landlock: Add ruleset and domain management

A Landlock ruleset is mainly a red-black tree with Landlock rules as
nodes.  This enables quick update and lookup to match a requested
access, e.g. to a file.  A ruleset is usable through a dedicated file
descriptor (cf. following commit implementing syscalls) which enables a
process to create and populate a ruleset with new rules.

A domain is a ruleset tied to a set of processes.  This group of rules
defines the security policy enforced on these processes and their future
children.  A domain can transition to a new domain which is the
intersection of all its constraints and those of a ruleset provided by
the current process.  This modification only impact the current process.
This means that a process can only gain more constraints (i.e. lose
accesses) over time.

Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@linux.microsoft.com>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210422154123.13086-3-mic@digikod.net
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jamorris@linux.microsoft.com>

security/landlock/Makefile

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_LANDLOCK) := landlock.o
 
-landlock-y := object.o
+landlock-y := object.o ruleset.o

security/landlock/limits.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
+/*
+ * Landlock LSM - Limits for different components
+ *
+ * Copyright © 2016-2020 Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
+ * Copyright © 2018-2020 ANSSI
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SECURITY_LANDLOCK_LIMITS_H
+#define _SECURITY_LANDLOCK_LIMITS_H
+
+#include <linux/limits.h>
+
+#define LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_LAYERS		64
+#define LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_RULES		U32_MAX
+
+#endif /* _SECURITY_LANDLOCK_LIMITS_H */

