Add a generic helper to match any/all devices. Using this
introduce new wrappers {bus/driver/class}_find_next_device().
Cc: Elie Morisse <syniurge@gmail.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Nehal Shah <nehal-bakulchandra.shah@amd.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Cc: Shyam Sundar S K <shyam-sundar.s-k@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Acked-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com> # PCI
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20190723221838.12024-7-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
There is an arbitrary difference between the prototypes of
bus_find_device() and class_find_device() preventing their callers
from passing the same pair of data and match() arguments to both of
them, which is the const qualifier used in the prototype of
class_find_device(). If that qualifier is also used in the
bus_find_device() prototype, it will be possible to pass the same
match() callback function to both bus_find_device() and
class_find_device(), which will allow some optimizations to be made in
order to avoid code duplication going forward. Also with that, constify
the "data" parameter as it is passed as a const to the match function.
For this reason, change the prototype of bus_find_device() to match
the prototype of class_find_device() and adjust its callers to use the
const qualifier in accordance with the new prototype of it.
Cc: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrew Lunn <andrew@lunn.ch>
Cc: Andreas Noever <andreas.noever@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com>
Cc: Corey Minyard <minyard@acm.org>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: David Kershner <david.kershner@unisys.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: David Airlie <airlied@linux.ie>
Cc: Felipe Balbi <balbi@kernel.org>
Cc: Frank Rowand <frowand.list@gmail.com>
Cc: Grygorii Strashko <grygorii.strashko@ti.com>
Cc: Harald Freudenberger <freude@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Hartmut Knaack <knaack.h@gmx.de>
Cc: Heiko Stuebner <heiko@sntech.de>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@ziepe.ca>
Cc: Jonathan Cameron <jic23@kernel.org>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
Cc: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Michael Jamet <michael.jamet@intel.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Peter Oberparleiter <oberpar@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Sebastian Ott <sebott@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Srinivas Kandagatla <srinivas.kandagatla@linaro.org>
Cc: Yehezkel Bernat <YehezkelShB@gmail.com>
Cc: rafael@kernel.org
Acked-by: Corey Minyard <minyard@acm.org>
Acked-by: David Kershner <david.kershner@unisys.com>
Acked-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Acked-by: Srinivas Kandagatla <srinivas.kandagatla@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Wolfram Sang <wsa@the-dreams.de> # for the I2C parts
Acked-by: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
This was entirely automated, using the script by Al:
PATT='^[[:blank:]]*#[[:blank:]]*include[[:blank:]]*<asm/uaccess.h>'
sed -i -e "s!$PATT!#include <linux/uaccess.h>!" \
$(git grep -l "$PATT"|grep -v ^include/linux/uaccess.h)
to do the replacement at the end of the merge window.
Requested-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On larger installations it is useful to disable automatic LUN scanning,
and only add the required LUNs via udev rules. This can speed up bootup
dramatically.
This patch introduces a new scan module parameter value 'manual', which
works like 'none', but can be overridden by setting the 'rescan' value
from scsi_scan_target to 'SCSI_SCAN_MANUAL'. And it updates all
relevant callers to set the 'rescan' value to 'SCSI_SCAN_MANUAL' if
invoked via the 'scan' option in sysfs.
Signed-off-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Ewan D. Milne <emilne@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Laurence Oberman <loberman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Using seq_putc to print a single character saves at least a strlen()
call and a memory access, and may also give a small .text reduction.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Reviewed-by: Finn Thain <fthain@telegraphics.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Using seq_printf to print a simple string is a lot more expensive than
it needs to be, since seq_puts exists. Replace seq_printf with
seq_puts when possible.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Reviewed-by: Finn Thain <fthain@telegraphics.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
The SCSI standard defines 64-bit values for LUNs, and large arrays
employing large or hierarchical LUN numbers become more and more
common.
So update the linux SCSI stack to use 64-bit LUN numbers.
Signed-off-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Ewan Milne <emilne@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
That patch failed to set proc_scsi_fops' .release method.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The only part of proc_dir_entry the code outside of fs/proc
really cares about is PDE(inode)->data. Provide a helper
for that; static inline for now, eventually will be moved
to fs/proc, along with the knowledge of struct proc_dir_entry
layout.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Some of the ->show_info() instances really spew a lot; it's not a problem
wrt correctness (seq_read() will grow buffer and call the sucker again),
but in this case it makes sense to start with a somewhat bigger one -
they often do exceed one page worth of output.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
It's still an obsolete interface; don't introduce those in new drivers.
However, it's saner than the ->proc_info() and commits after this one
will convert the existing ->proc_info() users to it.
The read side is ->show_info(seq_file *, struct Scsi_Host *); use
seq_... for generating contents.
The write side is ->write_info(struct Scsi_Host *, char *, int).
Again, this is driven by procfs needs; we are going to kill ->write_proc()
and ->read_proc() and this is the main obstacle to burying that piece of
shit.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Fix kernel-doc warnings in scsi_proc.c:
Warning(drivers/scsi/scsi_proc.c:390): No description found for parameter 'dev'
Warning(drivers/scsi/scsi_proc.c:390): No description found for parameter 'data'
Warning(drivers/scsi/scsi_proc.c:390): Excess function parameter 's' description in 'always_match'
Warning(drivers/scsi/scsi_proc.c:390): Excess function parameter 'p' description in 'always_match'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On systems with very large numbers (> 1600 or so) of SCSI devices,
cat /proc/scsi/scsi ends up failing with -ENOMEM. This is due to
the show routine simply iterating over all of the devices with
bus_for_each_dev(), and trying to dump all of them into the buffer
at the same time. On my test system (using scsi_debug with 4064 devices),
the output ends up being ~ 632k, far more than kmalloc will typically allow.
