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This file is nfs-related. (Maybe Documentation/filesystems/ would benefit from a separate nfs/ directory at some point.) Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu> Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
203 lines
8.7 KiB
Plaintext
203 lines
8.7 KiB
Plaintext
This document gives a brief introduction to the caching
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mechanisms in the sunrpc layer that is used, in particular,
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for NFS authentication.
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CACHES
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======
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The caching replaces the old exports table and allows for
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a wide variety of values to be caches.
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There are a number of caches that are similar in structure though
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quite possibly very different in content and use. There is a corpus
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of common code for managing these caches.
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Examples of caches that are likely to be needed are:
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- mapping from IP address to client name
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- mapping from client name and filesystem to export options
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- mapping from UID to list of GIDs, to work around NFS's limitation
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of 16 gids.
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- mappings between local UID/GID and remote UID/GID for sites that
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do not have uniform uid assignment
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- mapping from network identify to public key for crypto authentication.
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The common code handles such things as:
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- general cache lookup with correct locking
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- supporting 'NEGATIVE' as well as positive entries
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- allowing an EXPIRED time on cache items, and removing
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items after they expire, and are no longer in-use.
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- making requests to user-space to fill in cache entries
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- allowing user-space to directly set entries in the cache
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- delaying RPC requests that depend on as-yet incomplete
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cache entries, and replaying those requests when the cache entry
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is complete.
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- clean out old entries as they expire.
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Creating a Cache
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----------------
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1/ A cache needs a datum to store. This is in the form of a
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structure definition that must contain a
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struct cache_head
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as an element, usually the first.
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It will also contain a key and some content.
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Each cache element is reference counted and contains
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expiry and update times for use in cache management.
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2/ A cache needs a "cache_detail" structure that
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describes the cache. This stores the hash table, some
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parameters for cache management, and some operations detailing how
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to work with particular cache items.
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The operations requires are:
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struct cache_head *alloc(void)
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This simply allocates appropriate memory and returns
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a pointer to the cache_detail embedded within the
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structure
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void cache_put(struct kref *)
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This is called when the last reference to an item is
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dropped. The pointer passed is to the 'ref' field
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in the cache_head. cache_put should release any
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references create by 'cache_init' and, if CACHE_VALID
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is set, any references created by cache_update.
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It should then release the memory allocated by
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'alloc'.
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int match(struct cache_head *orig, struct cache_head *new)
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test if the keys in the two structures match. Return
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1 if they do, 0 if they don't.
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void init(struct cache_head *orig, struct cache_head *new)
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Set the 'key' fields in 'new' from 'orig'. This may
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include taking references to shared objects.
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void update(struct cache_head *orig, struct cache_head *new)
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Set the 'content' fileds in 'new' from 'orig'.
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int cache_show(struct seq_file *m, struct cache_detail *cd,
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struct cache_head *h)
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Optional. Used to provide a /proc file that lists the
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contents of a cache. This should show one item,
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usually on just one line.
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int cache_request(struct cache_detail *cd, struct cache_head *h,
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char **bpp, int *blen)
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Format a request to be send to user-space for an item
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to be instantiated. *bpp is a buffer of size *blen.
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bpp should be moved forward over the encoded message,
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and *blen should be reduced to show how much free
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space remains. Return 0 on success or <0 if not
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enough room or other problem.
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int cache_parse(struct cache_detail *cd, char *buf, int len)
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A message from user space has arrived to fill out a
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cache entry. It is in 'buf' of length 'len'.
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cache_parse should parse this, find the item in the
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cache with sunrpc_cache_lookup, and update the item
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with sunrpc_cache_update.
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3/ A cache needs to be registered using cache_register(). This
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includes it on a list of caches that will be regularly
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cleaned to discard old data.
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Using a cache
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-------------
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To find a value in a cache, call sunrpc_cache_lookup passing a pointer
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to the cache_head in a sample item with the 'key' fields filled in.
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This will be passed to ->match to identify the target entry. If no
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entry is found, a new entry will be create, added to the cache, and
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marked as not containing valid data.
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The item returned is typically passed to cache_check which will check
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if the data is valid, and may initiate an up-call to get fresh data.
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cache_check will return -ENOENT in the entry is negative or if an up
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call is needed but not possible, -EAGAIN if an upcall is pending,
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or 0 if the data is valid;
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cache_check can be passed a "struct cache_req *". This structure is
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typically embedded in the actual request and can be used to create a
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deferred copy of the request (struct cache_deferred_req). This is
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done when the found cache item is not uptodate, but the is reason to
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believe that userspace might provide information soon. When the cache
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item does become valid, the deferred copy of the request will be
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revisited (->revisit). It is expected that this method will
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reschedule the request for processing.
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The value returned by sunrpc_cache_lookup can also be passed to
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sunrpc_cache_update to set the content for the item. A second item is
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passed which should hold the content. If the item found by _lookup
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has valid data, then it is discarded and a new item is created. This
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saves any user of an item from worrying about content changing while
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it is being inspected. If the item found by _lookup does not contain
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valid data, then the content is copied across and CACHE_VALID is set.
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Populating a cache
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------------------
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Each cache has a name, and when the cache is registered, a directory
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with that name is created in /proc/net/rpc
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This directory contains a file called 'channel' which is a channel
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for communicating between kernel and user for populating the cache.
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This directory may later contain other files of interacting
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with the cache.
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The 'channel' works a bit like a datagram socket. Each 'write' is
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passed as a whole to the cache for parsing and interpretation.
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Each cache can treat the write requests differently, but it is
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expected that a message written will contain:
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- a key
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- an expiry time
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- a content.
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with the intention that an item in the cache with the give key
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should be create or updated to have the given content, and the
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expiry time should be set on that item.
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Reading from a channel is a bit more interesting. When a cache
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lookup fails, or when it succeeds but finds an entry that may soon
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expire, a request is lodged for that cache item to be updated by
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user-space. These requests appear in the channel file.
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Successive reads will return successive requests.
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If there are no more requests to return, read will return EOF, but a
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select or poll for read will block waiting for another request to be
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added.
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Thus a user-space helper is likely to:
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open the channel.
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select for readable
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read a request
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write a response
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loop.
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If it dies and needs to be restarted, any requests that have not been
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answered will still appear in the file and will be read by the new
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instance of the helper.
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Each cache should define a "cache_parse" method which takes a message
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written from user-space and processes it. It should return an error
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(which propagates back to the write syscall) or 0.
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Each cache should also define a "cache_request" method which
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takes a cache item and encodes a request into the buffer
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provided.
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Note: If a cache has no active readers on the channel, and has had not
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active readers for more than 60 seconds, further requests will not be
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added to the channel but instead all lookups that do not find a valid
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entry will fail. This is partly for backward compatibility: The
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previous nfs exports table was deemed to be authoritative and a
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failed lookup meant a definite 'no'.
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request/response format
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-----------------------
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While each cache is free to use it's own format for requests
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and responses over channel, the following is recommended as
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appropriate and support routines are available to help:
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Each request or response record should be printable ASCII
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with precisely one newline character which should be at the end.
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Fields within the record should be separated by spaces, normally one.
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If spaces, newlines, or nul characters are needed in a field they
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much be quoted. two mechanisms are available:
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1/ If a field begins '\x' then it must contain an even number of
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hex digits, and pairs of these digits provide the bytes in the
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field.
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2/ otherwise a \ in the field must be followed by 3 octal digits
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which give the code for a byte. Other characters are treated
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as them selves. At the very least, space, newline, nul, and
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'\' must be quoted in this way.
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