} else if (fn->ret_type == RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL) {
regs[BPF_REG_0].type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL;
/* remember map_ptr, so that check_map_access()
* can check 'value_size' boundary of memory access
* to map element returned from bpf_map_lookup_elem()
*/
if (meta.map_ptr == NULL) {
verbose("kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
regs[BPF_REG_0].map_ptr = meta.map_ptr;
} else {
verbose("unknown return type %d of func %d\n",
fn->ret_type, func_id);
return -EINVAL;
}
err = check_map_func_compatibility(meta.map_ptr, func_id);
if (err)
return err;
if (changes_data)
clear_all_pkt_pointers(env);
return 0;
}
static int check_packet_ptr_add(struct verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs;
struct reg_state *dst_reg = &regs[insn->dst_reg];
struct reg_state *src_reg = &regs[insn->src_reg];
struct reg_state tmp_reg;
s32 imm;
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K) {
/* pkt_ptr += imm */
imm = insn->imm;
add_imm:
if (imm <= 0) {
verbose("addition of negative constant to packet pointer is not allowed\n");
return -EACCES;
}
if (imm >= MAX_PACKET_OFF ||
imm + dst_reg->off >= MAX_PACKET_OFF) {
verbose("constant %d is too large to add to packet pointer\n",
imm);
return -EACCES;
}
/* a constant was added to pkt_ptr.
* Remember it while keeping the same 'id'
*/
dst_reg->off += imm;
} else {
if (src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET) {
/* R6=pkt(id=0,off=0,r=62) R7=imm22; r7 += r6 */
tmp_reg = *dst_reg; /* save r7 state */
*dst_reg = *src_reg; /* copy pkt_ptr state r6 into r7 */
src_reg = &tmp_reg; /* pretend it's src_reg state */
/* if the checks below reject it, the copy won't matter,
* since we're rejecting the whole program. If all ok,
* then imm22 state will be added to r7
* and r7 will be pkt(id=0,off=22,r=62) while
* r6 will stay as pkt(id=0,off=0,r=62)
*/
}
if (src_reg->type == CONST_IMM) {
/* pkt_ptr += reg where reg is known constant */
imm = src_reg->imm;
goto add_imm;
}
/* disallow pkt_ptr += reg
* if reg is not uknown_value with guaranteed zero upper bits
* otherwise pkt_ptr may overflow and addition will become
* subtraction which is not allowed
*/
if (src_reg->type != UNKNOWN_VALUE) {
verbose("cannot add '%s' to ptr_to_packet\n",
reg_type_str[src_reg->type]);
return -EACCES;
}
if (src_reg->imm < 48) {
verbose("cannot add integer value with %lld upper zero bits to ptr_to_packet\n",
src_reg->imm);
return -EACCES;
}
/* dst_reg stays as pkt_ptr type and since some positive
* integer value was added to the pointer, increment its 'id'
*/
dst_reg->id = ++env->id_gen;
/* something was added to pkt_ptr, set range and off to zero */
dst_reg->off = 0;
dst_reg->range = 0;
}
return 0;
}
static int evaluate_reg_alu(struct verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs;
struct reg_state *dst_reg = &regs[insn->dst_reg];
u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
s64 imm_log2;
/* for type == UNKNOWN_VALUE:
* imm > 0 -> number of zero upper bits
* imm == 0 -> don't track which is the same as all bits can be non-zero
*/
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
struct reg_state *src_reg = &regs[insn->src_reg];
if (src_reg->type == UNKNOWN_VALUE && src_reg->imm > 0 &&
dst_reg->imm && opcode == BPF_ADD) {
/* dreg += sreg
* where both have zero upper bits. Adding them
* can only result making one more bit non-zero
* in the larger value.
* Ex. 0xffff (imm=48) + 1 (imm=63) = 0x10000 (imm=47)
* 0xffff (imm=48) + 0xffff = 0x1fffe (imm=47)
*/
dst_reg->imm = min(dst_reg->imm, src_reg->imm);
dst_reg->imm--;
return 0;
}
if (src_reg->type == CONST_IMM && src_reg->imm > 0 &&
dst_reg->imm && opcode == BPF_ADD) {
/* dreg += sreg
* where dreg has zero upper bits and sreg is const.
* Adding them can only result making one more bit
* non-zero in the larger value.
*/
imm_log2 = __ilog2_u64((long long)src_reg->imm);
dst_reg->imm = min(dst_reg->imm, 63 - imm_log2);
dst_reg->imm--;
return 0;
}
/* all other cases non supported yet, just mark dst_reg */
dst_reg->imm = 0;
return 0;
}
/* sign extend 32-bit imm into 64-bit to make sure that
* negative values occupy bit 63. Note ilog2() would have
* been incorrect, since sizeof(insn->imm) == 4
*/
imm_log2 = __ilog2_u64((long long)insn->imm);
if (dst_reg->imm && opcode == BPF_LSH) {
/* reg <<= imm
* if reg was a result of 2 byte load, then its imm == 48
* which means that upper 48 bits are zero and shifting this reg
* left by 4 would mean that upper 44 bits are still zero
*/
dst_reg->imm -= insn->imm;
} else if (dst_reg->imm && opcode == BPF_MUL) {
/* reg *= imm
* if multiplying by 14 subtract 4
* This is conservative calculation of upper zero bits.
