The inode unused list is currently a global LRU. This does not match
the other global filesystem cache - the dentry cache - which uses
per-superblock LRU lists. Hence we have related filesystem object
types using different LRU reclaimation schemes.
To enable a per-superblock filesystem cache shrinker, both of these
caches need to have per-sb unused object LRU lists. Hence this patch
converts the global inode LRU to per-sb LRUs.
The patch only does rudimentary per-sb propotioning in the shrinker
infrastructure, as this gets removed when the per-sb shrinker
callouts are introduced later on.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Call the given function for all superblocks of given type. Function
gets a superblock (with s_umount locked shared) and (void *) argument
supplied by caller of iterator.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
fs_excl is a poor man's priority inheritance for filesystems to hint to
the block layer that an operation is important. It was never clearly
specified, not widely adopted, and will not prevent starvation in many
cases (like across cgroups).
fs_excl was introduced with the time sliced CFQ IO scheduler, to
indicate when a process held FS exclusive resources and thus needed
a boost.
It doesn't cover all file systems, and it was never fully complete.
Lets kill it.
Signed-off-by: Justin TerAvest <teravest@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Caching "we have already removed suid/caps" was overenthusiastic as merged.
On network filesystems we might have had suid/caps set on another client,
silently picked by this client on revalidate, all of that *without* clearing
the S_NOSEC flag.
AFAICS, the only reasonably sane way to deal with that is
* new superblock flag; unless set, S_NOSEC is not going to be set.
* local block filesystems set it in their ->mount() (more accurately,
mount_bdev() does, so does btrfs ->mount(), users of mount_bdev() other than
local block ones clear it)
* if any network filesystem (or a cluster one) wants to use S_NOSEC,
it'll need to set MS_NOSEC in sb->s_flags *AND* take care to clear S_NOSEC when
inode attribute changes are picked from other clients.
It's not an earth-shattering hole (anybody that can set suid on another client
will almost certainly be able to write to the file before doing that anyway),
but it's a bug that needs fixing.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/djm/tmem:
xen: cleancache shim to Xen Transcendent Memory
ocfs2: add cleancache support
ext4: add cleancache support
btrfs: add cleancache support
ext3: add cleancache support
mm/fs: add hooks to support cleancache
mm: cleancache core ops functions and config
fs: add field to superblock to support cleancache
mm/fs: cleancache documentation
Fix up trivial conflict in fs/btrfs/extent_io.c due to includes
This fourth patch of eight in this cleancache series provides the
core hooks in VFS for: initializing cleancache per filesystem;
capturing clean pages reclaimed by page cache; attempting to get
pages from cleancache before filesystem read; and ensuring coherency
between pagecache, disk, and cleancache. Note that the placement
of these hooks was stable from 2.6.18 to 2.6.38; a minor semantic
change was required due to a patchset in 2.6.39.
All hooks become no-ops if CONFIG_CLEANCACHE is unset, or become
a check of a boolean global if CONFIG_CLEANCACHE is set but no
cleancache "backend" has claimed cleancache_ops.
Details and a FAQ can be found in Documentation/vm/cleancache.txt
[v8: minchan.kim@gmail.com: adapt to new remove_from_page_cache function]
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik Van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Beulich <JBeulich@novell.com>
Cc: Andreas Dilger <adilger@sun.com>
Cc: Ted Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
I originally intended to remove this warning in 2.6.34, but it's not in
a high performance codepath and might help us to catch bugs later. Let's
keep it, but fix the comment to allay confusion about its removal.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
* 'for-2.6.39/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (65 commits)
Documentation/iostats.txt: bit-size reference etc.
cfq-iosched: removing unnecessary think time checking
cfq-iosched: Don't clear queue stats when preempt.
blk-throttle: Reset group slice when limits are changed
blk-cgroup: Only give unaccounted_time under debug
cfq-iosched: Don't set active queue in preempt
block: fix non-atomic access to genhd inflight structures
block: attempt to merge with existing requests on plug flush
block: NULL dereference on error path in __blkdev_get()
cfq-iosched: Don't update group weights when on service tree
fs: assign sb->s_bdi to default_backing_dev_info if the bdi is going away
block: Require subsystems to explicitly allocate bio_set integrity mempool
jbd2: finish conversion from WRITE_SYNC_PLUG to WRITE_SYNC and explicit plugging
jbd: finish conversion from WRITE_SYNC_PLUG to WRITE_SYNC and explicit plugging
fs: make fsync_buffers_list() plug
mm: make generic_writepages() use plugging
blk-cgroup: Add unaccounted time to timeslice_used.
block: fixup plugging stubs for !CONFIG_BLOCK
block: remove obsolete comments for blkdev_issue_zeroout.
blktrace: Use rq->cmd_flags directly in blk_add_trace_rq.
...
Fix up conflicts in fs/{aio.c,super.c}
new function: mount_fs(). Does all work done by vfs_kern_mount()
except the allocation and filling of vfsmount; returns root dentry
or ERR_PTR().
vfs_kern_mount() switched to using it and taken to fs/namespace.c,
along with its wrappers.
alloc_vfsmnt()/free_vfsmnt() made static.
functions in namespace.c slightly reordered.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We don't have proper reference counting for this yet, so we run into
cases where the device is pulled and we OOPS on flushing the fs data.
This happens even though the dirty inodes have already been
migrated to the default_backing_dev_info.
Reported-by: Torsten Hilbrich <torsten.hilbrich@secunet.com>
Tested-by: Torsten Hilbrich <torsten.hilbrich@secunet.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
In commit fa0d7e3de6 ("fs: icache RCU free inodes"), we use rcu free
inode instead of freeing the inode directly. It causes a crash when we
rmmod immediately after we umount the volume[1].
So we need to call rcu_barrier after we kill_sb so that the inode is
freed before we do rmmod. The idea is inspired by Aneesh Kumar.
rcu_barrier will wait for all callbacks to end before preceding. The
original patch was done by Tao Ma, but synchronize_rcu() is not enough
here.
1. http://marc.info/?l=linux-fsdevel&m=129680863330185&w=2
Tested-by: Tao Ma <boyu.mt@taobao.com>
Signed-off-by: Boaz Harrosh <bharrosh@panasas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Instead of splitting refcount between (per-cpu) mnt_count
and (SMP-only) mnt_longrefs, make all references contribute
to mnt_count again and keep track of how many are longterm
ones.
Accounting rules for longterm count:
* 1 for each fs_struct.root.mnt
* 1 for each fs_struct.pwd.mnt
* 1 for having non-NULL ->mnt_ns
* decrement to 0 happens only under vfsmount lock exclusive
That allows nice common case for mntput() - since we can't drop the
final reference until after mnt_longterm has reached 0 due to the rules
above, mntput() can grab vfsmount lock shared and check mnt_longterm.
If it turns out to be non-zero (which is the common case), we know
that this is not the final mntput() and can just blindly decrement
percpu mnt_count. Otherwise we grab vfsmount lock exclusive and
do usual decrement-and-check of percpu mnt_count.
For fs_struct.c we have mnt_make_longterm() and mnt_make_shortterm();
namespace.c uses the latter in places where we don't already hold
vfsmount lock exclusive and opencodes a few remaining spots where
we need to manipulate mnt_longterm.
Note that we mostly revert the code outside of fs/namespace.c back
to what we used to have; in particular, normal code doesn't need
to care about two kinds of references, etc. And we get to keep
the optimization Nick's variant had bought us...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* 'for-2.6.38/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (43 commits)
block: ensure that completion error gets properly traced
blktrace: add missing probe argument to block_bio_complete
block cfq: don't use atomic_t for cfq_group
block cfq: don't use atomic_t for cfq_queue
block: trace event block fix unassigned field
block: add internal hd part table references
block: fix accounting bug on cross partition merges
kref: add kref_test_and_get
bio-integrity: mark kintegrityd_wq highpri and CPU intensive
block: make kblockd_workqueue smarter
Revert "sd: implement sd_check_events()"
block: Clean up exit_io_context() source code.
Fix compile warnings due to missing removal of a 'ret' variable
fs/block: type signature of major_to_index(int) to major_to_index(unsigned)
block: convert !IS_ERR(p) && p to !IS_ERR_NOR_NULL(p)
cfq-iosched: don't check cfqg in choose_service_tree()
fs/splice: Pull buf->ops->confirm() from splice_from_pipe actors
cdrom: export cdrom_check_events()
sd: implement sd_check_events()
sr: implement sr_check_events()
...
The problem that this patch aims to fix is vfsmount refcounting scalability.
We need to take a reference on the vfsmount for every successful path lookup,
which often go to the same mount point.
The fundamental difficulty is that a "simple" reference count can never be made
scalable, because any time a reference is dropped, we must check whether that
was the last reference. To do that requires communication with all other CPUs
that may have taken a reference count.
We can make refcounts more scalable in a couple of ways, involving keeping
distributed counters, and checking for the global-zero condition less
frequently.
- check the global sum once every interval (this will delay zero detection
for some interval, so it's probably a showstopper for vfsmounts).
- keep a local count and only taking the global sum when local reaches 0 (this
is difficult for vfsmounts, because we can't hold preempt off for the life of
a reference, so a counter would need to be per-thread or tied strongly to a
particular CPU which requires more locking).
