As the page free path makes no distinction between cache hot and cold
pages, there is no real useful ordering of pages in the free list that
allocation requests can take advantage of. Juding from the users of
__GFP_COLD, it is likely that a number of them are the result of copying
other sites instead of actually measuring the impact. Remove the
__GFP_COLD parameter which simplifies a number of paths in the page
allocator.
This is potentially controversial but bear in mind that the size of the
per-cpu pagelists versus modern cache sizes means that the whole per-cpu
list can often fit in the L3 cache. Hence, there is only a potential
benefit for microbenchmarks that alloc/free pages in a tight loop. It's
even worse when THP is taken into account which has little or no chance
of getting a cache-hot page as the per-cpu list is bypassed and the
zeroing of multiple pages will thrash the cache anyway.
The truncate microbenchmarks are not shown as this patch affects the
allocation path and not the free path. A page fault microbenchmark was
tested but it showed no sigificant difference which is not surprising
given that the __GFP_COLD branches are a miniscule percentage of the
fault path.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171018075952.10627-9-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* pm-sleep:
freezer: Fix typo in freezable_schedule_timeout() comment
PM / s2idle: Clear the events_check_enabled flag
PM / sleep: Remove pm_complete_with_resume_check()
PM: ARM: locomo: Drop suspend and resume bus type callbacks
PM: Use a more common logging style
PM: Document rules on using pm_runtime_resume() in system suspend callbacks
* pm-cpufreq-sched:
cpufreq: schedutil: Reset cached_raw_freq when not in sync with next_freq
* pm-opp:
PM / OPP: Add dev_pm_opp_{un}register_get_pstate_helper()
PM / OPP: Support updating performance state of device's power domain
PM / OPP: add missing of_node_put() for of_get_cpu_node()
PM / OPP: Rename dev_pm_opp_register_put_opp_helper()
PM / OPP: Add missing of_node_put(np)
PM / OPP: Move error message to debug level
PM / OPP: Use snprintf() to avoid kasprintf() and kfree()
PM / OPP: Move the OPP directory out of power/
Problem: This flag does not get cleared currently in the suspend or
resume path in the following cases:
* In case some driver's suspend routine returns an error.
* Successful s2idle case
* etc?
Why is this a problem: What happens is that the next suspend attempt
could fail even though the user did not enable the flag by writing to
/sys/power/wakeup_count. This is 1 use case how the issue can be seen
(but similar use case with driver suspend failure can be thought of):
1. Read /sys/power/wakeup_count
2. echo count > /sys/power/wakeup_count
3. echo freeze > /sys/power/wakeup_count
4. Let the system suspend, and wakeup the system using some wake source
that calls pm_wakeup_event() e.g. power button or something.
5. Note that the combined wakeup count would be incremented due
to the pm_wakeup_event() in the resume path.
6. After resuming the events_check_enabled flag is still set.
At this point if the user attempts to freeze again (without writing to
/sys/power/wakeup_count), the suspend would fail even though there has
been no wake event since the past resume.
Address that by clearing the flag just before a resume is completed,
so that it is always cleared for the corner cases mentioned above.
Signed-off-by: Rajat Jain <rajatja@google.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Convert printks to pr_<level>.
Miscellanea:
o Use pr_fmt with "PM:" and remove "PM: " from format strings
o Coalesce format strings and realign format arguments
o Convert an embedded incorrect function name to "%s: ", __func__
o Convert a couple multi-line formats to multiple pr_<level> calls
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The drivers/base/power/ directory is special and contains code related
to power management core like system suspend/resume, hibernation, etc.
It was fine to keep the OPP code inside it when we had just one file for
it, but it is growing now and already has a directory for itself.
Lets move it directly under drivers/ directory, just like cpufreq and
cpuidle.
Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The role of the ->wake() platform callback for suspend-to-idle is to
deal with possible spurious wakeups, among other things. The ACPI
implementation of it, acpi_s2idle_wake(), additionally checks the
conditions for entering the Low Power S0 Idle state by the platform
and reports the ones that have not been met.
However, the ->wake() platform callback is invoked after calling
dpm_noirq_resume_devices(), which means that the power states of some
devices may have changed since s2idle_enter() returned, so some unmet
Low Power S0 Idle conditions may be reported incorrectly as a result
of that.
To avoid these false positives, reorder the invocations of the
dpm_noirq_resume_devices() routine and the ->wake() platform callback
in s2idle_loop().
Fixes: 726fb6b4f2 (ACPI / PM: Check low power idle constraints for debug only)
Tested-by: Srinivas Pandruvada <srinivas.pandruvada@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Pull block layer updates from Jens Axboe:
"This is the first pull request for 4.14, containing most of the code
changes. It's a quiet series this round, which I think we needed after
the churn of the last few series. This contains:
- Fix for a registration race in loop, from Anton Volkov.