* It's not trying to special case insn->imm == 1 or 0 cases
*/
dst_reg->imm -= imm_log2 + 1;
} else if (opcode == BPF_AND) {
/* reg &= imm */
dst_reg->imm = 63 - imm_log2;
} else if (dst_reg->imm && opcode == BPF_ADD) {
/* reg += imm */
dst_reg->imm = min(dst_reg->imm, 63 - imm_log2);
dst_reg->imm--;
} else if (opcode == BPF_RSH) {
/* reg >>= imm
* which means that after right shift, upper bits will be zero
* note that verifier already checked that
* 0 <= imm < 64 for shift insn
*/
dst_reg->imm += insn->imm;
if (unlikely(dst_reg->imm > 64))
/* some dumb code did:
* r2 = *(u32 *)mem;
* r2 >>= 32;
* and all bits are zero now */
dst_reg->imm = 64;
} else {
/* all other alu ops, means that we don't know what will
* happen to the value, mark it with unknown number of zero bits
*/
dst_reg->imm = 0;
}
if (dst_reg->imm < 0) {
/* all 64 bits of the register can contain non-zero bits
* and such value cannot be added to ptr_to_packet, since it
* may overflow, mark it as unknown to avoid further eval
*/
dst_reg->imm = 0;
}
return 0;
}
static int evaluate_reg_imm_alu(struct verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs;
struct reg_state *dst_reg = &regs[insn->dst_reg];
struct reg_state *src_reg = &regs[insn->src_reg];
u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
/* dst_reg->type == CONST_IMM here, simulate execution of 'add' insn.
* Don't care about overflow or negative values, just add them
*/
if (opcode == BPF_ADD && BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K)
dst_reg->imm += insn->imm;
else if (opcode == BPF_ADD && BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X &&
src_reg->type == CONST_IMM)
dst_reg->imm += src_reg->imm;
else
mark_reg_unknown_value(regs, insn->dst_reg);
return 0;
}
/* check validity of 32-bit and 64-bit arithmetic operations */
static int check_alu_op(struct verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs, *dst_reg;
u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
int err;
if (opcode == BPF_END || opcode == BPF_NEG) {
if (opcode == BPF_NEG) {
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != 0 ||
insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 ||
insn->off != 0 || insn->imm != 0) {
verbose("BPF_NEG uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
} else {
if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 || insn->off != 0 ||
(insn->imm != 16 && insn->imm != 32 && insn->imm != 64)) {
verbose("BPF_END uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
}
/* check src operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->dst_reg)) {
verbose("R%d pointer arithmetic prohibited\n",
insn->dst_reg);
return -EACCES;
}
/* check dest operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP);
if (err)
return err;
} else if (opcode == BPF_MOV) {
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
if (insn->imm != 0 || insn->off != 0) {
verbose("BPF_MOV uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
/* check src operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
} else {
if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 || insn->off != 0) {
verbose("BPF_MOV uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
}
/* check dest operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP);
if (err)
return err;
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64) {
/* case: R1 = R2
* copy register state to dest reg
*/
regs[insn->dst_reg] = regs[insn->src_reg];
} else {
if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->src_reg)) {
verbose("R%d partial copy of pointer\n",
insn->src_reg);
return -EACCES;
}
regs[insn->dst_reg].type = UNKNOWN_VALUE;
regs[insn->dst_reg].map_ptr = NULL;
}
} else {
/* case: R = imm
* remember the value we stored into this reg
*/
regs[insn->dst_reg].type = CONST_IMM;
regs[insn->dst_reg].imm = insn->imm;
}
} else if (opcode > BPF_END) {
verbose("invalid BPF_ALU opcode %x\n", opcode);
return -EINVAL;
} else { /* all other ALU ops: and, sub, xor, add, ... */
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
if (insn->imm != 0 || insn->off != 0) {
verbose("BPF_ALU uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
/* check src1 operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
} else {
if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 || insn->off != 0) {
verbose("BPF_ALU uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
}
/* check src2 operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
if ((opcode == BPF_MOD || opcode == BPF_DIV) &&
BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K && insn->imm == 0) {
verbose("div by zero\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
if ((opcode == BPF_LSH || opcode == BPF_RSH ||
opcode == BPF_ARSH) && BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K) {
int size = BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64 ? 64 : 32;
if (insn->imm < 0 || insn->imm >= size) {
verbose("invalid shift %d\n", insn->imm);
return -EINVAL;
}
}
/* check dest operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP_NO_MARK);
if (err)
return err;
dst_reg = &regs[insn->dst_reg];
/* pattern match 'bpf_add Rx, imm' instruction */
if (opcode == BPF_ADD && BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64 &&
dst_reg->type == FRAME_PTR && BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K) {
dst_reg->type = PTR_TO_STACK;
dst_reg->imm = insn->imm;
return 0;
} else if (opcode == BPF_ADD &&
BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64 &&
(dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET ||
(BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X &&