- keep a local difference of increments and decrements, which allows us to sum
the total difference and hence find the refcount when summing all CPUs. Then,
keep a single integer "long" refcount for slow and long lasting references,
and only take the global sum of local counters when the long refcount is 0.
This last scheme is what I implemented here. Attached mounts and process root
and working directory references are "long" references, and everything else is
a short reference.
This allows scalable vfsmount references during path walking over mounted
subtrees and unattached (lazy umounted) mounts with processes still running
in them.
This results in one fewer atomic op in the fastpath: mntget is now just a
per-CPU inc, rather than an atomic inc; and mntput just requires a spinlock
and non-atomic decrement in the common case. However code is otherwise bigger
and heavier, so single threaded performance is basically a wash.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
After recent blkdev_get() modifications, open_by_devnum() and
open_bdev_exclusive() are simple wrappers around blkdev_get().
Replace them with blkdev_get_by_dev() and blkdev_get_by_path().
blkdev_get_by_dev() is identical to open_by_devnum().
blkdev_get_by_path() is slightly different in that it doesn't
automatically add %FMODE_EXCL to @mode.
All users are converted. Most conversions are mechanical and don't
introduce any behavior difference. There are several exceptions.
* btrfs now sets FMODE_EXCL in btrfs_device->mode, so there's no
reason to OR it explicitly on blkdev_put().
* gfs2, nilfs2 and the generic mount_bdev() now set FMODE_EXCL in
sb->s_mode.
* With the above changes, sb->s_mode now always should contain
FMODE_EXCL. WARN_ON_ONCE() added to kill_block_super() to detect
errors.
The new blkdev_get_*() functions are with proper docbook comments.
While at it, add function description to blkdev_get() too.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Philipp Reisner <philipp.reisner@linbit.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@lazybastard.org>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: KONISHI Ryusuke <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Cc: reiserfs-devel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: xfs-masters@oss.sgi.com
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Over time, block layer has accumulated a set of APIs dealing with bdev
open, close, claim and release.
* blkdev_get/put() are the primary open and close functions.
* bd_claim/release() deal with exclusive open.
* open/close_bdev_exclusive() are combination of open and claim and
the other way around, respectively.
* bd_link/unlink_disk_holder() to create and remove holder/slave
symlinks.
* open_by_devnum() wraps bdget() + blkdev_get().
The interface is a bit confusing and the decoupling of open and claim
makes it impossible to properly guarantee exclusive access as
in-kernel open + claim sequence can disturb the existing exclusive
open even before the block layer knows the current open if for another
exclusive access. Reorganize the interface such that,
* blkdev_get() is extended to include exclusive access management.
@holder argument is added and, if is @FMODE_EXCL specified, it will
gain exclusive access atomically w.r.t. other exclusive accesses.
* blkdev_put() is similarly extended. It now takes @mode argument and
if @FMODE_EXCL is set, it releases an exclusive access. Also, when
the last exclusive claim is released, the holder/slave symlinks are
removed automatically.
* bd_claim/release() and close_bdev_exclusive() are no longer
necessary and either made static or removed.
* bd_link_disk_holder() remains the same but bd_unlink_disk_holder()
is no longer necessary and removed.
* open_bdev_exclusive() becomes a simple wrapper around lookup_bdev()
and blkdev_get(). It also has an unexpected extra bdev_read_only()
test which probably should be moved into blkdev_get().
* open_by_devnum() is modified to take @holder argument and pass it to
blkdev_get().
Most of bdev open/close operations are unified into blkdev_get/put()
and most exclusive accesses are tested atomically at the open time (as
it should). This cleans up code and removes some, both valid and
invalid, but unnecessary all the same, corner cases.
open_bdev_exclusive() and open_by_devnum() can use further cleanup -
rename to blkdev_get_by_path() and blkdev_get_by_devt() and drop
special features. Well, let's leave them for another day.
Most conversions are straight-forward. drbd conversion is a bit more
involved as there was some reordering, but the logic should stay the
same.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Acked-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Acked-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Philipp Reisner <philipp.reisner@linbit.com>
Cc: Peter Osterlund <petero2@telia.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andreas Dilger <adilger.kernel@dilger.ca>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Cc: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: dm-devel@redhat.com
Cc: drbd-dev@lists.linbit.com
Cc: Leo Chen <leochen@broadcom.com>
Cc: Scott Branden <sbranden@broadcom.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: reiserfs-devel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
eventual replacement for ->get_sb() - does *not* get vfsmount,
return ERR_PTR(error) or root of subtree to be mounted.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull removal of fsnotify marks into generic_shutdown_super().
Split umount-time work into a new function - evict_inodes().
Make sure that invalidate_inodes() will be able to cope with
I_FREEING once we change locking in iput().
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
fs: scale files_lock
Improve scalability of files_lock by adding per-cpu, per-sb files lists,
protected with an lglock. The lglock provides fast access to the per-cpu lists
to add and remove files. It also provides a snapshot of all the per-cpu lists
(although this is very slow).
One difficulty with this approach is that a file can be removed from the list
by another CPU. We must track which per-cpu list the file is on with a new
variale in the file struct (packed into a hole on 64-bit archs). Scalability
could suffer if files are frequently removed from different cpu's list.
However loads with frequent removal of files imply short interval between
adding and removing the files, and the scheduler attempts to avoid moving
processes too far away. Also, even in the case of cross-CPU removal, the
hardware has much more opportunity to parallelise cacheline transfers with N
cachelines than with 1.
A worst-case test of 1 CPU allocating files subsequently being freed by N CPUs
degenerates to contending on a single lock, which is no worse than before. When
more than one CPU are allocating files, even if they are always freed by
different CPUs, there will be more parallelism than the single-lock case.
Testing results:
On a 2 socket, 8 core opteron, I measure the number of times the lock is taken
to remove the file, the number of times it is removed by the same CPU that
added it, and the number of times it is removed by the same node that added it.
Booting: locks= 25049 cpu-hits= 23174 (92.5%) node-hits= 23945 (95.6%)
kbuild -j16 locks=2281913 cpu-hits=2208126 (96.8%) node-hits=2252674 (98.7%)
dbench 64 locks=4306582 cpu-hits=4287247 (99.6%) node-hits=4299527 (99.8%)
So a file is removed from the same CPU it was added by over 90% of the time.
It remains within the same node 95% of the time.
Tim Chen ran some numbers for a 64 thread Nehalem system performing a compile.
throughput
2.6.34-rc2 24.5
+patch 24.9
us sys idle IO wait (in %)
2.6.34-rc2 51.25 28.25 17.25 3.25
+patch 53.75 18.5 19 8.75
So significantly less CPU time spent in kernel code, higher idle time and
slightly higher throughput.
Single threaded performance difference was within the noise of microbenchmarks.
That is not to say penalty does not exist, the code is larger and more memory
accesses required so it will be slightly slower.
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
If sget() finds a matching superblock being set up, it'll
grab an active reference to it and grab s_umount. That's
fine - we'll wait for completion of foofs_get_sb() that way.
However, if said foofs_get_sb() fails we'll end up holding
the halfway-created superblock. deactivate_locked_super()
called by foofs_get_sb() will just unlock the sucker since
we are holding another active reference to it.
What we need is a way to tell if superblock has been successfully
set up. Unfortunately, neither ->s_root nor the check for
MS_ACTIVE quite fit. Cheap and easy way, suitable for backport:
new flag set by the (only) caller of ->get_sb(). If that flag
isn't present by the time sget() grabbed s_umount on preexisting
superblock it has found, it's seeing a stillborn and should
just bury it with deactivate_locked_super() (and repeat the search).
Longer term we want to set that flag in ->get_sb() instances (and
check for it to distinguish between "sget() found us a live sb"
and "sget() has allocated an sb, we need to set it up" in there,
instead of checking ->s_root as we do now).
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Fix an obscure AB-BA deadlock in get_sb_bdev().
When a superblock is mounted more than once get_sb_bdev() calls
close_bdev_exclusive() to drop the extra bdev reference while holding
s_umount. However, sb->s_umount nests inside bd_mutex during
__invalidate_device() and close_bdev_exclusive() acquires bd_mutex during
blkdev_put(); thus creating an AB-BA deadlock.
This condition doesn't trigger frequently. For this condition to be
visible to lockdep, the filesystem must occupy the whole device (as
__invalidate_device() only grabs bd_mutex for the whole device), the FS
must be mounted more than once and partition rescan should be issued while
the FS is still mounted.
Fix it by dropping s_umount over close_bdev_exclusive().