- Overflow complaint fix from Arnd for DAC960.
- Series of drbd changes from the usual suspects.
- Conversion of the stec/skd driver to blk-mq. From Bart.
- A few BFQ improvements/fixes from Paolo.
- CFQ improvement from Ritesh, allowing idling for group idle.
- A few fixes found by Dan's smatch, courtesy of Dan.
- A warning fixup for a race between changing the IO scheduler and
device remova. From David Jeffery.
- A few nbd fixes from Josef.
- Support for cgroup info in blktrace, from Shaohua.
- Also from Shaohua, new features in the null_blk driver to allow it
to actually hold data, among other things.
- Various corner cases and error handling fixes from Weiping Zhang.
- Improvements to the IO stats tracking for blk-mq from me. Can
drastically improve performance for fast devices and/or big
machines.
- Series from Christoph removing bi_bdev as being needed for IO
submission, in preparation for nvme multipathing code.
- Series from Bart, including various cleanups and fixes for switch
fall through case complaints"
* 'for-4.14/block' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block: (162 commits)
kernfs: checking for IS_ERR() instead of NULL
drbd: remove BIOSET_NEED_RESCUER flag from drbd_{md_,}io_bio_set
drbd: Fix allyesconfig build, fix recent commit
drbd: switch from kmalloc() to kmalloc_array()
drbd: abort drbd_start_resync if there is no connection
drbd: move global variables to drbd namespace and make some static
drbd: rename "usermode_helper" to "drbd_usermode_helper"
drbd: fix race between handshake and admin disconnect/down
drbd: fix potential deadlock when trying to detach during handshake
drbd: A single dot should be put into a sequence.
drbd: fix rmmod cleanup, remove _all_ debugfs entries
drbd: Use setup_timer() instead of init_timer() to simplify the code.
drbd: fix potential get_ldev/put_ldev refcount imbalance during attach
drbd: new disk-option disable-write-same
drbd: Fix resource role for newly created resources in events2
drbd: mark symbols static where possible
drbd: Send P_NEG_ACK upon write error in protocol != C
drbd: add explicit plugging when submitting batches
drbd: change list_for_each_safe to while(list_first_entry_or_null)
drbd: introduce drbd_recv_header_maybe_unplug
...
Cpusets vs. suspend-resume is _completely_ broken. And it got noticed
because it now resulted in non-cpuset usage breaking too.
On suspend cpuset_cpu_inactive() doesn't call into
cpuset_update_active_cpus() because it doesn't want to move tasks about,
there is no need, all tasks are frozen and won't run again until after
we've resumed everything.
But this means that when we finally do call into
cpuset_update_active_cpus() after resuming the last frozen cpu in
cpuset_cpu_active(), the top_cpuset will not have any difference with
the cpu_active_mask and this it will not in fact do _anything_.
So the cpuset configuration will not be restored. This was largely
hidden because we would unconditionally create identity domains and
mobile users would not in fact use cpusets much. And servers what do use
cpusets tend to not suspend-resume much.
An addition problem is that we'd not in fact wait for the cpuset work to
finish before resuming the tasks, allowing spurious migrations outside
of the specified domains.
Fix the rebuild by introducing cpuset_force_rebuild() and fix the
ordering with cpuset_wait_for_hotplug().
Reported-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Fixes: deb7aa308e ("cpuset: reorganize CPU / memory hotplug handling")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170907091338.orwxrqkbfkki3c24@hirez.programming.kicks-ass.net
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
* pm-sleep:
ACPI / PM: Check low power idle constraints for debug only
PM / s2idle: Rename platform operations structure
PM / s2idle: Rename ->enter_freeze to ->enter_s2idle
PM / s2idle: Rename freeze_state enum and related items
PM / s2idle: Rename PM_SUSPEND_FREEZE to PM_SUSPEND_TO_IDLE
ACPI / PM: Prefer suspend-to-idle over S3 on some systems
platform/x86: intel-hid: Wake up Dell Latitude 7275 from suspend-to-idle
PM / suspend: Define pr_fmt() in suspend.c
PM / suspend: Use mem_sleep_labels[] strings in messages
PM / sleep: Put pm_test under CONFIG_PM_SLEEP_DEBUG
PM / sleep: Check pm_wakeup_pending() in __device_suspend_noirq()
PM / core: Add error argument to dpm_show_time()
PM / core: Split dpm_suspend_noirq() and dpm_resume_noirq()
PM / s2idle: Rearrange the main suspend-to-idle loop
PM / timekeeping: Print debug messages when requested
PM / sleep: Mark suspend/hibernation start and finish
PM / sleep: Do not print debug messages by default
PM / suspend: Export pm_suspend_target_state
This way we don't need a block_device structure to submit I/O. The
block_device has different life time rules from the gendisk and
request_queue and is usually only available when the block device node
is open. Other callers need to explicitly create one (e.g. the lightnvm
passthrough code, or the new nvme multipathing code).