This patch defines its own seq_file opreations to iterate over the scsi
devices.The result is that each show() operation only dumps ~ 180 bytes
into the buffer at a time so we don't run out of memory.
If the "Attached devices" header isn't required, we can dump the
sfile->private bit completely.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@suse.de>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Setting ->owner as done currently (pde->owner = THIS_MODULE) is racy
as correctly noted at bug #12454. Someone can lookup entry with NULL
->owner, thus not pinning enything, and release it later resulting
in module refcount underflow.
We can keep ->owner and supply it at registration time like ->proc_fops
and ->data.
But this leaves ->owner as easy-manipulative field (just one C assignment)
and somebody will forget to unpin previous/pin current module when
switching ->owner. ->proc_fops is declared as "const" which should give
some thoughts.
->read_proc/->write_proc were just fixed to not require ->owner for
protection.
rmmod'ed directories will be empty and return "." and ".." -- no harm.
And directories with tricky enough readdir and lookup shouldn't be modular.
We definitely don't want such modular code.
Removing ->owner will also make PDE smaller.
So, let's nuke it.
Kudos to Jeff Layton for reminding about this, let's say, oversight.
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12454
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
This patch cleans up the behavior of scsi_host_lookup().
The original implementation attempted to use the dual role of
either returning a pointer value, or a negative error code.
User's needed to use IS_ERR() to check the result. Additionally,
the IS_ERR() macro never checks for when a NULL pointer was
returned, so a NULL pointer actually passes with a success case.
Note: scsi_host_get(), used by scsi_host_lookup(), can return
a NULL pointer.
Talk about a mudhole for the unitiated to step into....
This patch converts scsi_host_lookup() to return either NULL
or a valid pointer. The consumers were updated for the change.
Signed-off-by: James Smart <james.smart@emulex.com>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
[jejb: fixed up a ton of missed conversions.
All of you are on notice this has happened, driver trees will now
need to be rebased]
Signed-off-by: Harvey Harrison <harvey.harrison@gmail.com>
Cc: SCSI List <linux-scsi@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Use proc_create() to make sure that ->proc_fops be setup before gluing PDE to
main tree.
Add correct ->owner to proc_fops to fix reading/module unloading race.
Signed-off-by: Denis V. Lunev <den@openvz.org>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch implements scsi_host and scsi_target device types
and adds both to the scsi_bus.
Signed-off-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Add Documentation/DocBook/scsi_midlayer.tmpl, add to Makefile, and update
lots of kerneldoc comments in drivers/scsi/*.
Updated with comments from Stefan Richter, Stephen M. Cameron,
James Bottomley and Randy Dunlap.
Signed-off-by: Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
This patch (as833) fixes the "SCSI revision" output for
/proc/scsi/scsi. If the scsi_level value is 0 (UNKNOWN), we want it
to show up as "0", not "ffffffff".
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>
Many struct file_operations in the kernel can be "const". Marking them const
moves these to the .rodata section, which avoids false sharing with potential
dirty data. In addition it'll catch accidental writes at compile time to
these shared resources.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
- Replace scsi_device_types array API with scsi_device_type function API.
Gets rid of a lot of common code, as well as being easier to use.
- Add the new device types in SPC4 r05a, and rename some of the older ones.
- Reformat the printing of inquiry data; now fits on one line and
includes PQ.
I think I've addressed all the feedback from the previous versions. My
current test box prints:
scsi 2:0:1:0: Direct access HP 18.2G ATLAS10K3_18_SCA HP05 PQ: 0 ANSI: 2
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>
Problem spotted by: Suzuki K P <suzuki@in.ibm.com>
A zero return on success isn't correct for filesystem write functions.
They should either return negative error or the length of bytes
consumed. Add code to convert our zero on success error return to
return the length of bytes passed in.
This fixes the following:
$ echo "scsi remove-single-device 0 0 3 0" > /proc/scsi/scsi
bash: echo: write error: No such device or address"
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>
When James Smart fixed the issue of the userspace scan atributes
crashing the system with the FC transport class he added a patch to
let the transport class check if the parent is valid for a given
transport class.
When adding support for the integrated raid of fusion sas devices
we ran into a problem with that, as it didn't allow adding virtual
raid volumes without the transport class knowing about it.
So this patch adds a user_scan attribute instead, that takes over from
scsi_scan_host_selected if the transport class sets it and thus lets
the transport class control the user-initiated scanning. As this
plugs the hole about user-initiated scanning the target_parent hook
goes away and we rely on callers of the scanning routines to do
something sensible.
For SAS this meant I had to switch from a spinlock to a mutex to
synchronize the topology linked lists, in FC they were completely
unsynchronized which seems wrong.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>
the scsi layer is using semaphores in a mutex way, this patch converts
these into using mutexes instead
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
