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df457f845e
We've found that we still get good, useful isolation at weights this low. I'd like to adjust the minimum so that any other changes can take these values into account. Signed-off-by: Justin TerAvest <teravest@google.com> Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
378 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
378 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
Block IO Controller
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===================
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Overview
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========
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cgroup subsys "blkio" implements the block io controller. There seems to be
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a need of various kinds of IO control policies (like proportional BW, max BW)
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both at leaf nodes as well as at intermediate nodes in a storage hierarchy.
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Plan is to use the same cgroup based management interface for blkio controller
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and based on user options switch IO policies in the background.
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Currently two IO control policies are implemented. First one is proportional
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weight time based division of disk policy. It is implemented in CFQ. Hence
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this policy takes effect only on leaf nodes when CFQ is being used. The second
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one is throttling policy which can be used to specify upper IO rate limits
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on devices. This policy is implemented in generic block layer and can be
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used on leaf nodes as well as higher level logical devices like device mapper.
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HOWTO
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=====
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Proportional Weight division of bandwidth
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-----------------------------------------
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You can do a very simple testing of running two dd threads in two different
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cgroups. Here is what you can do.
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- Enable Block IO controller
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CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP=y
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- Enable group scheduling in CFQ
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CONFIG_CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED=y
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- Compile and boot into kernel and mount IO controller (blkio).
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mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup
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- Create two cgroups
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mkdir -p /cgroup/test1/ /cgroup/test2
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- Set weights of group test1 and test2
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echo 1000 > /cgroup/test1/blkio.weight
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echo 500 > /cgroup/test2/blkio.weight
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- Create two same size files (say 512MB each) on same disk (file1, file2) and
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launch two dd threads in different cgroup to read those files.
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sync
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echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
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dd if=/mnt/sdb/zerofile1 of=/dev/null &
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echo $! > /cgroup/test1/tasks
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cat /cgroup/test1/tasks
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dd if=/mnt/sdb/zerofile2 of=/dev/null &
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echo $! > /cgroup/test2/tasks
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cat /cgroup/test2/tasks
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- At macro level, first dd should finish first. To get more precise data, keep
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on looking at (with the help of script), at blkio.disk_time and
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blkio.disk_sectors files of both test1 and test2 groups. This will tell how
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much disk time (in milli seconds), each group got and how many secotors each
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group dispatched to the disk. We provide fairness in terms of disk time, so
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ideally io.disk_time of cgroups should be in proportion to the weight.
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Throttling/Upper Limit policy
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-----------------------------
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- Enable Block IO controller
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CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP=y
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- Enable throttling in block layer
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CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING=y
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- Mount blkio controller
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mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup/blkio
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- Specify a bandwidth rate on particular device for root group. The format
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for policy is "<major>:<minor> <byes_per_second>".
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echo "8:16 1048576" > /cgroup/blkio/blkio.read_bps_device
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Above will put a limit of 1MB/second on reads happening for root group
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on device having major/minor number 8:16.
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- Run dd to read a file and see if rate is throttled to 1MB/s or not.
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# dd if=/mnt/common/zerofile of=/dev/null bs=4K count=1024
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# iflag=direct
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1024+0 records in
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1024+0 records out
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4194304 bytes (4.2 MB) copied, 4.0001 s, 1.0 MB/s
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Limits for writes can be put using blkio.write_bps_device file.
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Hierarchical Cgroups
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====================
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- Currently none of the IO control policy supports hierarhical groups. But
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cgroup interface does allow creation of hierarhical cgroups and internally
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IO policies treat them as flat hierarchy.
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So this patch will allow creation of cgroup hierarhcy but at the backend
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everything will be treated as flat. So if somebody created a hierarchy like
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as follows.
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root
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/ \
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test1 test2
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test3
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CFQ and throttling will practically treat all groups at same level.
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pivot
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/ | \ \
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root test1 test2 test3
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Down the line we can implement hierarchical accounting/control support
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and also introduce a new cgroup file "use_hierarchy" which will control
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whether cgroup hierarchy is viewed as flat or hierarchical by the policy..
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This is how memory controller also has implemented the things.
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Various user visible config options
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===================================
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CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP
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- Block IO controller.
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CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP
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- Debug help. Right now some additional stats file show up in cgroup
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if this option is enabled.
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CONFIG_CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
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- Enables group scheduling in CFQ. Currently only 1 level of group
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creation is allowed.
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CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING
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- Enable block device throttling support in block layer.
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Details of cgroup files
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=======================
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Proportional weight policy files
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--------------------------------
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- blkio.weight
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- Specifies per cgroup weight. This is default weight of the group
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on all the devices until and unless overridden by per device rule.