For the actual I/O path all that we need is the gendisk, which exists
once per block device. But given that the block layer also does
partition remapping we additionally need a partition index, which is
used for said remapping in generic_make_request.
Note that all the block drivers generally want request_queue or
sometimes the gendisk, so this removes a layer of indirection all
over the stack.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
For SoC to achieve its lowest power platform idle state a set of hardware
preconditions must be met. These preconditions or constraints can be
obtained by issuing a device specific method (_DSM) with function "1".
Refer to the document provided in the link below.
Here during initialization (from attach() callback of LPS0 device), invoke
function 1 to get the device constraints. Each enabled constraint is
stored in a table.
The devices in this table are used to check whether they were in required
minimum state, while entering suspend. This check is done from platform
freeze wake() callback, only when /sys/power/pm_debug_messages attribute
is non zero.
If any constraint is not met and device is ACPI power managed then it
prints the device information to kernel logs.
Also if debug is enabled in acpi/sleep.c, the constraint table and state
of each device on wake is dumped in kernel logs.
Since pm_debug_messages_on setting is used as condition to check
constraints outside kernel/power/main.c, pm_debug_messages_on is changed
to a global variable.
Link: http://www.uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/Intel_ACPI_Low_Power_S0_Idle.pdf
Signed-off-by: Srinivas Pandruvada <srinivas.pandruvada@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Rename struct platform_freeze_ops to platform_s2idle_ops to make it
clear that the callbacks in it are used during suspend-to-idle
suspend/resume transitions and rename the related functions,
variables and so on accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Rename the freeze_state enum representing the suspend-to-idle state
machine states to s2idle_states and rename the related variables and
functions accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
To make it clear that the symbol in question refers to
suspend-to-idle, rename it from PM_SUSPEND_FREEZE to
PM_SUSPEND_TO_IDLE.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
As Tetsuo points out:
"Commit 385386cff4 ("mm: vmstat: move slab statistics from zone to
node counters") broke "Slab:" field of /proc/meminfo . It shows nearly
0kB"
In addition to /proc/meminfo, this problem also affects the slab
counters OOM/allocation failure info dumps, can cause early -ENOMEM from
overcommit protection, and miscalculate image size requirements during
suspend-to-disk.
This is because the patch in question switched the slab counters from
the zone level to the node level, but forgot to update the global
accessor functions to read the aggregate node data instead of the
aggregate zone data.
Use global_node_page_state() to access the global slab counters.
Fixes: 385386cff4 ("mm: vmstat: move slab statistics from zone to node counters")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170801134256.5400-1-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Josef Bacik <josef@toxicpanda.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: Stefan Agner <stefan@agner.ch>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Modify the ACPI system sleep support setup code to select
suspend-to-idle as the default system sleep state if
(1) the ACPI_FADT_LOW_POWER_S0 flag is set in the FADT and
(2) the Low Power Idle S0 _DSM interface has been discovered and
(3) the default sleep state was not selected from the kernel command
line.
The main motivation for this change is that systems where the (1) and
(2) conditions are met typically ship with OSes that don't exercise
the S3 path in the platform firmware which remains untested and turns
out to be non-functional at least in some cases.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Tested-by: Mario Limonciello <mario.limonciello@dell.com>
Define a common prefix ("PM:") for messages printed by the
code in kernel/power/suspend.c.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andy.shevchenko@gmail.com>
Some messages in suspend.c currently print state names from
pm_states[], but that may be confusing if the mem_sleep sysfs
attribute is changed to anything different from "mem", because
in those cases the messages will say either "freeze" or "standby"
after writing "mem" to /sys/power/state.
To avoid the confusion, use mem_sleep_labels[] strings in those
messages instead.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andy.shevchenko@gmail.com>
The pm_test sysfs attribute is under CONFIG_PM_DEBUG, but it doesn't
make sense to provide it if CONFIG_PM_SLEEP is unset, so put it under
CONFIG_PM_SLEEP_DEBUG instead.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Restore the pm_wakeup_pending() check in __device_suspend_noirq()
removed by commit eed4d47efe (ACPI / sleep: Ignore spurious SCI
wakeups from suspend-to-idle) as that allows the function to return
earlier if there's a wakeup event pending already (so that it may
spend less time on carrying out operations that will be reversed
shortly anyway) and rework the main suspend-to-idle loop to take
that optimization into account.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
As a preparation for subsequent changes, rearrange the core
suspend-to-idle code by moving the initial invocation of
dpm_suspend_noirq() into s2idle_loop().