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Ciprian Docan <docan@eden.rutgers.edu>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
list_for_each_entry_safe is not suitable to protect against concurrent
modification of the list. 6754af6 introduced a race in sb walking.
list_for_each_entry can use the trick of pinning the current entry in
the list before we drop and retake the lock because it subsequently
follows cur->next. However list_for_each_entry_safe saves n=cur->next
for following before entering the loop body, so when the lock is
dropped, n may be deleted.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Frank Mayhar <fmayhar@google.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-fs-2.6:
quota: Convert quota statistics to generic percpu_counter
ext3 uses rb_node = NULL; to zero rb_root.
quota: Fixup dquot_transfer
reiserfs: Fix resuming of quotas on remount read-write
pohmelfs: Remove dead quota code
ufs: Remove dead quota code
udf: Remove dead quota code
quota: rename default quotactl methods to dquot_
quota: explicitly set ->dq_op and ->s_qcop
quota: drop remount argument to ->quota_on and ->quota_off
quota: move unmount handling into the filesystem
quota: kill the vfs_dq_off and vfs_dq_quota_on_remount wrappers
quota: move remount handling into the filesystem
ocfs2: Fix use after free on remount read-only
Fix up conflicts in fs/ext4/super.c and fs/ufs/file.c
Fix fs/super.c kernel-doc warning and function notation:
Warning(fs/super.c:957): No description found for parameter 'sb'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Only set the quota operation vectors if the filesystem actually supports
quota instead of doing it for all filesystems in alloc_super().
[Jan Kara: Export dquot_operations and vfs_quotactl_ops]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Currently the VFS calls into the quotactl interface for unmounting
filesystems. This means filesystems with their own quota handling
can't easily distinguish between user-space originating quotaoff
and an unount. Instead move the responsibily of the unmount handling
into the filesystem to be consistent with all other dquot handling.
Note that we do call dquot_disable a lot later now, e.g. after
a sync_filesystem. But this is fine as the quota code does all its
writes via blockdev's mapping and that is synced even later.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Currently do_remount_sb calls into the dquot code to tell it about going
from rw to ro and ro to rw. Move this code into the filesystem to
not depend on the dquot code in the VFS - note ocfs2 already ignores
these calls and handles remount by itself. This gets rid of overloading
the quotactl calls and allows to unify the VFS and XFS codepaths in
that area later.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
> =============================================
> [ INFO: possible recursive locking detected ]
> 2.6.31-2-generic #14~rbd3
> ---------------------------------------------
> firefox-3.5/4162 is trying to acquire lock:
> (&s->s_vfs_rename_mutex){+.+.+.}, at: [<ffffffff81139d31>] lock_rename+0x41/0xf0
>
> but task is already holding lock:
> (&s->s_vfs_rename_mutex){+.+.+.}, at: [<ffffffff81139d31>] lock_rename+0x41/0xf0
>
> other info that might help us debug this:
> 3 locks held by firefox-3.5/4162:
> #0: (&s->s_vfs_rename_mutex){+.+.+.}, at: [<ffffffff81139d31>] lock_rename+0x41/0xf0
> #1: (&sb->s_type->i_mutex_key#11/1){+.+.+.}, at: [<ffffffff81139d5a>] lock_rename+0x6a/0xf0
> #2: (&sb->s_type->i_mutex_key#11/2){+.+.+.}, at: [<ffffffff81139d6f>] lock_rename+0x7f/0xf0
>
> stack backtrace:
> Pid: 4162, comm: firefox-3.5 Tainted: G C 2.6.31-2-generic #14~rbd3
> Call Trace:
> [<ffffffff8108ae74>] print_deadlock_bug+0xf4/0x100
> [<ffffffff8108ce26>] validate_chain+0x4c6/0x750
> [<ffffffff8108d2e7>] __lock_acquire+0x237/0x430
> [<ffffffff8108d585>] lock_acquire+0xa5/0x150
> [<ffffffff81139d31>] ? lock_rename+0x41/0xf0
> [<ffffffff815526ad>] __mutex_lock_common+0x4d/0x3d0
> [<ffffffff81139d31>] ? lock_rename+0x41/0xf0
> [<ffffffff81139d31>] ? lock_rename+0x41/0xf0
> [<ffffffff8120eaf9>] ? ecryptfs_rename+0x99/0x170
> [<ffffffff81552b36>] mutex_lock_nested+0x46/0x60
> [<ffffffff81139d31>] lock_rename+0x41/0xf0
> [<ffffffff8120eb2a>] ecryptfs_rename+0xca/0x170
> [<ffffffff81139a9e>] vfs_rename_dir+0x13e/0x160
> [<ffffffff8113ac7e>] vfs_rename+0xee/0x290
> [<ffffffff8113c212>] ? __lookup_hash+0x102/0x160
> [<ffffffff8113d512>] sys_renameat+0x252/0x280
> [<ffffffff81133eb4>] ? cp_new_stat+0xe4/0x100
> [<ffffffff8101316a>] ? sysret_check+0x2e/0x69
> [<ffffffff8108c34d>] ? trace_hardirqs_on_caller+0x14d/0x190
> [<ffffffff8113d55b>] sys_rename+0x1b/0x20
> [<ffffffff81013132>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
The trace above is totally reproducible by doing a cross-directory
rename on an ecryptfs directory.
The issue seems to be that sys_renameat() does lock_rename() then calls
into the filesystem; if the filesystem is ecryptfs, then
ecryptfs_rename() again does lock_rename() on the lower filesystem, and
lockdep can't tell that the two s_vfs_rename_mutexes are different. It
seems an annotation like the following is sufficient to fix this (it
does get rid of the lockdep trace in my simple tests); however I would
like to make sure I'm not misunderstanding the locking, hence the CC
list...
Signed-off-by: Roland Dreier <rdreier@cisco.com>
Cc: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Dustin Kirkland <kirkland@canonical.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Currently the way we do freezing is by passing sb>s_bdev to freeze_bdev and then
letting it do all the work. But freezing is more of an fs thing, and doesn't
really have much to do with the bdev at all, all the work gets done with the
super. In btrfs we do not populate s_bdev, since we can have multiple bdev's
for one fs and setting s_bdev makes removing devices from a pool kind of tricky.
This means that freezing a btrfs filesystem fails, which causes us to corrupt
with things like tux-on-ice which use the fsfreeze mechanism. So instead of
populating sb->s_bdev with a random bdev in our pool, I've broken the actual fs
freezing stuff into freeze_super and thaw_super. These just take the
super_block that we're freezing and does the appropriate work. It's basically
just copy and pasted from freeze_bdev. I've then converted freeze_bdev over to
use the new super helpers. I've tested this with ext4 and btrfs and verified
everything continues to work the same as before.
The only new gotcha is multiple calls to the fsfreeze ioctl will return EBUSY if
the fs is already frozen. I thought this was a better solution than adding a
freeze counter to the super_block, but if everybody hates this idea I'm open to
suggestions. Thanks,
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
need list_for_each_entry_safe() here. Original didn't even
have restart logics, so if you race with umount() it blew up.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
At the same time we can kill s_need_restart and local mutex in there.
__put_super() made public for a while; will be gone later.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We used to remove from s_list and s_instances at the same
time. So let's *not* do the former and skip superblocks
that have empty s_instances in the loops over s_list.
The next step, of course, will be to get rid of rescan logics
in those loops.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Make sure that s_umount is acquired *before* we drop the final
active reference; we still have the fast path (atomic_dec_unless)
and we have gotten rid of the window between the moment when
s_active hits zero and s_umount is acquired. Which simplifies
the living hell out of grab_super() and inotify pin_to_kill()
stuff.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
When CONFIG_BLOCK is set, it ends up getting backing-dev.h included.
But for !CONFIG_BLOCK, it isn't so lucky. The proper thing to do is
include <linux/backing-dev.h> directly from the file it's used from,
so do that.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
noop_backing_dev_info is used only as a flag to mark filesystems that
don't have any backing store, like tmpfs, procfs, spufs, etc.
Signed-off-by: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Changed the BUG_ON() to a WARN_ON(). Note that adding dirty inodes
to the noop_backing_dev_info is not legal and will not result in
them being flushed, but we already catch this condition in
__mark_inode_dirty() when checking for a registered bdi.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Invalidate sb->s_bdev on remount,ro.
Fixes a problem reported by Jorge Boncompte who is seeing corruption
trying to snapshot a minix filesystem image. Some filesystems modify
their metadata via a path other than the bdev buffer cache (eg. they may
use a private linear mapping for their metadata, or implement directories
in pagecache, etc). Also, file data modifications usually go to the bdev
via their own mappings.
These updates are not coherent with buffercache IO (eg. via /dev/bdev)
and never have been. However there could be a reasonable expectation that
after a mount -oremount,ro operation then the buffercache should
subsequently be coherent with previous filesystem modifications.
So invalidate the bdev mappings on a remount,ro operation to provide a
coherency point.
The problem was exposed when we switched the old rd to brd because old rd
didn't really function like a normal block device and updates to rd via
mappings other than the buffercache would still end up going into its
buffercache. But the same problem has always affected other "normal"
block devices, including loop.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: repair comment layout]
Reported-by: "Jorge Boncompte [DTI2]" <jorge@dti2.net>
Tested-by: "Jorge Boncompte [DTI2]" <jorge@dti2.net>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Filesystem code usually destroys the option buffer while
parsing it. This leads to errors when the same buffer is
passed twice. In case we fill a new superblock do not call
remount.
This is needed to quite a warning that the debugfs code
causes every boot.
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Currently we held s_umount while a filesystem is frozen, despite that we
might return to userspace and unlock it from a different process. Instead
grab an active reference to keep the file system busy and add an explicit
check for frozen filesystems in remount and reject the remount instead
of blocking on s_umount.