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(See blkio.weight_device).
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Currently allowed range of weights is from 10 to 1000.
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- blkio.weight_device
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- One can specify per cgroup per device rules using this interface.
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These rules override the default value of group weight as specified
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by blkio.weight.
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Following is the format.
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#echo dev_maj:dev_minor weight > /path/to/cgroup/blkio.weight_device
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Configure weight=300 on /dev/sdb (8:16) in this cgroup
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# echo 8:16 300 > blkio.weight_device
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# cat blkio.weight_device
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dev weight
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8:16 300
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Configure weight=500 on /dev/sda (8:0) in this cgroup
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# echo 8:0 500 > blkio.weight_device
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# cat blkio.weight_device
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dev weight
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8:0 500
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8:16 300
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Remove specific weight for /dev/sda in this cgroup
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# echo 8:0 0 > blkio.weight_device
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# cat blkio.weight_device
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dev weight
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8:16 300
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- blkio.time
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- disk time allocated to cgroup per device in milliseconds. First
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two fields specify the major and minor number of the device and
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third field specifies the disk time allocated to group in
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milliseconds.
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- blkio.sectors
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- number of sectors transferred to/from disk by the group. First
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two fields specify the major and minor number of the device and
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third field specifies the number of sectors transferred by the
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group to/from the device.
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- blkio.io_service_bytes
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- Number of bytes transferred to/from the disk by the group. These
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are further divided by the type of operation - read or write, sync
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or async. First two fields specify the major and minor number of the
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device, third field specifies the operation type and the fourth field
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specifies the number of bytes.
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- blkio.io_serviced
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- Number of IOs completed to/from the disk by the group. These
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are further divided by the type of operation - read or write, sync
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or async. First two fields specify the major and minor number of the
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device, third field specifies the operation type and the fourth field
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specifies the number of IOs.
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- blkio.io_service_time
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- Total amount of time between request dispatch and request completion
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for the IOs done by this cgroup. This is in nanoseconds to make it
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meaningful for flash devices too. For devices with queue depth of 1,
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this time represents the actual service time. When queue_depth > 1,
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that is no longer true as requests may be served out of order. This
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may cause the service time for a given IO to include the service time
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of multiple IOs when served out of order which may result in total
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io_service_time > actual time elapsed. This time is further divided by
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the type of operation - read or write, sync or async. First two fields
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specify the major and minor number of the device, third field
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specifies the operation type and the fourth field specifies the
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io_service_time in ns.
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- blkio.io_wait_time
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- Total amount of time the IOs for this cgroup spent waiting in the
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scheduler queues for service. This can be greater than the total time
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elapsed since it is cumulative io_wait_time for all IOs. It is not a
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measure of total time the cgroup spent waiting but rather a measure of
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the wait_time for its individual IOs. For devices with queue_depth > 1
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this metric does not include the time spent waiting for service once
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the IO is dispatched to the device but till it actually gets serviced
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(there might be a time lag here due to re-ordering of requests by the
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device). This is in nanoseconds to make it meaningful for flash
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devices too. This time is further divided by the type of operation -
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read or write, sync or async. First two fields specify the major and
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minor number of the device, third field specifies the operation type
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and the fourth field specifies the io_wait_time in ns.
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- blkio.io_merged
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- Total number of bios/requests merged into requests belonging to this
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cgroup. This is further divided by the type of operation - read or
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write, sync or async.
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- blkio.io_queued
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- Total number of requests queued up at any given instant for this
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cgroup. This is further divided by the type of operation - read or
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write, sync or async.
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- blkio.avg_queue_size
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- Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y.
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The average queue size for this cgroup over the entire time of this
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cgroup's existence. Queue size samples are taken each time one of the
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queues of this cgroup gets a timeslice.
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- blkio.group_wait_time
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- Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y.
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This is the amount of time the cgroup had to wait since it became busy
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(i.e., went from 0 to 1 request queued) to get a timeslice for one of
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its queues. This is different from the io_wait_time which is the
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cumulative total of the amount of time spent by each IO in that cgroup
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waiting in the scheduler queue. This is in nanoseconds. If this is
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read when the cgroup is in a waiting (for timeslice) state, the stat
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will only report the group_wait_time accumulated till the last time it
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got a timeslice and will not include the current delta.
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- blkio.empty_time
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- Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y.
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This is the amount of time a cgroup spends without any pending
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requests when not being served, i.e., it does not include any time
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spent idling for one of the queues of the cgroup. This is in
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nanoseconds. If this is read when the cgroup is in an empty state,
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the stat will only report the empty_time accumulated till the last
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time it had a pending request and will not include the current delta.