This also causes debug messages from that code to appear in
a less confusing order.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The messages printed by tk_debug_account_sleep_time() are basically
useful for system sleep debugging, so print them only when the other
debug messages from the core suspend/hibernate code are enabled.
While at it, make it clear that the messages from
tk_debug_account_sleep_time() are about timekeeping suspend
duration, because in general timekeeping may be suspeded and
resumed for multiple times during one system suspend-resume cycle.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Regardless of whether or not debug messages from the core system
suspend/hibernation code are enabled, it is useful to know when
system-wide transitions start and finish (or fail), so print "info"
messages at these points.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Acked-by: Mark Salyzyn <salyzyn@android.com>
Debug messages from the system suspend/hibernation infrastructure can
fill up the entire kernel log buffer in some cases and anyway they
are only useful for debugging. They depend on CONFIG_PM_DEBUG, but
that is set as a rule as some generally useful diagnostic facilities
depend on it too.
For this reason, avoid printing those messages by default, but make
it possible to turn them on as needed with the help of a new sysfs
attribute under /sys/power/.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Have the core suspend/resume framework store the system-wide suspend
state (suspend_state_t) we are about to enter, and expose it to drivers
via pm_suspend_target_state in order to retrieve that. The state is
assigned in suspend_devices_and_enter().
This is useful for platform specific drivers that may need to take a
slightly different suspend/resume path based on the system's
suspend/resume state being entered.
Signed-off-by: Florian Fainelli <f.fainelli@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
- Revert a recent change in the generic power domains (genpd)
framework that led to regressions and turned out the be misguided
(Rafael Wysocki).
- Fix a recently introduced build issue in the generic power domains
(genpd) framework (Arnd Bergmann).
- Constify attribute_group structures in the PM core, the cpufreq
stats code and in intel_pstate (Arvind Yadav).
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Merge tag 'pm-extra-4.13-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm
Pull more power management updates from Rafael Wysocki:
"These revert one recent change in the generic power domains
framework, fix a recently introduced build issue in there and
constify attribute_group structures in some places.
Specifics:
- Revert a recent change in the generic power domains (genpd)
framework that led to regressions and turned out the be misguided
(Rafael Wysocki).
- Fix a recently introduced build issue in the generic power domains
(genpd) framework (Arnd Bergmann).
- Constify attribute_group structures in the PM core, the cpufreq
stats code and in intel_pstate (Arvind Yadav)"
* tag 'pm-extra-4.13-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm:
cpufreq: intel_pstate: constify attribute_group structures
cpufreq: cpufreq_stats: constify attribute_group structures
PM / sleep: constify attribute_group structures
PM / Domains: provide pm_genpd_poweroff_noirq() stub
Revert "PM / Domains: Handle safely genpd_syscore_switch() call on non-genpd device"
This header always exists, so doesn't require an ifdef around its
inclusion. When CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SET_MEMORY=y it includes the asm
header, otherwise it provides empty versions of the set_memory_xx()
routines.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1498717781-29151-2-git-send-email-mpe@ellerman.id.au
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
- Rework suspend-to-idle to allow it to take wakeup events signaled
by the EC into account on ACPI-based platforms in order to properly
support power button wakeup from suspend-to-idle on recent Dell
laptops (Rafael Wysocki).
That includes the core suspend-to-idle code rework, support for
the Low Power S0 _DSM interface, and support for the ACPI INT0002
Virtual GPIO device from Hans de Goede (required for USB keyboard
wakeup from suspend-to-idle to work on some machines).
- Stop trying to export the current CPU frequency via /proc/cpuinfo
on x86 as that is inaccurate and confusing (Len Brown).
- Rework the way in which the current CPU frequency is exported by
the kernel (over the cpufreq sysfs interface) on x86 systems with
the APERF and MPERF registers by always using values read from
these registers, when available, to compute the current frequency
regardless of which cpufreq driver is in use (Len Brown).
- Rework the PCI/ACPI device wakeup infrastructure to remove the
questionable and artificial distinction between "devices that
can wake up the system from sleep states" and "devices that can
generate wakeup signals in the working state" from it, which
allows the code to be simplified quite a bit (Rafael Wysocki).
- Fix the wakeup IRQ framework by making it use SRCU instead of
RCU which doesn't allow sleeping in the read-side critical
sections, but which in turn is expected to be allowed by the
IRQ bus locking infrastructure (Thomas Gleixner).
- Modify some computations in the intel_pstate driver to avoid
rounding errors resulting from them (Srinivas Pandruvada).