regs[insn->src_reg].type == PTR_TO_PACKET))) {
/* ptr_to_packet += K|X */
return check_packet_ptr_add(env, insn);
} else if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64 &&
dst_reg->type == UNKNOWN_VALUE &&
env->allow_ptr_leaks) {
/* unknown += K|X */
return evaluate_reg_alu(env, insn);
} else if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64 &&
dst_reg->type == CONST_IMM &&
env->allow_ptr_leaks) {
/* reg_imm += K|X */
return evaluate_reg_imm_alu(env, insn);
} else if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->dst_reg)) {
verbose("R%d pointer arithmetic prohibited\n",
insn->dst_reg);
return -EACCES;
} else if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X &&
is_pointer_value(env, insn->src_reg)) {
verbose("R%d pointer arithmetic prohibited\n",
insn->src_reg);
return -EACCES;
}
/* mark dest operand */
mark_reg_unknown_value(regs, insn->dst_reg);
}
return 0;
}
static void find_good_pkt_pointers(struct verifier_env *env,
struct reg_state *dst_reg)
{
struct verifier_state *state = &env->cur_state;
struct reg_state *regs = state->regs, *reg;
int i;
/* r2 = r3;
* r2 += 8
* if (r2 > pkt_end) goto somewhere
* r2 == dst_reg, pkt_end == src_reg,
* r2=pkt(id=n,off=8,r=0)
* r3=pkt(id=n,off=0,r=0)
* find register r3 and mark its range as r3=pkt(id=n,off=0,r=8)
* so that range of bytes [r3, r3 + 8) is safe to access
*/
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++)
if (regs[i].type == PTR_TO_PACKET && regs[i].id == dst_reg->id)
regs[i].range = dst_reg->off;
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_STACK; i += BPF_REG_SIZE) {
if (state->stack_slot_type[i] != STACK_SPILL)
continue;
reg = &state->spilled_regs[i / BPF_REG_SIZE];
if (reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET && reg->id == dst_reg->id)
reg->range = dst_reg->off;
}
}
static int check_cond_jmp_op(struct verifier_env *env,
struct bpf_insn *insn, int *insn_idx)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs, *dst_reg;
struct verifier_state *other_branch;
u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
int err;
if (opcode > BPF_EXIT) {
verbose("invalid BPF_JMP opcode %x\n", opcode);
return -EINVAL;
}
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
if (insn->imm != 0) {
verbose("BPF_JMP uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
/* check src1 operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->src_reg)) {
verbose("R%d pointer comparison prohibited\n",
insn->src_reg);
return -EACCES;
}
} else {
if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
verbose("BPF_JMP uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
}
/* check src2 operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
dst_reg = &regs[insn->dst_reg];
/* detect if R == 0 where R was initialized to zero earlier */
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K &&
(opcode == BPF_JEQ || opcode == BPF_JNE) &&
dst_reg->type == CONST_IMM && dst_reg->imm == insn->imm) {
if (opcode == BPF_JEQ) {
/* if (imm == imm) goto pc+off;
* only follow the goto, ignore fall-through
*/
*insn_idx += insn->off;
return 0;
} else {
/* if (imm != imm) goto pc+off;
* only follow fall-through branch, since
* that's where the program will go
*/
return 0;
}
}
other_branch = push_stack(env, *insn_idx + insn->off + 1, *insn_idx);
if (!other_branch)
return -EFAULT;
/* detect if R == 0 where R is returned value from bpf_map_lookup_elem() */
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K &&
insn->imm == 0 && (opcode == BPF_JEQ || opcode == BPF_JNE) &&
dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL) {
if (opcode == BPF_JEQ) {
/* next fallthrough insn can access memory via
* this register
*/
regs[insn->dst_reg].type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE;
/* branch targer cannot access it, since reg == 0 */
mark_reg_unknown_value(other_branch->regs,
insn->dst_reg);
} else {
other_branch->regs[insn->dst_reg].type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE;
mark_reg_unknown_value(regs, insn->dst_reg);
}
} else if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X && opcode == BPF_JGT &&
dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET &&
regs[insn->src_reg].type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END) {
find_good_pkt_pointers(env, dst_reg);
} else if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->dst_reg)) {
verbose("R%d pointer comparison prohibited\n", insn->dst_reg);
return -EACCES;
}
if (log_level)
print_verifier_state(&env->cur_state);
return 0;
}
/* return the map pointer stored inside BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
static struct bpf_map *ld_imm64_to_map_ptr(struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
u64 imm64 = ((u64) (u32) insn[0].imm) | ((u64) (u32) insn[1].imm) << 32;
return (struct bpf_map *) (unsigned long) imm64;
}
/* verify BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
static int check_ld_imm(struct verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs;
int err;
if (BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_DW) {
verbose("invalid BPF_LD_IMM insn\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
if (insn->off != 0) {
verbose("BPF_LD_IMM64 uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP);
if (err)
return err;
if (insn->src_reg == 0)
/* generic move 64-bit immediate into a register */
return 0;
/* replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr() should have caught bad ld_imm64 */
BUG_ON(insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD);
regs[insn->dst_reg].type = CONST_PTR_TO_MAP;
regs[insn->dst_reg].map_ptr = ld_imm64_to_map_ptr(insn);