Add a new get_active_super helper to super.c for use by freeze_bdev that
grabs an active reference to a superblock from a given block device.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Now that we have the freeze count there is not much reason for bd_mount_sem
anymore. The actual freeze/thaw operations are serialized using the
bd_fsfreeze_mutex, and the only other place we take bd_mount_sem is
get_sb_bdev which tries to prevent mounting a filesystem while the block
device is frozen. Instead of add a check for bd_fsfreeze_count and
return -EBUSY if a filesystem is frozen. While that is a change in user
visible behaviour a failing mount is much better for this case rather
than having the mount process stuck uninterruptible for a long time.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
sb->s_maxbytes is supposed to indicate the maximum size of a file that can
exist on the filesystem. It's declared as an unsigned long long.
Even if a filesystem has no inherent limit that prevents it from using
every bit in that unsigned long long, it's still problematic to set it to
anything larger than MAX_LFS_FILESIZE. There are places in the kernel
that cast s_maxbytes to a signed value. If it's set too large then this
cast makes it a negative number and generally breaks the comparison.
Change s_maxbytes to be loff_t instead. That should help eliminate the
temptation to set it too large by making it a signed value.
Also, add a warning for couple of releases to help catch filesystems that
set s_maxbytes too large. Eventually we can either convert this to a
BUG() or just remove it and in the hope that no one will get it wrong now
that it's a signed value.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Robert Love <rlove@google.com>
Cc: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We do this automatically in get_sb_bdev() from the set_bdev_super()
callback. Filesystems that have their own private backing_dev_info
must assign that in ->fill_super().
Note that ->s_bdi assignment is required for proper writeback!
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
This gets rid of pdflush for bdi writeout and kupdated style cleaning.
pdflush writeout suffers from lack of locality and also requires more
threads to handle the same workload, since it has to work in a
non-blocking fashion against each queue. This also introduces lumpy
behaviour and potential request starvation, since pdflush can be starved
for queue access if others are accessing it. A sample ffsb workload that
does random writes to files is about 8% faster here on a simple SATA drive
during the benchmark phase. File layout also seems a LOT more smooth in
vmstat:
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 1 0 608848 2652 375372 0 0 0 71024 604 24 1 10 48 42
0 1 0 549644 2712 433736 0 0 0 60692 505 27 1 8 48 44
1 0 0 476928 2784 505192 0 0 4 29540 553 24 0 9 53 37
0 1 0 457972 2808 524008 0 0 0 54876 331 16 0 4 38 58
0 1 0 366128 2928 614284 0 0 4 92168 710 58 0 13 53 34
0 1 0 295092 3000 684140 0 0 0 62924 572 23 0 9 53 37
0 1 0 236592 3064 741704 0 0 4 58256 523 17 0 8 48 44
0 1 0 165608 3132 811464 0 0 0 57460 560 21 0 8 54 38
0 1 0 102952 3200 873164 0 0 4 74748 540 29 1 10 48 41
0 1 0 48604 3252 926472 0 0 0 53248 469 29 0 7 47 45
where vanilla tends to fluctuate a lot in the creation phase:
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
1 1 0 678716 5792 303380 0 0 0 74064 565 50 1 11 52 36
1 0 0 662488 5864 319396 0 0 4 352 302 329 0 2 47 51
0 1 0 599312 5924 381468 0 0 0 78164 516 55 0 9 51 40
0 1 0 519952 6008 459516 0 0 4 78156 622 56 1 11 52 37
1 1 0 436640 6092 541632 0 0 0 82244 622 54 0 11 48 41
0 1 0 436640 6092 541660 0 0 0 8 152 39 0 0 51 49
0 1 0 332224 6200 644252 0 0 4 102800 728 46 1 13 49 36
1 0 0 274492 6260 701056 0 0 4 12328 459 49 0 7 50 43
0 1 0 211220 6324 763356 0 0 0 106940 515 37 1 10 51 39
1 0 0 160412 6376 813468 0 0 0 8224 415 43 0 6 49 45
1 1 0 85980 6452 886556 0 0 4 113516 575 39 1 11 54 34
0 2 0 85968 6452 886620 0 0 0 1640 158 211 0 0 46 54
A 10 disk test with btrfs performs 26% faster with per-bdi flushing. A
SSD based writeback test on XFS performs over 20% better as well, with
the throughput being very stable around 1GB/sec, where pdflush only
manages 750MB/sec and fluctuates wildly while doing so. Random buffered
writes to many files behave a lot better as well, as does random mmap'ed
writes.
A separate thread is added to sync the super blocks. In the long term,
adding sync_supers_bdi() functionality could get rid of this thread again.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
This is a first step at introducing per-bdi flusher threads. We should
have no change in behaviour, although sb_has_dirty_inodes() is now
ridiculously expensive, as there's no easy way to answer that question.
Not a huge problem, since it'll be deleted in subsequent patches.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Standard trick - add a new variable (start) such that
for each n < start n is known to be busy. Allocation can
skip checking everything in [0..start) and if it returns
n, we can set start to n + 1. Freeing below start sets
start to what we'd just freed.
Of course, it still sucks if we do something like
free 0
allocate
allocate
in a loop - still O(n^2) time. However, on saner loads it
improves the things a lot and the entire thing is not worth
the trouble of switching to something with better worst-case
behaviour.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
commit 337eb00a2c
Push BKL down into ->remount_fs()
and
commit 4aa98cf768
Push BKL down into do_remount_sb()
were uncorrectly merged.
The former removes one pair of lock/unlock_kernel(), but the latter adds
several unlock_kernel(). Finally a few unlock_kernel() calls left.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05@yahoo.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Push down lock_super into ->write_super instances and remove it from the
caller.
Following filesystem don't need ->s_lock in ->write_super and are skipped:
* bfs, nilfs2 - no other uses of s_lock and have internal locks in
->write_super
* ext2 - uses BKL in ext2_write_super and has internal calls without s_lock
* reiserfs - no other uses of s_lock as has reiserfs_write_lock (BKL) in
->write_super
* xfs - no other uses of s_lock and uses internal lock (buffer lock on
superblock buffer) to serialize ->write_super. Also xfs_fs_write_super
is superflous and will go away in the next merge window
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Note that since we can't run into contention between remount_fs and write_super
(due to exclusion on s_umount), we have to care only about filesystems that
touch lock_super() on their own. Out of those ext3, ext4, hpfs, sysv and ufs
do need it; fat doesn't since its ->remount_fs() only accesses assign-once
data (basically, it's "we have no atime on directories and only have atime on
files for vfat; force nodiratime and possibly noatime into *flags").
[folded a build fix from hch]
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Move BKL into ->put_super from the only caller. A couple of
filesystems had trivial enough ->put_super (only kfree and NULLing of
s_fs_info + stuff in there) to not get any locking: coda, cramfs, efs,
hugetlbfs, omfs, qnx4, shmem, all others got the full treatment. Most
of them probably don't need it, but I'd rather sort that out individually.
Preferably after all the other BKL pushdowns in that area.
[AV: original used to move lock_super() down as well; these changes are
removed since we don't do lock_super() at all in generic_shutdown_super()
now]
[AV: fuse, btrfs and xfs are known to need no damn BKL, exempt]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We can't run into contention on it. All other callers of lock_super()
either hold s_umount (and we have it exclusive) or hold an active
reference to superblock in question, which prevents the call of
generic_shutdown_super() while the reference is held. So we can
replace lock_super(s) with get_fs_excl() in generic_shutdown_super()
(and corresponding change for unlock_super(), of course).
Since ext4 expects s_lock held for its put_super, take lock_super()
into it. The rest of filesystems do not care at all.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Merge the write_super helper into sync_super and move the check for
->write_super earlier so that we can avoid grabbing a reference to
a superblock that doesn't have it.
While we're at it also add a little comment documenting sync_supers.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We just did a full fs writeout using sync_filesystem before, and if
that's not enough for the filesystem it can perform it's own writeout
in ->put_super, which many filesystems already do.
Move a call to foofs_write_super into every foofs_put_super for now to
guarantee identical behaviour until it's cleaned up by the individual
filesystem maintainers.
Exceptions:
- affs already has identical copy & pasted code at the beginning of
affs_put_super so no need to do it twice.
- xfs does the right thing without it and I have changes pending for
the xfs tree touching this are so I don't really need conflicts
here..
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Rename the function so that it better describe what it really does. Also
remove the unnecessary include of buffer_head.h.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Move sync_filesystems(), __fsync_super(), fsync_super() from
super.c to sync.c where it fits better.
[build fixes folded]
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
It is unnecessarily fragile to have two places (fsync_super() and do_sync())
doing data integrity sync of the filesystem. Alter __fsync_super() to
accommodate needs of both callers and use it. So after this patch
__fsync_super() is the only place where we gather all the calls needed to
properly send all data on a filesystem to disk.
Nice bonus is that we get a complete livelock avoidance and write_supers()
is now only used for periodic writeback of superblocks.
sync_blockdevs() introduced a couple of patches ago is gone now.
[build fixes folded]
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
__fsync_super() does the same thing as fsync_super(). So change the only
caller to use fsync_super() and make __fsync_super() static. This removes
unnecessarily duplicated call to sync_blockdev() and prepares ground
for the changes to __fsync_super() in the following patches.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
sync_filesystems() has a condition that if wait == 0 and s_dirt == 0, then
->sync_fs() isn't called. This does not really make much sence since s_dirt is
generally used by a filesystem to mean that ->write_super() needs to be called.