- Reduce the overhead of the intel_pstate driver in the HWP
(hardware-managed P-states) mode and when the "performance"
P-state selection algorithm is in use by making it avoid
registering scheduler callbacks in those cases (Len Brown).
- Rework the energy_performance_preference sysfs knob in
intel_pstate by changing the values that correspond to
different symbolic hint names used by it (Len Brown).
- Make it possible to use more than one cpuidle driver at the same
time on ARM (Daniel Lezcano).
- Make it possible to prevent the cpuidle menu governor from using
the 0 state by disabling it via sysfs (Nicholas Piggin).
- Add support for FFH (Fixed Functional Hardware) MWAIT in ACPI C1
on AMD systems (Yazen Ghannam).
- Make the CPPC cpufreq driver take the lowest nonlinear performance
information into account (Prashanth Prakash).
- Add support for hi3660 to the cpufreq-dt driver, fix the
imx6q driver and clean up the sfi, exynos5440 and intel_pstate
drivers (Colin Ian King, Krzysztof Kozlowski, Octavian Purdila,
Rafael Wysocki, Tao Wang).
- Fix a few minor issues in the generic power domains (genpd)
framework and clean it up somewhat (Krzysztof Kozlowski,
Mikko Perttunen, Viresh Kumar).
- Fix a couple of minor issues in the operating performance points
(OPP) framework and clean it up somewhat (Viresh Kumar).
- Fix a CONFIG dependency in the hibernation core and clean it up
slightly (Balbir Singh, Arvind Yadav, BaoJun Luo).
- Add rk3228 support to the rockchip-io adaptive voltage scaling
(AVS) driver (David Wu).
- Fix an incorrect bit shift operation in the RAPL power capping
driver (Adam Lessnau).
- Add support for the EPP field in the HWP (hardware managed
P-states) control register, HWP.EPP, to the x86_energy_perf_policy
tool and update msr-index.h with HWP.EPP values (Len Brown).
- Fix some minor issues in the turbostat tool (Len Brown).
- Add support for AMD family 0x17 CPUs to the cpupower tool and fix
a minor issue in it (Sherry Hurwitz).
- Assorted cleanups, mostly related to the constification of some
data structures (Arvind Yadav, Joe Perches, Kees Cook, Krzysztof
Kozlowski).
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Merge tag 'pm-4.13-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm
Pull power management updates from Rafael Wysocki:
"The big ticket items here are the rework of suspend-to-idle in order
to add proper support for power button wakeup from it on recent Dell
laptops and the rework of interfaces exporting the current CPU
frequency on x86.
In addition to that, support for a few new pieces of hardware is
added, the PCI/ACPI device wakeup infrastructure is simplified
significantly and the wakeup IRQ framework is fixed to unbreak the IRQ
bus locking infrastructure.
Also, there are some functional improvements for intel_pstate, tools
updates and small fixes and cleanups all over.
Specifics:
- Rework suspend-to-idle to allow it to take wakeup events signaled
by the EC into account on ACPI-based platforms in order to properly
support power button wakeup from suspend-to-idle on recent Dell
laptops (Rafael Wysocki).
That includes the core suspend-to-idle code rework, support for the
Low Power S0 _DSM interface, and support for the ACPI INT0002
Virtual GPIO device from Hans de Goede (required for USB keyboard
wakeup from suspend-to-idle to work on some machines).
- Stop trying to export the current CPU frequency via /proc/cpuinfo
on x86 as that is inaccurate and confusing (Len Brown).
- Rework the way in which the current CPU frequency is exported by
the kernel (over the cpufreq sysfs interface) on x86 systems with
the APERF and MPERF registers by always using values read from
these registers, when available, to compute the current frequency
regardless of which cpufreq driver is in use (Len Brown).
- Rework the PCI/ACPI device wakeup infrastructure to remove the
questionable and artificial distinction between "devices that can
wake up the system from sleep states" and "devices that can
generate wakeup signals in the working state" from it, which allows
the code to be simplified quite a bit (Rafael Wysocki).
- Fix the wakeup IRQ framework by making it use SRCU instead of RCU
which doesn't allow sleeping in the read-side critical sections,
but which in turn is expected to be allowed by the IRQ bus locking
infrastructure (Thomas Gleixner).
- Modify some computations in the intel_pstate driver to avoid
rounding errors resulting from them (Srinivas Pandruvada).
- Reduce the overhead of the intel_pstate driver in the HWP
(hardware-managed P-states) mode and when the "performance" P-state
selection algorithm is in use by making it avoid registering
scheduler callbacks in those cases (Len Brown).