security/landlock/ruleset.c

@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+/*
+ * Landlock LSM - Ruleset management
+ *
+ * Copyright © 2016-2020 Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
+ * Copyright © 2018-2020 ANSSI
+ */
+
+#include <linux/bits.h>
+#include <linux/bug.h>
+#include <linux/compiler_types.h>
+#include <linux/err.h>
+#include <linux/errno.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/lockdep.h>
+#include <linux/overflow.h>
+#include <linux/rbtree.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/spinlock.h>
+#include <linux/workqueue.h>
+
+#include "limits.h"
+#include "object.h"
+#include "ruleset.h"
+
+static struct landlock_ruleset *create_ruleset(const u32 num_layers)
+{
+	struct landlock_ruleset *new_ruleset;
+
+	new_ruleset = kzalloc(struct_size(new_ruleset, fs_access_masks,
+				num_layers), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT);
+	if (!new_ruleset)
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+	refcount_set(&new_ruleset->usage, 1);
+	mutex_init(&new_ruleset->lock);
+	new_ruleset->root = RB_ROOT;
+	new_ruleset->num_layers = num_layers;
+	/*
+	 * hierarchy = NULL
+	 * num_rules = 0
+	 * fs_access_masks[] = 0
+	 */
+	return new_ruleset;
+}
+
+struct landlock_ruleset *landlock_create_ruleset(const u32 fs_access_mask)
+{
+	struct landlock_ruleset *new_ruleset;
+
+	/* Informs about useless ruleset. */
+	if (!fs_access_mask)
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMSG);
+	new_ruleset = create_ruleset(1);
+	if (!IS_ERR(new_ruleset))
+		new_ruleset->fs_access_masks[0] = fs_access_mask;
+	return new_ruleset;
+}
+
+static void build_check_rule(void)
+{
+	const struct landlock_rule rule = {
+		.num_layers = ~0,
+	};
+
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(rule.num_layers < LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_LAYERS);
+}
+
+static struct landlock_rule *create_rule(
+		struct landlock_object *const object,
+		const struct landlock_layer (*const layers)[],
+		const u32 num_layers,
+		const struct landlock_layer *const new_layer)
+{
+	struct landlock_rule *new_rule;
+	u32 new_num_layers;
+
+	build_check_rule();
+	if (new_layer) {
+		/* Should already be checked by landlock_merge_ruleset(). */
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(num_layers >= LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_LAYERS))
+			return ERR_PTR(-E2BIG);
+		new_num_layers = num_layers + 1;
+	} else {
+		new_num_layers = num_layers;
+	}
+	new_rule = kzalloc(struct_size(new_rule, layers, new_num_layers),
+			GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT);
+	if (!new_rule)
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+	RB_CLEAR_NODE(&new_rule->node);
+	landlock_get_object(object);
+	new_rule->object = object;
+	new_rule->num_layers = new_num_layers;
+	/* Copies the original layer stack. */
+	memcpy(new_rule->layers, layers,
+			flex_array_size(new_rule, layers, num_layers));
+	if (new_layer)
+		/* Adds a copy of @new_layer on the layer stack. */
+		new_rule->layers[new_rule->num_layers - 1] = *new_layer;
+	return new_rule;
+}
+
+static void free_rule(struct landlock_rule *const rule)
+{
+	might_sleep();
+	if (!rule)
+		return;
+	landlock_put_object(rule->object);
+	kfree(rule);
+}
+
+static void build_check_ruleset(void)
+{
+	const struct landlock_ruleset ruleset = {
+		.num_rules = ~0,
+		.num_layers = ~0,
+	};
+
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(ruleset.num_rules < LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_RULES);
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(ruleset.num_layers < LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_LAYERS);
+}
+
+/**
+ * insert_rule - Create and insert a rule in a ruleset
+ *
+ * @ruleset: The ruleset to be updated.
+ * @object: The object to build the new rule with.  The underlying kernel
+ *          object must be held by the caller.
+ * @layers: One or multiple layers to be copied into the new rule.
+ * @num_layers: The number of @layers entries.
+ *
+ * When user space requests to add a new rule to a ruleset, @layers only
+ * contains one entry and this entry is not assigned to any level.  In this
+ * case, the new rule will extend @ruleset, similarly to a boolean OR between
+ * access rights.
+ *
+ * When merging a ruleset in a domain, or copying a domain, @layers will be
+ * added to @ruleset as new constraints, similarly to a boolean AND between
+ * access rights.
+ */
+static int insert_rule(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset,
+		struct landlock_object *const object,
+		const struct landlock_layer (*const layers)[],
+		size_t num_layers)
+{
+	struct rb_node **walker_node;
+	struct rb_node *parent_node = NULL;