return 0;
}
static bool may_access_skb(enum bpf_prog_type type)
{
switch (type) {
case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER:
case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS:
case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_ACT:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
/* verify safety of LD_ABS|LD_IND instructions:
* - they can only appear in the programs where ctx == skb
* - since they are wrappers of function calls, they scratch R1-R5 registers,
* preserve R6-R9, and store return value into R0
*
* Implicit input:
* ctx == skb == R6 == CTX
*
* Explicit input:
* SRC == any register
* IMM == 32-bit immediate
*
* Output:
* R0 - 8/16/32-bit skb data converted to cpu endianness
*/
static int check_ld_abs(struct verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
struct reg_state *regs = env->cur_state.regs;
u8 mode = BPF_MODE(insn->code);
struct reg_state *reg;
int i, err;
if (!may_access_skb(env->prog->type)) {
verbose("BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] instructions not allowed for this program type\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
if (insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_0 || insn->off != 0 ||
BPF_SIZE(insn->code) == BPF_DW ||
(mode == BPF_ABS && insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0)) {
verbose("BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
/* check whether implicit source operand (register R6) is readable */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, BPF_REG_6, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
if (regs[BPF_REG_6].type != PTR_TO_CTX) {
verbose("at the time of BPF_LD_ABS|IND R6 != pointer to skb\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
if (mode == BPF_IND) {
/* check explicit source operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
}
/* reset caller saved regs to unreadable */
for (i = 0; i < CALLER_SAVED_REGS; i++) {
reg = regs + caller_saved[i];
reg->type = NOT_INIT;
reg->imm = 0;
}
/* mark destination R0 register as readable, since it contains
* the value fetched from the packet
*/
regs[BPF_REG_0].type = UNKNOWN_VALUE;
return 0;
}
/* non-recursive DFS pseudo code
* 1 procedure DFS-iterative(G,v):
* 2 label v as discovered
* 3 let S be a stack
* 4 S.push(v)
* 5 while S is not empty
* 6 t <- S.pop()
* 7 if t is what we're looking for:
* 8 return t
* 9 for all edges e in G.adjacentEdges(t) do
* 10 if edge e is already labelled
* 11 continue with the next edge
* 12 w <- G.adjacentVertex(t,e)
* 13 if vertex w is not discovered and not explored
* 14 label e as tree-edge
* 15 label w as discovered
* 16 S.push(w)
* 17 continue at 5
* 18 else if vertex w is discovered
* 19 label e as back-edge
* 20 else
* 21 // vertex w is explored
* 22 label e as forward- or cross-edge
* 23 label t as explored
* 24 S.pop()
*
* convention:
* 0x10 - discovered
* 0x11 - discovered and fall-through edge labelled
* 0x12 - discovered and fall-through and branch edges labelled
* 0x20 - explored
*/
enum {
DISCOVERED = 0x10,
EXPLORED = 0x20,
FALLTHROUGH = 1,
BRANCH = 2,
};
#define STATE_LIST_MARK ((struct verifier_state_list *) -1L)
static int *insn_stack; /* stack of insns to process */
static int cur_stack; /* current stack index */
static int *insn_state;
/* t, w, e - match pseudo-code above:
* t - index of current instruction
* w - next instruction
* e - edge
*/
static int push_insn(int t, int w, int e, struct verifier_env *env)
{
if (e == FALLTHROUGH && insn_state[t] >= (DISCOVERED | FALLTHROUGH))
return 0;
if (e == BRANCH && insn_state[t] >= (DISCOVERED | BRANCH))
return 0;
if (w < 0 || w >= env->prog->len) {
verbose("jump out of range from insn %d to %d\n", t, w);
return -EINVAL;
}
if (e == BRANCH)
/* mark branch target for state pruning */
env->explored_states[w] = STATE_LIST_MARK;
if (insn_state[w] == 0) {
/* tree-edge */
insn_state[t] = DISCOVERED | e;
insn_state[w] = DISCOVERED;
if (cur_stack >= env->prog->len)
return -E2BIG;
insn_stack[cur_stack++] = w;
return 1;
} else if ((insn_state[w] & 0xF0) == DISCOVERED) {
verbose("back-edge from insn %d to %d\n", t, w);
return -EINVAL;
} else if (insn_state[w] == EXPLORED) {
/* forward- or cross-edge */
insn_state[t] = DISCOVERED | e;
} else {
verbose("insn state internal bug\n");
return -EFAULT;
}
return 0;
}
/* non-recursive depth-first-search to detect loops in BPF program
* loop == back-edge in directed graph
*/
static int check_cfg(struct verifier_env *env)
{
struct bpf_insn *insns = env->prog->insnsi;
int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
int ret = 0;
int i, t;
insn_state = kcalloc(insn_cnt, sizeof(int), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!insn_state)
return -ENOMEM;
insn_stack = kcalloc(insn_cnt, sizeof(int), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!insn_stack) {
kfree(insn_state);
return -ENOMEM;
}
insn_state[0] = DISCOVERED; /* mark 1st insn as discovered */
insn_stack[0] = 0; /* 0 is the first instruction */
cur_stack = 1;
peek_stack:
if (cur_stack == 0)
goto check_state;
t = insn_stack[cur_stack - 1];
if (BPF_CLASS(insns[t].code) == BPF_JMP) {
u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insns[t].code);
if (opcode == BPF_EXIT) {
goto mark_explored;
} else if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
if (ret == 1)
goto peek_stack;
else if (ret < 0)
goto err_free;
if (t + 1 < insn_cnt)
env->explored_states[t + 1] = STATE_LIST_MARK;
} else if (opcode == BPF_JA) {
if (BPF_SRC(insns[t].code) != BPF_K) {
ret = -EINVAL;
goto err_free;
}
/* unconditional jump with single edge */