- Rework the energy_performance_preference sysfs knob in intel_pstate
by changing the values that correspond to different symbolic hint
names used by it (Len Brown).
- Make it possible to use more than one cpuidle driver at the same
time on ARM (Daniel Lezcano).
- Make it possible to prevent the cpuidle menu governor from using
the 0 state by disabling it via sysfs (Nicholas Piggin).
- Add support for FFH (Fixed Functional Hardware) MWAIT in ACPI C1 on
AMD systems (Yazen Ghannam).
- Make the CPPC cpufreq driver take the lowest nonlinear performance
information into account (Prashanth Prakash).
- Add support for hi3660 to the cpufreq-dt driver, fix the imx6q
driver and clean up the sfi, exynos5440 and intel_pstate drivers
(Colin Ian King, Krzysztof Kozlowski, Octavian Purdila, Rafael
Wysocki, Tao Wang).
- Fix a few minor issues in the generic power domains (genpd)
framework and clean it up somewhat (Krzysztof Kozlowski, Mikko
Perttunen, Viresh Kumar).
- Fix a couple of minor issues in the operating performance points
(OPP) framework and clean it up somewhat (Viresh Kumar).
- Fix a CONFIG dependency in the hibernation core and clean it up
slightly (Balbir Singh, Arvind Yadav, BaoJun Luo).
- Add rk3228 support to the rockchip-io adaptive voltage scaling
(AVS) driver (David Wu).
- Fix an incorrect bit shift operation in the RAPL power capping
driver (Adam Lessnau).
- Add support for the EPP field in the HWP (hardware managed
P-states) control register, HWP.EPP, to the x86_energy_perf_policy
tool and update msr-index.h with HWP.EPP values (Len Brown).
- Fix some minor issues in the turbostat tool (Len Brown).
- Add support for AMD family 0x17 CPUs to the cpupower tool and fix a
minor issue in it (Sherry Hurwitz).
- Assorted cleanups, mostly related to the constification of some
data structures (Arvind Yadav, Joe Perches, Kees Cook, Krzysztof
Kozlowski)"
* tag 'pm-4.13-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm: (69 commits)
cpufreq: Update scaling_cur_freq documentation
cpufreq: intel_pstate: Clean up after performance governor changes
PM: hibernate: constify attribute_group structures.
cpuidle: menu: allow state 0 to be disabled
intel_idle: Use more common logging style
PM / Domains: Fix missing default_power_down_ok comment
PM / Domains: Fix unsafe iteration over modified list of domains
PM / Domains: Fix unsafe iteration over modified list of domain providers
PM / Domains: Fix unsafe iteration over modified list of device links
PM / Domains: Handle safely genpd_syscore_switch() call on non-genpd device
PM / Domains: Call driver's noirq callbacks
PM / core: Drop run_wake flag from struct dev_pm_info
PCI / PM: Simplify device wakeup settings code
PCI / PM: Drop pme_interrupt flag from struct pci_dev
ACPI / PM: Consolidate device wakeup settings code
ACPI / PM: Drop run_wake from struct acpi_device_wakeup_flags
PM / QoS: constify *_attribute_group.
PM / AVS: rockchip-io: add io selectors and supplies for rk3228
powercap/RAPL: prevent overridding bits outside of the mask
PM / sysfs: Constify attribute groups
...
attribute_groups are not supposed to change at runtime. All functions
working with attribute_groups provided by <linux/sysfs.h> work with const
attribute_group. So mark the non-const structs as const.
File size before:
text data bss dec hex filename
3802 624 32 4458 116a kernel/power/main.o
File size After adding 'const':
text data bss dec hex filename
3866 560 32 4458 116a kernel/power/main.o
Signed-off-by: Arvind Yadav <arvind.yadav.cs@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
* acpi-pm:
PM / core: Drop run_wake flag from struct dev_pm_info
PCI / PM: Simplify device wakeup settings code
PCI / PM: Drop pme_interrupt flag from struct pci_dev
ACPI / PM: Consolidate device wakeup settings code
ACPI / PM: Drop run_wake from struct acpi_device_wakeup_flags
ACPI / sleep: EC-based wakeup from suspend-to-idle on recent systems
platform: x86: intel-hid: Wake up the system from suspend-to-idle
platform: x86: intel-vbtn: Wake up the system from suspend-to-idle
ACPI / PM: Ignore spurious SCI wakeups from suspend-to-idle
platform/x86: Add driver for ACPI INT0002 Virtual GPIO device
PCI / PM: Restore PME Enable if skipping wakeup setup
PM / sleep: Print timing information if debug is enabled
ACPI / PM: Clean up device wakeup enable/disable code
ACPI / PM: Change log level of wakeup-related message
USB / PCI / PM: Allow the PCI core to do the resume cleanup
ACPI / PM: Run wakeup notify handlers synchronously
Conflicts:
drivers/base/power/main.c
attribute_groups are not supposed to change at runtime. All functions
working with attribute_groups provided by <linux/sysfs.h> work with const
attribute_group. So mark the non-const structs as const.