But ->sync_fs() does different things. I even suspect that some filesystems
(btrfs?) sets s_dirt just to fool this logic.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
So far, do_sync() called:
sync_inodes(0);
sync_supers();
sync_filesystems(0);
sync_filesystems(1);
sync_inodes(1);
This ordering makes it kind of hard for filesystems as sync_inodes(0) need not
submit all the IO (for example it skips inodes with I_SYNC set) so e.g. forcing
transaction to disk in ->sync_fs() is not really enough. Therefore sys_sync has
not been completely reliable on some filesystems (ext3, ext4, reiserfs, ocfs2
and others are hit by this) when racing e.g. with background writeback. A
similar problem hits also other filesystems (e.g. ext2) because of
write_supers() being called before the sync_inodes(1).
Change the ordering of calls in do_sync() - this requires a new function
sync_blockdevs() to preserve the property that block devices are always synced
after write_super() / sync_fs() call.
The same issue is fixed in __fsync_super() function used on umount /
remount read-only.
[AV: build fixes]
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Remove the unused s_async_list in the superblock, a leftover of the
broken async inode deletion code that leaked into mainline. Having this
in the middle of the sync/unmount path is not helpful for the following
cleanups.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This function walks the s_files lock, and operates primarily on the
files in a superblock, so it better belongs here (eg. see also
fs_may_remount_ro).
[AV: ... and it shouldn't be static after that move]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Does equivalent of up_write(&s->s_umount); deactivate_super(s);
However, it does not does not unlock it until it's all over.
As the result, it's safe to use to dispose of new superblock on ->get_sb()
failure exits - nobody will see the sucker until it's all over.
Equivalent using up_write/deactivate_super is safe for that purpose
if superblock is either safe to use or has NULL ->s_root when we unlock.
Normally filesystems take the required precautions, but
a) we do have bugs in that area in some of them.
b) up_write/deactivate_super sequence is extremely common,
so the helper makes sense anyway.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The mqueuefs filesystem will use this helper as well. Proc's main get_sb
could also be made to use it, but that will require a bit more rework.
Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com>
Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Export a number of functions for CacheFiles's use.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
* 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-quota-2.6: (27 commits)
ext2: Zero our b_size in ext2_quota_read()
trivial: fix typos/grammar errors in fs/Kconfig
quota: Coding style fixes
quota: Remove superfluous inlines
quota: Remove uppercase aliases for quota functions.
nfsd: Use lowercase names of quota functions
jfs: Use lowercase names of quota functions
udf: Use lowercase names of quota functions
ufs: Use lowercase names of quota functions
reiserfs: Use lowercase names of quota functions
ext4: Use lowercase names of quota functions
ext3: Use lowercase names of quota functions
ext2: Use lowercase names of quota functions
ramfs: Remove quota call
vfs: Use lowercase names of quota functions
quota: Remove dqbuf_t and other cleanups
quota: Remove NODQUOT macro
quota: Make global quota locks cacheline aligned
quota: Move quota files into separate directory
ext4: quota reservation for delayed allocation
...
simple_set_mnt() is defined as returning 'int' but always returns 0.
Callers assume simple_set_mnt() never fails and don't properly cleanup if
it were to _ever_ fail. For instance, get_sb_single() and get_sb_nodev()
should:
up_write(sb->s_unmount);
deactivate_super(sb);
if simple_set_mnt() fails.
Since simple_set_mnt() never fails, would be cleaner if it did not
return anything.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Signed-off-by: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Opencode a cheasy approach with kevent. The idea here is that we'll
add some generic delayed work infrastructure, which probably wont be
based on pdflush (or maybe it will, in which case we can just add it
back).
This is in preparation for getting rid of pdflush completely.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Use lowercase names of quota functions instead of old uppercase ones.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
CC: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
In sget(), destroy_super(s) is called with s->s_umount held, which makes
lockdep unhappy.
Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Li Zefan said:
Thread 1:
for ((; ;))
{
mount -t cpuset xxx /mnt > /dev/null 2>&1
cat /mnt/cpus > /dev/null 2>&1
umount /mnt > /dev/null 2>&1
}
Thread 2:
for ((; ;))
{
mount -t cpuset xxx /mnt > /dev/null 2>&1
umount /mnt > /dev/null 2>&1
}
(Note: It is irrelevant which cgroup subsys is used.)
After a while a lockdep warning showed up:
=============================================
[ INFO: possible recursive locking detected ]
2.6.28 #479
---------------------------------------------
mount/13554 is trying to acquire lock:
(&type->s_umount_key#19){--..}, at: [<c049d888>] sget+0x5e/0x321
but task is already holding lock:
(&type->s_umount_key#19){--..}, at: [<c049da0c>] sget+0x1e2/0x321
other info that might help us debug this:
1 lock held by mount/13554:
#0: (&type->s_umount_key#19){--..}, at: [<c049da0c>] sget+0x1e2/0x321
stack backtrace:
Pid: 13554, comm: mount Not tainted 2.6.28-mc #479
Call Trace:
[<c044ad2e>] validate_chain+0x4c6/0xbbd
[<c044ba9b>] __lock_acquire+0x676/0x700
[<c044bb82>] lock_acquire+0x5d/0x7a
[<c049d888>] ? sget+0x5e/0x321
[<c061b9b8>] down_write+0x34/0x50
[<c049d888>] ? sget+0x5e/0x321
[<c049d888>] sget+0x5e/0x321
[<c045a2e7>] ? cgroup_set_super+0x0/0x3e
[<c045959f>] ? cgroup_test_super+0x0/0x2f
[<c045bcea>] cgroup_get_sb+0x98/0x2e7
[<c045cfb6>] cpuset_get_sb+0x4a/0x5f
[<c049dfa4>] vfs_kern_mount+0x40/0x7b
[<c049e02d>] do_kern_mount+0x37/0xbf
[<c04af4a0>] do_mount+0x5c3/0x61a
[<c04addd2>] ? copy_mount_options+0x2c/0x111
[<c04af560>] sys_mount+0x69/0xa0
[<c0403251>] sysenter_do_call+0x12/0x31
The cause is after alloc_super() and then retry, an old entry in list
fs_supers is found, so grab_super(old) is called, but both functions hold
s_umount lock:
struct super_block *sget(...)
{
...
retry:
spin_lock(&sb_lock);
if (test) {
list_for_each_entry(old, &type->fs_supers, s_instances) {
if (!test(old, data))
continue;
if (!grab_super(old)) <--- 2nd: down_write(&old->s_umount);
goto retry;
if (s)
destroy_super(s);
return old;
}
}
if (!s) {
spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
s = alloc_super(type); <--- 1th: down_write(&s->s_umount)
if (!s)
return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
goto retry;
}
...
}
It seems like a false positive, and seems like VFS but not cgroup needs to
be fixed.
Peter said:
We can simply put the new s_umount instance in a but lockdep doesn't
particularly cares about subclass order.
If there's any issue with the callers of sget() assuming the s_umount lock
being of sublcass 0, then there is another annotation we can use to fix
that, but lets not bother with that if this is sufficient.
Addresses http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12673
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Tested-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rename the async_*_special() functions to async_*_domain(), which
describes the purpose of these functions much better.
[Broke up long lines to silence checkpatch]
Signed-off-by: Cornelia Huck <cornelia.huck@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
* 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (57 commits)
jbd2: Fix oops in jbd2_journal_init_inode() on corrupted fs
ext4: Remove "extents" mount option
block: Add Kconfig help which notes that ext4 needs CONFIG_LBD
ext4: Make printk's consistently prefixed with "EXT4-fs: "
ext4: Add sanity checks for the superblock before mounting the filesystem
ext4: Add mount option to set kjournald's I/O priority
jbd2: Submit writes to the journal using WRITE_SYNC
jbd2: Add pid and journal device name to the "kjournald2 starting" message
ext4: Add markers for better debuggability
ext4: Remove code to create the journal inode
ext4: provide function to release metadata pages under memory pressure
ext3: provide function to release metadata pages under memory pressure
add releasepage hooks to block devices which can be used by file systems
ext4: Fix s_dirty_blocks_counter if block allocation failed with nodelalloc
ext4: Init the complete page while building buddy cache
ext4: Don't allow new groups to be added during block allocation
ext4: mark the blocks/inode bitmap beyond end of group as used
ext4: Use new buffer_head flag to check uninit group bitmaps initialization
ext4: Fix the race between read_inode_bitmap() and ext4_new_inode()
ext4: code cleanup
...
sync_filesystems() shouldn't be calling async_synchronize_full_special
while holding a spinlock. The second while loop in that function is the
right place for this anyway.
Signed-off-by: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Reported-by: Grissiom <chaos.proton@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
this makes "rm -rf" on a (names cached) kernel tree go from
11.6 to 8.6 seconds on an ext3 filesystem
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Implement blkdev_releasepage() to release the buffer_heads and pages
after we release private data belonging to a mounted filesystem.
Cc: Toshiyuki Okajima <toshi.okajima@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Pass mount flags to security_sb_kern_mount(), so security modules
can determine if a mount operation is being performed by the kernel.