+	struct landlock_rule *new_rule;
+
+	might_sleep();
+	lockdep_assert_held(&ruleset->lock);
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!object || !layers))
+		return -ENOENT;
+	walker_node = &(ruleset->root.rb_node);
+	while (*walker_node) {
+		struct landlock_rule *const this = rb_entry(*walker_node,
+				struct landlock_rule, node);
+
+		if (this->object != object) {
+			parent_node = *walker_node;
+			if (this->object < object)
+				walker_node = &((*walker_node)->rb_right);
+			else
+				walker_node = &((*walker_node)->rb_left);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* Only a single-level layer should match an existing rule. */
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(num_layers != 1))
+			return -EINVAL;
+
+		/* If there is a matching rule, updates it. */
+		if ((*layers)[0].level == 0) {
+			/*
+			 * Extends access rights when the request comes from
+			 * landlock_add_rule(2), i.e. @ruleset is not a domain.
+			 */
+			if (WARN_ON_ONCE(this->num_layers != 1))
+				return -EINVAL;
+			if (WARN_ON_ONCE(this->layers[0].level != 0))
+				return -EINVAL;
+			this->layers[0].access |= (*layers)[0].access;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(this->layers[0].level == 0))
+			return -EINVAL;
+
+		/*
+		 * Intersects access rights when it is a merge between a
+		 * ruleset and a domain.
+		 */
+		new_rule = create_rule(object, &this->layers, this->num_layers,
+				&(*layers)[0]);
+		if (IS_ERR(new_rule))
+			return PTR_ERR(new_rule);
+		rb_replace_node(&this->node, &new_rule->node, &ruleset->root);
+		free_rule(this);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* There is no match for @object. */
+	build_check_ruleset();
+	if (ruleset->num_rules >= LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_RULES)
+		return -E2BIG;
+	new_rule = create_rule(object, layers, num_layers, NULL);
+	if (IS_ERR(new_rule))
+		return PTR_ERR(new_rule);
+	rb_link_node(&new_rule->node, parent_node, walker_node);
+	rb_insert_color(&new_rule->node, &ruleset->root);
+	ruleset->num_rules++;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void build_check_layer(void)
+{
+	const struct landlock_layer layer = {
+		.level = ~0,
+	};
+
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(layer.level < LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_LAYERS);
+}
+
+/* @ruleset must be locked by the caller. */
+int landlock_insert_rule(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset,
+		struct landlock_object *const object, const u32 access)
+{
+	struct landlock_layer layers[] = {{
+		.access = access,
+		/* When @level is zero, insert_rule() extends @ruleset. */
+		.level = 0,
+	}};
+
+	build_check_layer();
+	return insert_rule(ruleset, object, &layers, ARRAY_SIZE(layers));
+}
+
+static inline void get_hierarchy(struct landlock_hierarchy *const hierarchy)
+{
+	if (hierarchy)
+		refcount_inc(&hierarchy->usage);
+}
+
+static void put_hierarchy(struct landlock_hierarchy *hierarchy)
+{
+	while (hierarchy && refcount_dec_and_test(&hierarchy->usage)) {
+		const struct landlock_hierarchy *const freeme = hierarchy;
+
+		hierarchy = hierarchy->parent;
+		kfree(freeme);
+	}
+}
+
+static int merge_ruleset(struct landlock_ruleset *const dst,
+		struct landlock_ruleset *const src)
+{
+	struct landlock_rule *walker_rule, *next_rule;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	might_sleep();
+	/* Should already be checked by landlock_merge_ruleset() */
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!src))
+		return 0;
+	/* Only merge into a domain. */
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!dst || !dst->hierarchy))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	/* Locks @dst first because we are its only owner. */
+	mutex_lock(&dst->lock);
+	mutex_lock_nested(&src->lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
+
+	/* Stacks the new layer. */
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(src->num_layers != 1 || dst->num_layers < 1)) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto out_unlock;
+	}
+	dst->fs_access_masks[dst->num_layers - 1] = src->fs_access_masks[0];
+
+	/* Merges the @src tree. */
+	rbtree_postorder_for_each_entry_safe(walker_rule, next_rule,
+			&src->root, node) {
+		struct landlock_layer layers[] = {{
+			.level = dst->num_layers,
+		}};
+
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(walker_rule->num_layers != 1)) {
+			err = -EINVAL;
+			goto out_unlock;
+		}
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(walker_rule->layers[0].level != 0)) {
+			err = -EINVAL;
+			goto out_unlock;
+		}
+		layers[0].access = walker_rule->layers[0].access;
+		err = insert_rule(dst, walker_rule->object, &layers,
+				ARRAY_SIZE(layers));
+		if (err)