File size before:
text data bss dec hex filename
6332 488 308 7128 1bd8 kernel/power/hibernate.o
File size After adding 'const':
text data bss dec hex filename
6396 424 308 7128 1bd8 kernel/power/hibernate.o
Signed-off-by: Arvind Yadav <arvind.yadav.cs@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The first parameter of swsusp_alloc is not used, so drop it.
Signed-off-by: BaoJun Luo <baojun.luo@samsung.com>
[ rjw: Subject & changelog ]
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Kbuild reported a build failure when CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX was
enabled on powerpc. We don't yet have ARCH_HAS_SET_MEMORY and ppc32
saw a build failure.
I've only done a basic compile test with a config that has
hibernation enabled.
Fixes: 50327ddfbc (kernel/power/snapshot.c: use set_memory.h header)
Reported-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr>
Signed-off-by: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The ACPI SCI (System Control Interrupt) is set up as a wakeup IRQ
during suspend-to-idle transitions and, consequently, any events
signaled through it wake up the system from that state. However,
on some systems some of the events signaled via the ACPI SCI while
suspended to idle should not cause the system to wake up. In fact,
quite often they should just be discarded.
Arguably, systems should not resume entirely on such events, but in
order to decide which events really should cause the system to resume
and which are spurious, it is necessary to resume up to the point
when ACPI SCIs are actually handled and processed, which is after
executing dpm_resume_noirq() in the system resume path.
For this reasons, add a loop around freeze_enter() in which the
platforms can process events signaled via multiplexed IRQ lines
like the ACPI SCI and add suspend-to-idle hooks that can be
used for this purpose to struct platform_freeze_ops.
In the ACPI case, the ->wake hook is used for checking if the SCI
has triggered while suspended and deferring the interrupt-induced
system wakeup until the events signaled through it are actually
processed sufficiently to decide whether or not the system should
resume. In turn, the ->sync hook allows all of the relevant event
queues to be flushed so as to prevent events from being missed due
to race conditions.
In addition to that, some ACPI code processing wakeup events needs
to be modified to use the "hard" version of wakeup triggers, so that
it will cause a system resume to happen on device-induced wakeup
events even if the "soft" mechanism to prevent the system from
suspending is not enabled. However, to preserve the existing
behavior with respect to suspend-to-RAM, this only is done in
the suspend-to-idle case and only if an SCI has occurred while
suspended.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
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Merge tag 'v4.12-rc5' into for-4.13/block
We've already got a few conflicts and upcoming work depends on some of the
changes that have gone into mainline as regression fixes for this series.
Pull in 4.12-rc5 to resolve these conflicts and make it easier on down stream
trees to continue working on 4.13 changes.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Replace bi_error with a new bi_status to allow for a clear conversion.
Note that device mapper overloaded bi_error with a private value, which
we'll have to keep arround at least for now and thus propagate to a
proper blk_status_t value.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Revert commit eed4d47efe (ACPI / sleep: Ignore spurious SCI wakeups
from suspend-to-idle) as it turned out to be premature and triggered
a number of different issues on various systems.
That includes, but is not limited to, premature suspend-to-RAM aborts
on Dell XPS 13 (9343) reported by Dominik.
The issue the commit in question attempted to address is real and
will need to be taken care of going forward, but evidently more work
is needed for this purpose.
Reported-by: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Fixing sparse warnings: 'symbol not declared. Should it be static?'
Signed-off-by: Pushkar Jambhlekar <pushkar.iit@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
- Add Intel Gemini Lake CPU IDs to the intel_idle and intel_rapl
drivers (David Box).
- Add a NULL pointer check to the cpuidle core to prevent it from
crashing on platforms with incomplete cpuidle configuration (Fei
Li).
- Fix DT-related documentation in the generic power domains (genpd)
framework and add a MAINTAINERS entry for DT-related material in
genpd (Viresh Kumar).
- Update the system suspend/resume infrastructure to improve the
handling of aborts of suspend transitions in progress in the
wakeup framework and rework the suspend-to-idle core loop to make
it possible to filter out spurious wakeup events (specifically the
ones coming from ACPI) without resuming all the way up to user
space every time (Rafael Wysocki).
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Merge tag 'pm-extra-4.12-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm
Pull more power management updates from Rafael Wysocki:
"These add new CPU IDs to a couple of drivers, fix a possible NULL
pointer dereference in the cpuidle core, update DT-related things in
the generic power domains framework and finally update the
suspend/resume infrastructure to improve the handling of wakeups from
suspend-to-idle.