ret = push_insn(t, t + insns[t].off + 1,
FALLTHROUGH, env);
if (ret == 1)
goto peek_stack;
else if (ret < 0)
goto err_free;
/* tell verifier to check for equivalent states
* after every call and jump
*/
if (t + 1 < insn_cnt)
env->explored_states[t + 1] = STATE_LIST_MARK;
} else {
/* conditional jump with two edges */
ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
if (ret == 1)
goto peek_stack;
else if (ret < 0)
goto err_free;
ret = push_insn(t, t + insns[t].off + 1, BRANCH, env);
if (ret == 1)
goto peek_stack;
else if (ret < 0)
goto err_free;
}
} else {
/* all other non-branch instructions with single
* fall-through edge
*/
ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
if (ret == 1)
goto peek_stack;
else if (ret < 0)
goto err_free;
}
mark_explored:
insn_state[t] = EXPLORED;
if (cur_stack-- <= 0) {
verbose("pop stack internal bug\n");
ret = -EFAULT;
goto err_free;
}
goto peek_stack;
check_state:
for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
if (insn_state[i] != EXPLORED) {
verbose("unreachable insn %d\n", i);
ret = -EINVAL;
goto err_free;
}
}
ret = 0; /* cfg looks good */
err_free:
kfree(insn_state);
kfree(insn_stack);
return ret;
}
/* the following conditions reduce the number of explored insns
* from ~140k to ~80k for ultra large programs that use a lot of ptr_to_packet
*/
static bool compare_ptrs_to_packet(struct reg_state *old, struct reg_state *cur)
{
if (old->id != cur->id)
return false;
/* old ptr_to_packet is more conservative, since it allows smaller
* range. Ex:
* old(off=0,r=10) is equal to cur(off=0,r=20), because
* old(off=0,r=10) means that with range=10 the verifier proceeded
* further and found no issues with the program. Now we're in the same
* spot with cur(off=0,r=20), so we're safe too, since anything further
* will only be looking at most 10 bytes after this pointer.
*/
if (old->off == cur->off && old->range < cur->range)
return true;
/* old(off=20,r=10) is equal to cur(off=22,re=22 or 5 or 0)
* since both cannot be used for packet access and safe(old)
* pointer has smaller off that could be used for further
* 'if (ptr > data_end)' check
* Ex:
* old(off=20,r=10) and cur(off=22,r=22) and cur(off=22,r=0) mean
* that we cannot access the packet.
* The safe range is:
* [ptr, ptr + range - off)
* so whenever off >=range, it means no safe bytes from this pointer.
* When comparing old->off <= cur->off, it means that older code
* went with smaller offset and that offset was later
* used to figure out the safe range after 'if (ptr > data_end)' check
* Say, 'old' state was explored like:
* ... R3(off=0, r=0)
* R4 = R3 + 20
* ... now R4(off=20,r=0) <-- here
* if (R4 > data_end)
* ... R4(off=20,r=20), R3(off=0,r=20) and R3 can be used to access.
* ... the code further went all the way to bpf_exit.
* Now the 'cur' state at the mark 'here' has R4(off=30,r=0).
* old_R4(off=20,r=0) equal to cur_R4(off=30,r=0), since if the verifier
* goes further, such cur_R4 will give larger safe packet range after
* 'if (R4 > data_end)' and all further insn were already good with r=20,
* so they will be good with r=30 and we can prune the search.
*/
if (old->off <= cur->off &&
old->off >= old->range && cur->off >= cur->range)
return true;
return false;
}
/* compare two verifier states
*
* all states stored in state_list are known to be valid, since
* verifier reached 'bpf_exit' instruction through them
*
* this function is called when verifier exploring different branches of
* execution popped from the state stack. If it sees an old state that has
* more strict register state and more strict stack state then this execution
* branch doesn't need to be explored further, since verifier already
* concluded that more strict state leads to valid finish.
*
* Therefore two states are equivalent if register state is more conservative
* and explored stack state is more conservative than the current one.
* Example:
* explored current
* (slot1=INV slot2=MISC) == (slot1=MISC slot2=MISC)
* (slot1=MISC slot2=MISC) != (slot1=INV slot2=MISC)
*
* In other words if current stack state (one being explored) has more
* valid slots than old one that already passed validation, it means
* the verifier can stop exploring and conclude that current state is valid too
*
* Similarly with registers. If explored state has register type as invalid
* whereas register type in current state is meaningful, it means that
* the current state will reach 'bpf_exit' instruction safely
*/
static bool states_equal(struct verifier_state *old, struct verifier_state *cur)
{
struct reg_state *rold, *rcur;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
rold = &old->regs[i];
rcur = &cur->regs[i];
if (memcmp(rold, rcur, sizeof(*rold)) == 0)
continue;
if (rold->type == NOT_INIT ||
(rold->type == UNKNOWN_VALUE && rcur->type != NOT_INIT))
continue;
if (rold->type == PTR_TO_PACKET && rcur->type == PTR_TO_PACKET &&
compare_ptrs_to_packet(rold, rcur))
continue;
return false;
}
for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_STACK; i++) {
if (old->stack_slot_type[i] == STACK_INVALID)
continue;
if (old->stack_slot_type[i] != cur->stack_slot_type[i])
/* Ex: old explored (safe) state has STACK_SPILL in
* this stack slot, but current has has STACK_MISC ->
* this verifier states are not equivalent,
* return false to continue verification of this path
*/
return false;
if (i % BPF_REG_SIZE)
continue;
if (memcmp(&old->spilled_regs[i / BPF_REG_SIZE],
&cur->spilled_regs[i / BPF_REG_SIZE],
sizeof(old->spilled_regs[0])))
/* when explored and current stack slot types are
* the same, check that stored pointers types
* are the same as well.