+			goto out_unlock;
+	}
+
+out_unlock:
+	mutex_unlock(&src->lock);
+	mutex_unlock(&dst->lock);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int inherit_ruleset(struct landlock_ruleset *const parent,
+		struct landlock_ruleset *const child)
+{
+	struct landlock_rule *walker_rule, *next_rule;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	might_sleep();
+	if (!parent)
+		return 0;
+
+	/* Locks @child first because we are its only owner. */
+	mutex_lock(&child->lock);
+	mutex_lock_nested(&parent->lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
+
+	/* Copies the @parent tree. */
+	rbtree_postorder_for_each_entry_safe(walker_rule, next_rule,
+			&parent->root, node) {
+		err = insert_rule(child, walker_rule->object,
+				&walker_rule->layers, walker_rule->num_layers);
+		if (err)
+			goto out_unlock;
+	}
+
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(child->num_layers <= parent->num_layers)) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto out_unlock;
+	}
+	/* Copies the parent layer stack and leaves a space for the new layer. */
+	memcpy(child->fs_access_masks, parent->fs_access_masks,
+			flex_array_size(parent, fs_access_masks, parent->num_layers));
+
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!parent->hierarchy)) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto out_unlock;
+	}
+	get_hierarchy(parent->hierarchy);
+	child->hierarchy->parent = parent->hierarchy;
+
+out_unlock:
+	mutex_unlock(&parent->lock);
+	mutex_unlock(&child->lock);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void free_ruleset(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset)
+{
+	struct landlock_rule *freeme, *next;
+
+	might_sleep();
+	rbtree_postorder_for_each_entry_safe(freeme, next, &ruleset->root,
+			node)
+		free_rule(freeme);
+	put_hierarchy(ruleset->hierarchy);
+	kfree(ruleset);
+}
+
+void landlock_put_ruleset(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset)
+{
+	might_sleep();
+	if (ruleset && refcount_dec_and_test(&ruleset->usage))
+		free_ruleset(ruleset);
+}
+
+static void free_ruleset_work(struct work_struct *const work)
+{
+	struct landlock_ruleset *ruleset;
+
+	ruleset = container_of(work, struct landlock_ruleset, work_free);
+	free_ruleset(ruleset);
+}
+
+void landlock_put_ruleset_deferred(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset)
+{
+	if (ruleset && refcount_dec_and_test(&ruleset->usage)) {
+		INIT_WORK(&ruleset->work_free, free_ruleset_work);
+		schedule_work(&ruleset->work_free);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * landlock_merge_ruleset - Merge a ruleset with a domain
+ *
+ * @parent: Parent domain.
+ * @ruleset: New ruleset to be merged.
+ *
+ * Returns the intersection of @parent and @ruleset, or returns @parent if
+ * @ruleset is empty, or returns a duplicate of @ruleset if @parent is empty.
+ */
+struct landlock_ruleset *landlock_merge_ruleset(
+		struct landlock_ruleset *const parent,
+		struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset)
+{
+	struct landlock_ruleset *new_dom;
+	u32 num_layers;
+	int err;
+
+	might_sleep();
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!ruleset || parent == ruleset))
+		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+
+	if (parent) {
+		if (parent->num_layers >= LANDLOCK_MAX_NUM_LAYERS)
+			return ERR_PTR(-E2BIG);
+		num_layers = parent->num_layers + 1;
+	} else {
+		num_layers = 1;
+	}
+
+	/* Creates a new domain... */
+	new_dom = create_ruleset(num_layers);
+	if (IS_ERR(new_dom))
+		return new_dom;
+	new_dom->hierarchy = kzalloc(sizeof(*new_dom->hierarchy),
+			GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT);
+	if (!new_dom->hierarchy) {
+		err = -ENOMEM;
+		goto out_put_dom;
+	}
+	refcount_set(&new_dom->hierarchy->usage, 1);
+
+	/* ...as a child of @parent... */
+	err = inherit_ruleset(parent, new_dom);
+	if (err)
+		goto out_put_dom;
+
+	/* ...and including @ruleset. */
+	err = merge_ruleset(new_dom, ruleset);
+	if (err)
+		goto out_put_dom;
+
+	return new_dom;
+
+out_put_dom:
+	landlock_put_ruleset(new_dom);
+	return ERR_PTR(err);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The returned access has the same lifetime as @ruleset.
+ */
+const struct landlock_rule *landlock_find_rule(
+		const struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset,
+		const struct landlock_object *const object)
+{
+	const struct rb_node *node;
+
+	if (!object)
+		return NULL;
+	node = ruleset->root.rb_node;
+	while (node) {
+		struct landlock_rule *this = rb_entry(node,
+				struct landlock_rule, node);
+
+		if (this->object == object)
+			return this;
+		if (this->object < object)
+			node = node->rb_right;
+		else
+			node = node->rb_left;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}