Specifics:
- Add Intel Gemini Lake CPU IDs to the intel_idle and intel_rapl
drivers (David Box).
- Add a NULL pointer check to the cpuidle core to prevent it from
crashing on platforms with incomplete cpuidle configuration (Fei
Li).
- Fix DT-related documentation in the generic power domains (genpd)
framework and add a MAINTAINERS entry for DT-related material in
genpd (Viresh Kumar).
- Update the system suspend/resume infrastructure to improve the
handling of aborts of suspend transitions in progress in the wakeup
framework and rework the suspend-to-idle core loop to make it
possible to filter out spurious wakeup events (specifically the
ones coming from ACPI) without resuming all the way up to user
space every time (Rafael Wysocki)"
* tag 'pm-extra-4.12-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm:
ACPI / sleep: Ignore spurious SCI wakeups from suspend-to-idle
PM / wakeup: Integrate mechanism to abort transitions in progress
x86/intel_idle: add Gemini Lake support
cpuidle: check dev before usage in cpuidle_use_deepest_state()
powercap: intel_rapl: Add support for Gemini Lake
PM / Domains: Add DT file to MAINTAINERS
PM / Domains: Fix DT example
set_memory_* functions have moved to set_memory.h. Switch to this
explicitly.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1488920133-27229-13-git-send-email-labbott@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The ACPI SCI (System Control Interrupt) is set up as a wakeup IRQ
during suspend-to-idle transitions and, consequently, any events
signaled through it wake up the system from that state. However,
on some systems some of the events signaled via the ACPI SCI while
suspended to idle should not cause the system to wake up. In fact,
quite often they should just be discarded.
Arguably, systems should not resume entirely on such events, but in
order to decide which events really should cause the system to resume
and which are spurious, it is necessary to resume up to the point
when ACPI SCIs are actually handled and processed, which is after
executing dpm_resume_noirq() in the system resume path.
For this reasons, add a loop around freeze_enter() in which the
platforms can process events signaled via multiplexed IRQ lines
like the ACPI SCI and add suspend-to-idle hooks that can be
used for this purpose to struct platform_freeze_ops.
In the ACPI case, the ->wake hook is used for checking if the SCI
has triggered while suspended and deferring the interrupt-induced
system wakeup until the events signaled through it are actually
processed sufficiently to decide whether or not the system should
resume. In turn, the ->sync hook allows all of the relevant event
queues to be flushed so as to prevent events from being missed due
to race conditions.
In addition to that, some ACPI code processing wakeup events needs
to be modified to use the "hard" version of wakeup triggers, so that
it will cause a system resume to happen on device-induced wakeup
events even if the "soft" mechanism to prevent the system from
suspending is not enabled (that also helps to catch device-induced
wakeup events occurring during suspend transitions in progress).
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Pull sched.h split-up from Ingo Molnar:
"The point of these changes is to significantly reduce the
<linux/sched.h> header footprint, to speed up the kernel build and to
have a cleaner header structure.
After these changes the new <linux/sched.h>'s typical preprocessed
size goes down from a previous ~0.68 MB (~22K lines) to ~0.45 MB (~15K
lines), which is around 40% faster to build on typical configs.
Not much changed from the last version (-v2) posted three weeks ago: I
eliminated quirks, backmerged fixes plus I rebased it to an upstream
SHA1 from yesterday that includes most changes queued up in -next plus
all sched.h changes that were pending from Andrew.
I've re-tested the series both on x86 and on cross-arch defconfigs,
and did a bisectability test at a number of random points.
I tried to test as many build configurations as possible, but some
build breakage is probably still left - but it should be mostly
limited to architectures that have no cross-compiler binaries
available on kernel.org, and non-default configurations"
* 'WIP.sched-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (146 commits)
sched/headers: Clean up <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove #ifdefs from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove the <linux/topology.h> include from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers, hrtimer: Remove the <linux/wait.h> include from <linux/hrtimer.h>
sched/headers, x86/apic: Remove the <linux/pm.h> header inclusion from <asm/apic.h>
sched/headers, timers: Remove the <linux/sysctl.h> include from <linux/timer.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/magic.h> from <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/init.h>
sched/core: Remove unused prefetch_stack()
sched/headers: Remove <linux/rculist.h> from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove the 'init_pid_ns' prototype from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/signal.h> from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/rwsem.h> from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove the runqueue_is_locked() prototype
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/hotplug.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/debug.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/nohz.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/stat.h>
sched/headers: Remove the <linux/gfp.h> include from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/rtmutex.h> from <linux/sched.h>
...