* Ex: explored safe path could have stored
* (struct reg_state) {.type = PTR_TO_STACK, .imm = -8}
* but current path has stored:
* (struct reg_state) {.type = PTR_TO_STACK, .imm = -16}
* such verifier states are not equivalent.
* return false to continue verification of this path
*/
return false;
else
continue;
}
return true;
}
static int is_state_visited(struct verifier_env *env, int insn_idx)
{
struct verifier_state_list *new_sl;
struct verifier_state_list *sl;
sl = env->explored_states[insn_idx];
if (!sl)
/* this 'insn_idx' instruction wasn't marked, so we will not
* be doing state search here
*/
return 0;
while (sl != STATE_LIST_MARK) {
if (states_equal(&sl->state, &env->cur_state))
/* reached equivalent register/stack state,
* prune the search
*/
return 1;
sl = sl->next;
}
/* there were no equivalent states, remember current one.
* technically the current state is not proven to be safe yet,
* but it will either reach bpf_exit (which means it's safe) or
* it will be rejected. Since there are no loops, we won't be
* seeing this 'insn_idx' instruction again on the way to bpf_exit
*/
new_sl = kmalloc(sizeof(struct verifier_state_list), GFP_USER);
if (!new_sl)
return -ENOMEM;
/* add new state to the head of linked list */
memcpy(&new_sl->state, &env->cur_state, sizeof(env->cur_state));
new_sl->next = env->explored_states[insn_idx];
env->explored_states[insn_idx] = new_sl;
return 0;
}
static int do_check(struct verifier_env *env)
{
struct verifier_state *state = &env->cur_state;
struct bpf_insn *insns = env->prog->insnsi;
struct reg_state *regs = state->regs;
int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
int insn_idx, prev_insn_idx = 0;
int insn_processed = 0;
bool do_print_state = false;
init_reg_state(regs);
insn_idx = 0;
for (;;) {
struct bpf_insn *insn;
u8 class;
int err;
if (insn_idx >= insn_cnt) {
verbose("invalid insn idx %d insn_cnt %d\n",
insn_idx, insn_cnt);
return -EFAULT;
}
insn = &insns[insn_idx];
class = BPF_CLASS(insn->code);
if (++insn_processed > BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_INSNS) {
verbose("BPF program is too large. Proccessed %d insn\n",
insn_processed);
return -E2BIG;
}
err = is_state_visited(env, insn_idx);
if (err < 0)
return err;
if (err == 1) {
/* found equivalent state, can prune the search */
if (log_level) {
if (do_print_state)
verbose("\nfrom %d to %d: safe\n",
prev_insn_idx, insn_idx);
else
verbose("%d: safe\n", insn_idx);
}
goto process_bpf_exit;
}
if (log_level && do_print_state) {
verbose("\nfrom %d to %d:", prev_insn_idx, insn_idx);
print_verifier_state(&env->cur_state);
do_print_state = false;
}
if (log_level) {
verbose("%d: ", insn_idx);
print_bpf_insn(insn);
}
if (class == BPF_ALU || class == BPF_ALU64) {
err = check_alu_op(env, insn);
if (err)
return err;
} else if (class == BPF_LDX) {
enum bpf_reg_type src_reg_type;
/* check for reserved fields is already done */
/* check src operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP_NO_MARK);
if (err)
return err;
src_reg_type = regs[insn->src_reg].type;
/* check that memory (src_reg + off) is readable,
* the state of dst_reg will be updated by this func
*/
err = check_mem_access(env, insn->src_reg, insn->off,
BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_READ,
insn->dst_reg);
if (err)
return err;
if (BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_W) {
insn_idx++;
continue;
}
if (insn->imm == 0) {
/* saw a valid insn
* dst_reg = *(u32 *)(src_reg + off)
* use reserved 'imm' field to mark this insn
*/
insn->imm = src_reg_type;
} else if (src_reg_type != insn->imm &&
(src_reg_type == PTR_TO_CTX ||
insn->imm == PTR_TO_CTX)) {
/* ABuser program is trying to use the same insn
* dst_reg = *(u32*) (src_reg + off)
* with different pointer types:
* src_reg == ctx in one branch and
* src_reg == stack|map in some other branch.
* Reject it.