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- blkio.idle_time
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- Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y.
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This is the amount of time spent by the IO scheduler idling for a
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given cgroup in anticipation of a better request than the exising ones
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from other queues/cgroups. This is in nanoseconds. If this is read
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when the cgroup is in an idling state, the stat will only report the
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idle_time accumulated till the last idle period and will not include
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the current delta.
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- blkio.dequeue
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- Debugging aid only enabled if CONFIG_DEBUG_BLK_CGROUP=y. This
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gives the statistics about how many a times a group was dequeued
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from service tree of the device. First two fields specify the major
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and minor number of the device and third field specifies the number
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of times a group was dequeued from a particular device.
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Throttling/Upper limit policy files
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-----------------------------------
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- blkio.throttle.read_bps_device
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- Specifies upper limit on READ rate from the device. IO rate is
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specified in bytes per second. Rules are per deivce. Following is
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the format.
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echo "<major>:<minor> <rate_bytes_per_second>" > /cgrp/blkio.read_bps_device
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- blkio.throttle.write_bps_device
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- Specifies upper limit on WRITE rate to the device. IO rate is
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specified in bytes per second. Rules are per deivce. Following is
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the format.
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echo "<major>:<minor> <rate_bytes_per_second>" > /cgrp/blkio.write_bps_device
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- blkio.throttle.read_iops_device
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- Specifies upper limit on READ rate from the device. IO rate is
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specified in IO per second. Rules are per deivce. Following is
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the format.
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echo "<major>:<minor> <rate_io_per_second>" > /cgrp/blkio.read_iops_device
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- blkio.throttle.write_iops_device
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- Specifies upper limit on WRITE rate to the device. IO rate is
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specified in io per second. Rules are per deivce. Following is
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the format.
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echo "<major>:<minor> <rate_io_per_second>" > /cgrp/blkio.write_iops_device
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Note: If both BW and IOPS rules are specified for a device, then IO is
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subjectd to both the constraints.
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- blkio.throttle.io_serviced
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- Number of IOs (bio) completed to/from the disk by the group (as
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seen by throttling policy). These are further divided by the type
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of operation - read or write, sync or async. First two fields specify
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the major and minor number of the device, third field specifies the
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operation type and the fourth field specifies the number of IOs.
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blkio.io_serviced does accounting as seen by CFQ and counts are in
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number of requests (struct request). On the other hand,
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blkio.throttle.io_serviced counts number of IO in terms of number
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of bios as seen by throttling policy. These bios can later be
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merged by elevator and total number of requests completed can be
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lesser.
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- blkio.throttle.io_service_bytes
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- Number of bytes transferred to/from the disk by the group. These
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are further divided by the type of operation - read or write, sync
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or async. First two fields specify the major and minor number of the
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device, third field specifies the operation type and the fourth field
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specifies the number of bytes.
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These numbers should roughly be same as blkio.io_service_bytes as
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updated by CFQ. The difference between two is that
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blkio.io_service_bytes will not be updated if CFQ is not operating
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on request queue.
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Common files among various policies
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-----------------------------------
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- blkio.reset_stats
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- Writing an int to this file will result in resetting all the stats
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for that cgroup.
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CFQ sysfs tunable
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=================
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/sys/block/<disk>/queue/iosched/slice_idle
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------------------------------------------
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On a faster hardware CFQ can be slow, especially with sequential workload.
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This happens because CFQ idles on a single queue and single queue might not
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drive deeper request queue depths to keep the storage busy. In such scenarios
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one can try setting slice_idle=0 and that would switch CFQ to IOPS
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(IO operations per second) mode on NCQ supporting hardware.
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That means CFQ will not idle between cfq queues of a cfq group and hence be
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able to driver higher queue depth and achieve better throughput. That also
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means that cfq provides fairness among groups in terms of IOPS and not in
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terms of disk time.
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/sys/block/<disk>/queue/iosched/group_idle
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------------------------------------------
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If one disables idling on individual cfq queues and cfq service trees by
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setting slice_idle=0, group_idle kicks in. That means CFQ will still idle
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on the group in an attempt to provide fairness among groups.
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By default group_idle is same as slice_idle and does not do anything if
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slice_idle is enabled.
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One can experience an overall throughput drop if you have created multiple
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groups and put applications in that group which are not driving enough
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IO to keep disk busy. In that case set group_idle=0, and CFQ will not idle
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on individual groups and throughput should improve.
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What works
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==========
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- Currently only sync IO queues are support. All the buffered writes are
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still system wide and not per group. Hence we will not see service
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differentiation between buffered writes between groups.
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