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/bdev: (66 commits)
[PATCH] kill the rest of struct file propagation in block ioctls
[PATCH] get rid of struct file use in blkdev_ioctl() BLKBSZSET
[PATCH] get rid of blkdev_locked_ioctl()
[PATCH] get rid of blkdev_driver_ioctl()
[PATCH] sanitize blkdev_get() and friends
[PATCH] remember mode of reiserfs journal
[PATCH] propagate mode through swsusp_close()
[PATCH] propagate mode through open_bdev_excl/close_bdev_excl
[PATCH] pass fmode_t to blkdev_put()
[PATCH] kill the unused bsize on the send side of /dev/loop
[PATCH] trim file propagation in block/compat_ioctl.c
[PATCH] end of methods switch: remove the old ones
[PATCH] switch sr
[PATCH] switch sd
[PATCH] switch ide-scsi
[PATCH] switch tape_block
[PATCH] switch dcssblk
[PATCH] switch dasd
[PATCH] switch mtd_blkdevs
[PATCH] switch mmc
...
replace open_bdev_excl/close_bdev_excl with variants taking fmode_t.
superblock gets the value used to mount it stored in sb->s_mode
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
[Summary]
Split LRU-list of unused dentries to one per superblock to avoid soft
lock up during NFS mounts and remounting of any filesystem.
Previously I posted here:
http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/3/5/590
[Descriptions]
- background
dentry_unused is a list of dentries which are not referenced.
dentry_unused grows up when references on directories or files are
released. This list can be very long if there is huge free memory.
- the problem
When shrink_dcache_sb() is called, it scans all dentry_unused linearly
under spin_lock(), and if dentry->d_sb is differnt from given
superblock, scan next dentry. This scan costs very much if there are
many entries, and very ineffective if there are many superblocks.
IOW, When we need to shrink unused dentries on one dentry, but scans
unused dentries on all superblocks in the system. For example, we scan
500 dentries to unmount a filesystem, but scans 1,000,000 or more unused
dentries on other superblocks.
In our case , At mounting NFS*, shrink_dcache_sb() is called to shrink
unused dentries on NFS, but scans 100,000,000 unused dentries on
superblocks in the system such as local ext3 filesystems. I hear NFS
mounting took 1 min on some system in use.
* : NFS uses virtual filesystem in rpc layer, so NFS is affected by
this problem.
100,000,000 is possible number on large systems.
Per-superblock LRU of unused dentried can reduce the cost in
reasonable manner.
- How to fix
I found this problem is solved by David Chinner's "Per-superblock
unused dentry LRU lists V3"(1), so I rebase it and add some fix to
reclaim with fairness, which is in Andrew Morton's comments(2).
1) http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/5/25/318
2) http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/5/25/320
Split LRU-list of unused dentries to each superblocks. Then, NFS
mounting will check dentries under a superblock instead of all. But
this spliting will break LRU of dentry-unused. So, I've attempted to
make reclaim unused dentrins with fairness by calculate number of
dentries to scan on this sb based on following way
number of dentries to scan on this sb =
count * (number of dentries on this sb / number of dentries in the machine)
- ToDo
- I have to measuring performance number and do stress tests.
- When unmount occurs during prune_dcache(), scanning on same
superblock, It is unable to reach next superblock because it is gone
away. We restart scannig superblock from first one, it causes
unfairness of reclaim unused dentries on first superblock. But I think
this happens very rarely.
- Test Results
Result on 6GB boxes with excessive unused dentries.
Without patch:
$ cat /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state
10181835 10180203 45 0 0 0
# mount -t nfs 10.124.60.70:/work/kernel-src nfs
real 0m1.830s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m1.653s
With this patch:
$ cat /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state
10236610 10234751 45 0 0 0
# mount -t nfs 10.124.60.70:/work/kernel-src nfs
real 0m0.106s
user 0m0.002s
sys 0m0.032s
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix comments]
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Makita <k-makita@np.css.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make the needlessly global __put_super() static.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, we just turn quotas off on remount of filesystem to read-only
state. The patch below adds necessary framework so that we can turn quotas
off on remount RO but we are able to automatically reenable them again when
filesystem is remounted to RW state. All we need to do is to keep references
to inodes of quota files when remounting RO and using these references to
reenable quotas when remounting RW.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There have been a few oopses caused by 'struct file's with NULL f_vfsmnts.
There was also a set of potentially missed mnt_want_write()s from
dentry_open() calls.
This patch provides a very simple debugging framework to catch these kinds of
bugs. It will WARN_ON() them, but should stop us from having any oopses or
mnt_writer count imbalances.
I'm quite convinced that this is a good thing because it found bugs in the
stuff I was working on as soon as I wrote it.
[hch: made it conditional on a debug option.
But it's still a little bit too ugly]
[hch: merged forced remount r/o fix from Dave and akpm's fix for the fix]
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The emergency remount code forcibly removes FMODE_WRITE from
filps. The r/o bind mount code notices that this was done
without a proper mnt_drop_write() and properly gives a
warning.
This patch does a mnt_drop_write() to keep everything
balanced.
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6:
[PATCH] get stack footprint of pathname resolution back to relative sanity
[PATCH] double iput() on failure exit in hugetlb
[PATCH] double dput() on failure exit in tiny-shmem
[PATCH] fix up new filp allocators
[PATCH] check for null vfsmount in dentry_open()
[PATCH] reiserfs: eliminate private use of struct file in xattr
[PATCH] sanitize hppfs
hppfs pass vfsmount to dentry_open()
[PATCH] restore export of do_kern_mount()
Fix kernel-doc notation warnings in fs/.
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/super.c:560): missing initial short description on line:
* mark_files_ro
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/locks.c:1277): missing initial short description on line:
* lease_get_mtime
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/locks.c:1277): missing initial short description on line:
* lease_get_mtime
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/namei.c:1368): missing initial short description on line:
* lookup_one_len: filesystem helper to lookup single pathname component
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/buffer.c:3221): missing initial short description on line:
* bh_uptodate_or_lock: Test whether the buffer is uptodate
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/buffer.c:3240): missing initial short description on line:
* bh_submit_read: Submit a locked buffer for reading
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/fs-writeback.c:30): missing initial short description on line:
* writeback_acquire: attempt to get exclusive writeback access to a device
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/fs-writeback.c:47): missing initial short description on line:
* writeback_in_progress: determine whether there is writeback in progress
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/fs-writeback.c:58): missing initial short description on line:
* writeback_release: relinquish exclusive writeback access against a device.
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//include/linux/jbd.h:351): contents before sections
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//include/linux/jbd.h:561): contents before sections
Warning(mmotm-2008-0314-1449//fs/jbd/transaction.c:1935): missing initial short description on line:
* void journal_invalidatepage()
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
vfs_kern_mount() requires having a reference to fs type, which
makes it impossible for module to create procfs, etc. private
mount. Open-coding is not an option, since e.g. put_filesystem()
is _not_ exported, and for a good reason.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Introduce new LSM interfaces to allow an FS to deal with their own mount
options. This includes a new string parsing function exported from the
LSM that an FS can use to get a security data blob and a new security
data blob. This is particularly useful for an FS which uses binary
mount data, like NFS, which does not pass strings into the vfs to be
handled by the loaded LSM. Also fix a BUG() in both SELinux and SMACK
when dealing with binary mount data. If the binary mount data is less
than one page the copy_page() in security_sb_copy_data() can cause an
illegal page fault and boom. Remove all NFSisms from the SELinux code
since they were broken by past NFS changes.
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Turn off quotas before filesystem is remounted read only. Otherwise quota
will try to write to read-only filesystem which does no good... We could
also just refuse to remount ro when quota is enabled but turning quota off
is consistent with what we do on umount.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a new s_options field to struct super_block. Filesystems can save
mount options passed to them in mount or remount. It is automatically
freed when the superblock is destroyed.
A new helper function, generic_show_options() is introduced, which uses
this field to display the mount options in /proc/mounts.
Another helper function, save_mount_options() may be used by
filesystems to save the options in the super block.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Convert files to UTF-8.
* Also correct some people's names
(one example is Eißfeldt, which was found in a source file.
Given that the author used an ß at all in a source file
indicates that the real name has in fact a 'ß' and not an 'ss',
which is commonly used as a substitute for 'ß' when limited to
7bit.)
* Correct town names (Goettingen -> Göttingen)
* Update Eberhard Mönkeberg's address (http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/1/8/313)
Signed-off-by: Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Fix the various misspellings of "system", controller", "interrupt" and
"[un]necessary".
Signed-off-by: Robert P. J. Day <rpjday@mindspring.com>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
This flag tells the .get_sb callback that this is a kern_mount() call so that
it can trust *data pointer to be valid in-kernel one. If this flag is passed
from the user process, it is cleared since the *data pointer is not a valid
kernel object.
Running a few steps forward - this will be needed for proc to create the
superblock and store a valid pid namespace on it during the namespace
creation. The reason, why the namespace cannot live without proc mount is
described in the appropriate patch.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
fs/super.c: use list_for_each_entry() instead of list_for_each() in
sget()
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: clean up some crap while we're there]
Signed-off-by: Matthias Kaehlcke <matthias.kaehlcke@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Declarations go into headers.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Ram Pai <linuxram@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Current -mm tree has bucketful of bug fixes in periodic writeback path.