*/
verbose("same insn cannot be used with different pointers\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
} else if (class == BPF_STX) {
enum bpf_reg_type dst_reg_type;
if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_XADD) {
err = check_xadd(env, insn);
if (err)
return err;
insn_idx++;
continue;
}
/* check src1 operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
/* check src2 operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
dst_reg_type = regs[insn->dst_reg].type;
/* check that memory (dst_reg + off) is writeable */
err = check_mem_access(env, insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_WRITE,
insn->src_reg);
if (err)
return err;
if (insn->imm == 0) {
insn->imm = dst_reg_type;
} else if (dst_reg_type != insn->imm &&
(dst_reg_type == PTR_TO_CTX ||
insn->imm == PTR_TO_CTX)) {
verbose("same insn cannot be used with different pointers\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
} else if (class == BPF_ST) {
if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM ||
insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
verbose("BPF_ST uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
/* check src operand */
err = check_reg_arg(regs, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
/* check that memory (dst_reg + off) is writeable */
err = check_mem_access(env, insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_WRITE,
-1);
if (err)
return err;
} else if (class == BPF_JMP) {
u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != BPF_K ||
insn->off != 0 ||
insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 ||
insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
verbose("BPF_CALL uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
err = check_call(env, insn->imm);
if (err)
return err;
} else if (opcode == BPF_JA) {
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != BPF_K ||
insn->imm != 0 ||
insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 ||
insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
verbose("BPF_JA uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
insn_idx += insn->off + 1;
continue;
} else if (opcode == BPF_EXIT) {
if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != BPF_K ||
insn->imm != 0 ||
insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 ||
insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
verbose("BPF_EXIT uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
/* eBPF calling convetion is such that R0 is used
* to return the value from eBPF program.
* Make sure that it's readable at this time
* of bpf_exit, which means that program wrote
* something into it earlier
*/
err = check_reg_arg(regs, BPF_REG_0, SRC_OP);
if (err)
return err;
if (is_pointer_value(env, BPF_REG_0)) {
verbose("R0 leaks addr as return value\n");
return -EACCES;
}
process_bpf_exit:
insn_idx = pop_stack(env, &prev_insn_idx);
if (insn_idx < 0) {
break;
} else {
do_print_state = true;
continue;
}
} else {
err = check_cond_jmp_op(env, insn, &insn_idx);
if (err)
return err;
}
} else if (class == BPF_LD) {
u8 mode = BPF_MODE(insn->code);
if (mode == BPF_ABS || mode == BPF_IND) {
err = check_ld_abs(env, insn);
if (err)
return err;
} else if (mode == BPF_IMM) {
err = check_ld_imm(env, insn);
if (err)
return err;
insn_idx++;
} else {
verbose("invalid BPF_LD mode\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
} else {
verbose("unknown insn class %d\n", class);
return -EINVAL;
}
insn_idx++;
}
verbose("processed %d insns\n", insn_processed);
return 0;
}
/* look for pseudo eBPF instructions that access map FDs and
* replace them with actual map pointers
*/
static int replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr(struct verifier_env *env)
{
struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++) {
if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_LDX &&
(BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM || insn->imm != 0)) {
verbose("BPF_LDX uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_STX &&
((BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM &&
BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_XADD) || insn->imm != 0)) {
verbose("BPF_STX uses reserved fields\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
if (insn[0].code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW)) {
struct bpf_map *map;
struct fd f;
if (i == insn_cnt - 1 || insn[1].code != 0 ||
insn[1].dst_reg != 0 || insn[1].src_reg != 0 ||
insn[1].off != 0) {
verbose("invalid bpf_ld_imm64 insn\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
if (insn->src_reg == 0)
/* valid generic load 64-bit imm */
goto next_insn;
if (insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD) {
verbose("unrecognized bpf_ld_imm64 insn\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
f = fdget(insn->imm);
map = __bpf_map_get(f);
if (IS_ERR(map)) {
verbose("fd %d is not pointing to valid bpf_map\n",
insn->imm);
return PTR_ERR(map);
}
/* store map pointer inside BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
insn[0].imm = (u32) (unsigned long) map;
insn[1].imm = ((u64) (unsigned long) map) >> 32;
/* check whether we recorded this map already */
for (j = 0; j < env->used_map_cnt; j++)
if (env->used_maps[j] == map) {
fdput(f);
goto next_insn;
}
if (env->used_map_cnt >= MAX_USED_MAPS) {
fdput(f);
return -E2BIG;
}
/* hold the map. If the program is rejected by verifier,
* the map will be released by release_maps() or it
* will be used by the valid program until it's unloaded
* and all maps are released in free_bpf_prog_info()
*/
map = bpf_map_inc(map, false);
if (IS_ERR(map)) {
fdput(f);
return PTR_ERR(map);
}
env->used_maps[env->used_map_cnt++] = map;
fdput(f);
next_insn:
insn++;
i++;
}
}
/* now all pseudo BPF_LD_IMM64 instructions load valid
* 'struct bpf_map *' into a register instead of user map_fd.
* These pointers will be used later by verifier to validate map access.