security/landlock/ruleset.h

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
+/*
+ * Landlock LSM - Ruleset management
+ *
+ * Copyright © 2016-2020 Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
+ * Copyright © 2018-2020 ANSSI
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SECURITY_LANDLOCK_RULESET_H
+#define _SECURITY_LANDLOCK_RULESET_H
+
+#include <linux/mutex.h>
+#include <linux/rbtree.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
+#include <linux/workqueue.h>
+
+#include "object.h"
+
+/**
+ * struct landlock_layer - Access rights for a given layer
+ */
+struct landlock_layer {
+	/**
+	 * @level: Position of this layer in the layer stack.
+	 */
+	u16 level;
+	/**
+	 * @access: Bitfield of allowed actions on the kernel object.  They are
+	 * relative to the object type (e.g. %LANDLOCK_ACTION_FS_READ).
+	 */
+	u16 access;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct landlock_rule - Access rights tied to an object
+ */
+struct landlock_rule {
+	/**
+	 * @node: Node in the ruleset's red-black tree.
+	 */
+	struct rb_node node;
+	/**
+	 * @object: Pointer to identify a kernel object (e.g. an inode).  This
+	 * is used as a key for this ruleset element.  This pointer is set once
+	 * and never modified.  It always points to an allocated object because
+	 * each rule increments the refcount of its object.
+	 */
+	struct landlock_object *object;
+	/**
+	 * @num_layers: Number of entries in @layers.
+	 */
+	u32 num_layers;
+	/**
+	 * @layers: Stack of layers, from the latest to the newest, implemented
+	 * as a flexible array member (FAM).
+	 */
+	struct landlock_layer layers[];
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct landlock_hierarchy - Node in a ruleset hierarchy
+ */
+struct landlock_hierarchy {
+	/**
+	 * @parent: Pointer to the parent node, or NULL if it is a root
+	 * Landlock domain.
+	 */
+	struct landlock_hierarchy *parent;
+	/**
+	 * @usage: Number of potential children domains plus their parent
+	 * domain.
+	 */
+	refcount_t usage;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct landlock_ruleset - Landlock ruleset
+ *
+ * This data structure must contain unique entries, be updatable, and quick to
+ * match an object.
+ */
+struct landlock_ruleset {
+	/**
+	 * @root: Root of a red-black tree containing &struct landlock_rule
+	 * nodes.  Once a ruleset is tied to a process (i.e. as a domain), this
+	 * tree is immutable until @usage reaches zero.
+	 */
+	struct rb_root root;
+	/**
+	 * @hierarchy: Enables hierarchy identification even when a parent
+	 * domain vanishes.  This is needed for the ptrace protection.
+	 */
+	struct landlock_hierarchy *hierarchy;
+	union {
+		/**
+		 * @work_free: Enables to free a ruleset within a lockless
+		 * section.  This is only used by
+		 * landlock_put_ruleset_deferred() when @usage reaches zero.
+		 * The fields @lock, @usage, @num_rules, @num_layers and
+		 * @fs_access_masks are then unused.
+		 */
+		struct work_struct work_free;
+		struct {
+			/**
+			 * @lock: Protects against concurrent modifications of
+			 * @root, if @usage is greater than zero.
+			 */
+			struct mutex lock;
+			/**
+			 * @usage: Number of processes (i.e. domains) or file
+			 * descriptors referencing this ruleset.
+			 */
+			refcount_t usage;
+			/**
+			 * @num_rules: Number of non-overlapping (i.e. not for
+			 * the same object) rules in this ruleset.
+			 */
+			u32 num_rules;
+			/**
+			 * @num_layers: Number of layers that are used in this
+			 * ruleset.  This enables to check that all the layers
+			 * allow an access request.  A value of 0 identifies a
+			 * non-merged ruleset (i.e. not a domain).
+			 */
+			u32 num_layers;
+			/**
+			 * @fs_access_masks: Contains the subset of filesystem
+			 * actions that are restricted by a ruleset.  A domain
+			 * saves all layers of merged rulesets in a stack
+			 * (FAM), starting from the first layer to the last
+			 * one.  These layers are used when merging rulesets,
+			 * for user space backward compatibility (i.e.
+			 * future-proof), and to properly handle merged
+			 * rulesets without overlapping access rights.  These
+			 * layers are set once and never changed for the
+			 * lifetime of the ruleset.
+			 */
+			u16 fs_access_masks[];
+		};
+	};
+};
+
+struct landlock_ruleset *landlock_create_ruleset(const u32 fs_access_mask);
+
+void landlock_put_ruleset(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset);
+void landlock_put_ruleset_deferred(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset);
+
+int landlock_insert_rule(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset,
+		struct landlock_object *const object, const u32 access);
+
+struct landlock_ruleset *landlock_merge_ruleset(
+		struct landlock_ruleset *const parent,
+		struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset);
+
+const struct landlock_rule *landlock_find_rule(
+		const struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset,
+		const struct landlock_object *const object);
+
+static inline void landlock_get_ruleset(struct landlock_ruleset *const ruleset)
+{
+	if (ruleset)
+		refcount_inc(&ruleset->usage);
+}
+
+#endif /* _SECURITY_LANDLOCK_RULESET_H */