However, we still hit a glitch where dirty pages on a given inode aren't
completely flushed to the disk, and system will accumulate large amount of
dirty pages beyond what dirty_expire_interval is designed for.
The problem is __sync_single_inode() will move an inode to sb->s_dirty list
even when there are more pending dirty pages on that inode. If there is
another inode with a small number of dirty pages, we hit a case where the loop
iteration in wb_kupdate() terminates prematurely because wbc.nr_to_write > 0.
Thus leaving the inode that has large amount of dirty pages behind and it has
to wait for another dirty_writeback_interval before we flush it again. We
effectively only write out MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES every dirty_writeback_interval.
If the rate of dirtying is sufficiently high, the system will start
accumulate a large number of dirty pages.
So fix it by having another sb->s_more_io list on which to park the inode
while we iterate through sb->s_io and to allow each dirty inode which resides
on that sb to have an equal chance of flushing some amount of dirty pages.
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenchen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I was seeing a null pointer deref in fs/super.c:vfs_kern_mount().
Some file system get_sb() handler was returning NULL mnt_sb with
a non-negative return value. I also noticed a "hugetlbfs: Bad
mount option:" message in the log.
Turns out that hugetlbfs_parse_options() was not checking for an
empty option string after call to strsep(). On failure,
hugetlbfs_parse_options() returns 1. hugetlbfs_fill_super() just
passed this return code back up the call stack where
vfs_kern_mount() missed the error and proceeded with a NULL mnt_sb.
Apparently introduced by patch:
hugetlbfs-use-lib-parser-fix-docs.patch
The problem was exposed by this line in my fstab:
none /huge hugetlbfs defaults 0 0
It can also be demonstrated by invoking mount of hugetlbfs
directly with no options or a bogus option.
This patch:
1) adds the check for empty option to hugetlbfs_parse_options(),
2) enhances the error message to bracket any unrecognized
option with quotes ,
3) modifies hugetlbfs_parse_options() to return -EINVAL on any
unrecognized option,
4) adds a BUG_ON() to vfs_kern_mount() to catch any get_sb()
handler that returns a NULL mnt->mnt_sb with a return value
>= 0.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There's a slight problem with filesystem type representation in fuse
based filesystems.
From the kernel's view, there are just two filesystem types: fuse and
fuseblk. From the user's view there are lots of different filesystem
types. The user is not even much concerned if the filesystem is fuse based
or not. So there's a conflict of interest in how this should be
represented in fstab, mtab and /proc/mounts.
The current scheme is to encode the real filesystem type in the mount
source. So an sshfs mount looks like this:
sshfs#user@server:/ /mnt/server fuse rw,nosuid,nodev,...
This url-ish syntax works OK for sshfs and similar filesystems. However
for block device based filesystems (ntfs-3g, zfs) it doesn't work, since
the kernel expects the mount source to be a real device name.
A possibly better scheme would be to encode the real type in the type
field as "type.subtype". So fuse mounts would look like this:
/dev/hda1 /mnt/windows fuseblk.ntfs-3g rw,...
user@server:/ /mnt/server fuse.sshfs rw,nosuid,nodev,...
This patch adds the necessary code to the kernel so that this can be
correctly displayed in /proc/mounts.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch contains the overdue removal of the mount/umount uevents.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch is inspired by Arjan's "Patch series to mark struct
file_operations and struct inode_operations const".
Compile tested with gcc & sparse.
Signed-off-by: Josef 'Jeff' Sipek <jsipek@cs.sunysb.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert bd_mount_mutex back to a semaphore so that xfs_freeze -f /mnt/newtest;
xfs_freeze -u /mnt/newtest works safely and doesn't produce lockdep warnings.
(XFS unlocks the semaphore from a different task, by design. The mutex
code warns about this)
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch changes struct file to use struct path instead of having
independent pointers to struct dentry and struct vfsmount, and converts all
users of f_{dentry,vfsmnt} in fs/ to use f_path.{dentry,mnt}.
Additionally, it adds two #define's to make the transition easier for users of
the f_dentry and f_vfsmnt.
Signed-off-by: Josef "Jeff" Sipek <jsipek@cs.sunysb.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The attached patch destroys all the dentries attached to a superblock in one go
by:
(1) Destroying the tree rooted at s_root.
(2) Destroying every entry in the anon list, one at a time.
(3) Each entry in the anon list has its subtree consumed from the leaves
inwards.
This reduces the amount of work generic_shutdown_super() does, and avoids
iterating through the dentry_unused list.
Note that locking is almost entirely absent in the shrink_dcache_for_umount*()
functions added by this patch. This is because:
(1) at the point the filesystem calls generic_shutdown_super(), it is not
permitted to further touch the superblock's set of dentries, and nor may
it remove aliases from inodes;
(2) the dcache memory shrinker now skips dentries that are being unmounted;
and
(3) the superblock no longer has any external references through which the VFS
can reach it.
Given these points, the only locking we need to do is when we remove dentries
from the unused list and the name hashes, which we do a directory's worth at a
time.
We also don't need to guard against reference counts going to zero unexpectedly
and removing bits of the tree we're working on as nothing else can call dput().
A cut down version of dentry_iput() has been folded into
shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree() function. Apart from not needing to unlock
things, it also doesn't need to check for inotify watches.
In this version of the patch, the complaint about a dentry still being in use
has been expanded from a single BUG_ON() and now gives much more information.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Acked-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Make it possible to disable the block layer. Not all embedded devices require
it, some can make do with just JFFS2, NFS, ramfs, etc - none of which require
the block layer to be present.
This patch does the following:
(*) Introduces CONFIG_BLOCK to disable the block layer, buffering and blockdev
support.
(*) Adds dependencies on CONFIG_BLOCK to any configuration item that controls
an item that uses the block layer. This includes:
(*) Block I/O tracing.
(*) Disk partition code.
(*) All filesystems that are block based, eg: Ext3, ReiserFS, ISOFS.
(*) The SCSI layer. As far as I can tell, even SCSI chardevs use the
block layer to do scheduling. Some drivers that use SCSI facilities -
such as USB storage - end up disabled indirectly from this.
(*) Various block-based device drivers, such as IDE and the old CDROM
drivers.
(*) MTD blockdev handling and FTL.
(*) JFFS - which uses set_bdev_super(), something it could avoid doing by
taking a leaf out of JFFS2's book.
(*) Makes most of the contents of linux/blkdev.h, linux/buffer_head.h and
linux/elevator.h contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK being set. sector_div() is,
however, still used in places, and so is still available.
(*) Also made contingent are the contents of linux/mpage.h, linux/genhd.h and
parts of linux/fs.h.
(*) Makes a number of files in fs/ contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK.
(*) Makes mm/bounce.c (bounce buffering) contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK.
(*) set_page_dirty() doesn't call __set_page_dirty_buffers() if CONFIG_BLOCK
is not enabled.
(*) fs/no-block.c is created to hold out-of-line stubs and things that are
required when CONFIG_BLOCK is not set:
(*) Default blockdev file operations (to give error ENODEV on opening).
(*) Makes some /proc changes:
(*) /proc/devices does not list any blockdevs.
(*) /proc/diskstats and /proc/partitions are contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK.
(*) Makes some compat ioctl handling contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK.
(*) If CONFIG_BLOCK is not defined, makes sys_quotactl() return -ENODEV if
given command other than Q_SYNC or if a special device is specified.
(*) In init/do_mounts.c, no reference is made to the blockdev routines if
CONFIG_BLOCK is not defined. This does not prohibit NFS roots or JFFS2.
(*) The bdflush, ioprio_set and ioprio_get syscalls can now be absent (return
error ENOSYS by way of cond_syscall if so).
(*) The seclvl_bd_claim() and seclvl_bd_release() security calls do nothing if
CONFIG_BLOCK is not set, since they can't then happen.
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Move some functions out of the buffering code that aren't strictly buffering
specific. This is a precursor to being able to disable the block layer.
(*) Moved some stuff out of fs/buffer.c:
(*) The file sync and general sync stuff moved to fs/sync.c.
(*) The superblock sync stuff moved to fs/super.c.
(*) do_invalidatepage() moved to mm/truncate.c.
(*) try_to_release_page() moved to mm/filemap.c.
(*) Moved some related declarations between header files:
(*) declarations for do_invalidatepage() and try_to_release_page() moved
to linux/mm.h.
(*) __set_page_dirty_buffers() moved to linux/buffer_head.h.
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
grab_super gets called with sb_lock held, and releases it. Add a lock
annotation to this function so that sparse can check callers for lock
pairing, and so that sparse will not complain about this function since it
intentionally uses the lock in this manner.
Signed-off-by: Josh Triplett <josh@freedesktop.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Adds kernel-doc for alloc_super() type in fs/super.c.
Signed-off-by: Henrik Kretzschmar <henne@nachtwindheim.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The s_umount rwsem needs to be classified as per-superblock since it's
perfectly legit to keep multiple of those recursively in the VFS locking
rules.
Has no effect on non-lockdep kernels.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Teach special (per-filesystem) locking code to the lock validator.
Minimal effect on non-lockdep kernels: one extra parameter to alloc_super().
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Give the statfs superblock operation a dentry pointer rather than a superblock
pointer.