*/
return 0;
}
/* drop refcnt of maps used by the rejected program */
static void release_maps(struct verifier_env *env)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < env->used_map_cnt; i++)
bpf_map_put(env->used_maps[i]);
}
/* convert pseudo BPF_LD_IMM64 into generic BPF_LD_IMM64 */
static void convert_pseudo_ld_imm64(struct verifier_env *env)
{
struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++)
if (insn->code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW))
insn->src_reg = 0;
}
/* convert load instructions that access fields of 'struct __sk_buff'
* into sequence of instructions that access fields of 'struct sk_buff'
*/
static int convert_ctx_accesses(struct verifier_env *env)
{
struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
struct bpf_insn insn_buf[16];
struct bpf_prog *new_prog;
enum bpf_access_type type;
int i;
if (!env->prog->aux->ops->convert_ctx_access)
return 0;
for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++) {
u32 insn_delta, cnt;
if (insn->code == (BPF_LDX | BPF_MEM | BPF_W))
type = BPF_READ;
else if (insn->code == (BPF_STX | BPF_MEM | BPF_W))
type = BPF_WRITE;
else
continue;
if (insn->imm != PTR_TO_CTX) {
/* clear internal mark */
insn->imm = 0;
continue;
}
cnt = env->prog->aux->ops->
convert_ctx_access(type, insn->dst_reg, insn->src_reg,
insn->off, insn_buf, env->prog);
if (cnt == 0 || cnt >= ARRAY_SIZE(insn_buf)) {
verbose("bpf verifier is misconfigured\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
new_prog = bpf_patch_insn_single(env->prog, i, insn_buf, cnt);
if (!new_prog)
return -ENOMEM;
insn_delta = cnt - 1;
/* keep walking new program and skip insns we just inserted */
env->prog = new_prog;
insn = new_prog->insnsi + i + insn_delta;
insn_cnt += insn_delta;
i += insn_delta;
}
return 0;
}
static void free_states(struct verifier_env *env)
{
struct verifier_state_list *sl, *sln;
int i;
if (!env->explored_states)
return;
for (i = 0; i < env->prog->len; i++) {
sl = env->explored_states[i];
if (sl)
while (sl != STATE_LIST_MARK) {
sln = sl->next;
kfree(sl);
sl = sln;
}
}
kfree(env->explored_states);
}
int bpf_check(struct bpf_prog **prog, union bpf_attr *attr)
{
char __user *log_ubuf = NULL;
struct verifier_env *env;
int ret = -EINVAL;
if ((*prog)->len <= 0 || (*prog)->len > BPF_MAXINSNS)
return -E2BIG;
/* 'struct verifier_env' can be global, but since it's not small,
* allocate/free it every time bpf_check() is called
*/
env = kzalloc(sizeof(struct verifier_env), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!env)
return -ENOMEM;
env->prog = *prog;
/* grab the mutex to protect few globals used by verifier */
mutex_lock(&bpf_verifier_lock);
if (attr->log_level || attr->log_buf || attr->log_size) {
/* user requested verbose verifier output
* and supplied buffer to store the verification trace
*/
log_level = attr->log_level;
log_ubuf = (char __user *) (unsigned long) attr->log_buf;
log_size = attr->log_size;
log_len = 0;
ret = -EINVAL;
/* log_* values have to be sane */
if (log_size < 128 || log_size > UINT_MAX >> 8 ||
log_level == 0 || log_ubuf == NULL)
goto free_env;
ret = -ENOMEM;
log_buf = vmalloc(log_size);
if (!log_buf)
goto free_env;
} else {
log_level = 0;
}
ret = replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr(env);
if (ret < 0)
goto skip_full_check;
env->explored_states = kcalloc(env->prog->len,
sizeof(struct verifier_state_list *),
GFP_USER);
ret = -ENOMEM;
if (!env->explored_states)
goto skip_full_check;
ret = check_cfg(env);
if (ret < 0)
goto skip_full_check;
env->allow_ptr_leaks = capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
ret = do_check(env);
skip_full_check:
while (pop_stack(env, NULL) >= 0);
free_states(env);
if (ret == 0)
/* program is valid, convert *(u32*)(ctx + off) accesses */
ret = convert_ctx_accesses(env);
if (log_level && log_len >= log_size - 1) {
BUG_ON(log_len >= log_size);
/* verifier log exceeded user supplied buffer */
ret = -ENOSPC;
/* fall through to return what was recorded */
}
/* copy verifier log back to user space including trailing zero */
if (log_level && copy_to_user(log_ubuf, log_buf, log_len + 1) != 0) {
ret = -EFAULT;
goto free_log_buf;
}
if (ret == 0 && env->used_map_cnt) {
/* if program passed verifier, update used_maps in bpf_prog_info */
env->prog->aux->used_maps = kmalloc_array(env->used_map_cnt,
sizeof(env->used_maps[0]),
GFP_KERNEL);
if (!env->prog->aux->used_maps) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto free_log_buf;
}
memcpy(env->prog->aux->used_maps, env->used_maps,
sizeof(env->used_maps[0]) * env->used_map_cnt);
env->prog->aux->used_map_cnt = env->used_map_cnt;
/* program is valid. Convert pseudo bpf_ld_imm64 into generic
* bpf_ld_imm64 instructions
*/
convert_pseudo_ld_imm64(env);
}
free_log_buf:
if (log_level)
vfree(log_buf);
free_env:
if (!env->prog->aux->used_maps)
/* if we didn't copy map pointers into bpf_prog_info, release
* them now. Otherwise free_bpf_prog_info() will release them.
*/
release_maps(env);
*prog = env->prog;
kfree(env);
mutex_unlock(&bpf_verifier_lock);
return ret;
}
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