This complements the get_sb() patch. That reduced the significance of
sb->s_root, allowing NFS to place a fake root there. However, NFS does
require a dentry to use as a target for the statfs operation. This permits
the root in the vfsmount to be used instead.
linux/mount.h has been added where necessary to make allyesconfig build
successfully.
Interest has also been expressed for use with the FUSE and XFS filesystems.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Nathan Scott <nathans@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Extend the get_sb() filesystem operation to take an extra argument that
permits the VFS to pass in the target vfsmount that defines the mountpoint.
The filesystem is then required to manually set the superblock and root dentry
pointers. For most filesystems, this should be done with simple_set_mnt()
which will set the superblock pointer and then set the root dentry to the
superblock's s_root (as per the old default behaviour).
The get_sb() op now returns an integer as there's now no need to return the
superblock pointer.
This patch permits a superblock to be implicitly shared amongst several mount
points, such as can be done with NFS to avoid potential inode aliasing. In
such a case, simple_set_mnt() would not be called, and instead the mnt_root
and mnt_sb would be set directly.
The patch also makes the following changes:
(*) the get_sb_*() convenience functions in the core kernel now take a vfsmount
pointer argument and return an integer, so most filesystems have to change
very little.
(*) If one of the convenience function is not used, then get_sb() should
normally call simple_set_mnt() to instantiate the vfsmount. This will
always return 0, and so can be tail-called from get_sb().
(*) generic_shutdown_super() now calls shrink_dcache_sb() to clean up the
dcache upon superblock destruction rather than shrink_dcache_anon().
This is required because the superblock may now have multiple trees that
aren't actually bound to s_root, but that still need to be cleaned up. The
currently called functions assume that the whole tree is rooted at s_root,
and that anonymous dentries are not the roots of trees which results in
dentries being left unculled.
However, with the way NFS superblock sharing are currently set to be
implemented, these assumptions are violated: the root of the filesystem is
simply a dummy dentry and inode (the real inode for '/' may well be
inaccessible), and all the vfsmounts are rooted on anonymous[*] dentries
with child trees.
[*] Anonymous until discovered from another tree.
(*) The documentation has been adjusted, including the additional bit of
changing ext2_* into foo_* in the documentation.
[akpm@osdl.org: convert ipath_fs, do other stuff]
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Nathan Scott <nathans@sgi.com>
Cc: Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The race is that the shrink_dcache_memory shrinker could get called while a
filesystem is being unmounted, and could try to prune a dentry belonging to
that filesystem.
If it does, then it will call in to iput on the inode while the dentry is
no longer able to be found by the umounting process. If iput takes a
while, generic_shutdown_super could get all the way though
shrink_dcache_parent and shrink_dcache_anon and invalidate_inodes without
ever waiting on this particular inode.
Eventually the superblock gets freed anyway and if the iput tried to touch
it (which some filesystems certainly do), it will lose. The promised
"Self-destruct in 5 seconds" doesn't lead to a nice day.
The race is closed by holding s_umount while calling prune_one_dentry on
someone else's dentry. As a down_read_trylock is used,
shrink_dcache_memory will no longer try to prune the dentry of a filesystem
that is being unmounted, and unmount will not be able to start until any
such active prune_one_dentry completes.
This requires that prune_dcache *knows* which filesystem (if any) it is
doing the prune on behalf of so that it can be careful of other
filesystems. shrink_dcache_memory isn't called it on behalf of any
filesystem, and so is careful of everything.
shrink_dcache_anon is now passed a super_block rather than the s_anon list
out of the superblock, so it can get the s_anon list itself, and can pass
the superblock down to prune_dcache.
If prune_dcache finds a dentry that it cannot free, it leaves it where it
is (at the tail of the list) and exits, on the assumption that some other
thread will be removing that dentry soon. To try to make sure that some
work gets done, a limited number of dnetries which are untouchable are
skipped over while choosing the dentry to work on.
I believe this race was first found by Kirill Korotaev.
Cc: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de>
Acked-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Cc: Olaf Hering <olh@suse.de>
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Replace all module uses with the new vfs_kern_mount() interface, and fix up
simple_pin_fs().
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
do_kern_mount() does not allow the kernel to use private mount interfaces
without exposing the same interfaces to userland. The problem is that the
filesystem is referenced by name, thus meaning that it and its mount
interface must be registered in the global filesystem list.
vfs_kern_mount() passes the struct file_system_type as an explicit
parameter in order to overcome this limitation.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Semaphore to mutex conversion.
The conversion was generated via scripts, and the result was validated
automatically via a script as well.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@ericvh.myip.org>
Cc: Robert Love <rml@tech9.net>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@austin.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The meaning of MS_VERBOSE is backwards; if the bit is set, it really means,
"don't be verbose". This is confusing and counter-intuitive.
In addition, there is also no way to set the MS_VERBOSE flag in the
mount(8) program in util-linux, but interesting, it does define options
which would do the right thing if MS_SILENT were defined, which
unfortunately we do not:
#ifdef MS_SILENT
{ "quiet", 0, 0, MS_SILENT }, /* be quiet */
{ "loud", 0, 1, MS_SILENT }, /* print out messages. */
#endif
So the obvious fix is to deprecate the use of MS_VERBOSE and replace it
with MS_SILENT.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Semaphore to mutex conversion.
The conversion was generated via scripts, and the result was validated
automatically via a script as well.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ftp.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Semaphore to mutex conversion.
The conversion was generated via scripts, and the result was validated
automatically via a script as well.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Semaphore to mutex conversion.
The conversion was generated via scripts, and the result was validated
automatically via a script as well.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Acked-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This change reverts the 033b96fd30 commit
from Kay Sievers that removed the mount/umount uevents from the kernel.
Some older versions of HAL still depend on these events to detect when a
new device has been mounted. These events are not correctly emitted,
and are broken by design, and so, should not be relied upon by any
future program. Instead, the /proc/mounts file should be polled to
properly detect this kind of event.
A feature-removal-schedule.txt entry has been added, noting when this
interface will be removed from the kernel.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
We had a user trigger this message on a box that had a lot of different
mounts, all with different options. It might help narrow down wtf happened
if we print out which device failed.
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch converts the superblock-lock semaphore to a mutex, affecting
lock_super()/unlock_super(). Tested on ext3 and XFS.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
This patch inlines the single user of struct super_block field
s_old_blocksize and removes the field.
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The names of these events have been confusing from the beginning
on, as they have been more like claim/release events. We needed these
events for noticing HAL if storage devices have been mounted.
Thanks to Al, we have the proper solution now and can poll()
/proc/mounts instead to get notfied about mount tree changes.
Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The way we currently deal with quota and process accounting that might
keep vfsmount busy at umount time is inherently broken; we try to turn
them off just in case (not quite correctly, at that) and
a) pray umount doesn't fail (otherwise they'll stay turned off)
b) pray nobody doesn anything funny just as we turn quota off
Moreover, LSM provides hooks for doing the same sort of broken logics.
The proper way to deal with that is to introduce the second kind of
reference to vfsmount. Semantics:
- when the last normal reference is dropped, all special ones are
converted to normal ones and if there had been any, cleanup is done.
- normal reference can be cloned into a special one
- special reference can be converted to normal one; that's a no-op if
we'd already passed the point of no return (i.e. mntput() had
converted special references to normal and started cleanup).
The way it works: e.g. starting process accounting converts the vfsmount
reference pinned by the opened file into special one and turns it back
to normal when it gets shut down; acct_auto_close() is done when no
normal references are left. That way it does *not* obstruct umount(2)
and it silently gets turned off when the last normal reference to
vfsmount is gone. Which is exactly what we want...
The same should be done by LSM module that holds some internal
references to vfsmount and wants to shut them down on umount - it should
make them special and security_sb_umount_close() will be called exactly
when the last normal reference to vfsmount is gone.
quota handling is even simpler - we don't use normal file IO anymore, so
there's no need to hold vfsmounts at all. DQUOT_OFF() is done from
deactivate_super(), where it really belongs.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There's no modular usage in the kernel and modules shouldn't use this
symbol.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Now that RCU applied on 'struct file' seems stable, we can place f_rcuhead
in a memory location that is not anymore used at call_rcu(&f->f_rcuhead,
file_free_rcu) time, to reduce the size of this critical kernel object.
The trick I used is to move f_rcuhead and f_list in an union called f_u
The callers are changed so that f_rcuhead becomes f_u.fu_rcuhead and f_list
becomes f_u.f_list
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch sets ->mnt_namespace where it's actually added to the
namespace.
Previously mnt_namespace was set in do_kern_mount() even if the filesystem
was never added to any process's namespace (most kernel-internal
filesystems).
This discrepancy doesn't actually cause any problems, but it's cleaner if
mnt_namespace is NULL for these non exported filesystems.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch removes O(n^2) super block loops in sync_inodes(),
sync_filesystems() etc. in favour of using __put_super_and_need_restart()
which I introduced earlier. We faced a noticably long freezes on sb
syncing when there are thousands of super blocks in the system.
Signed-Off-By: Kirill Korotaev <dev@sw.ru>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There is a memory leak during mount when CONFIG_SECURITY is enabled and
mount options are specified.
Signed-off-by: Gerald Schaefer <geraldsc@de.ibm.com>
Acked-by: James Morris <jmorris@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
