mirror of
https://github.com/edk2-porting/linux-next.git
synced 2025-01-22 20:43:56 +08:00
KVM: selftests: Factor code out of demand_paging_test
Much of the code in demand_paging_test can be reused by other, similar multi-vCPU-memory-touching-perfromance-tests. Factor that common code out for reuse. No functional change expected. This series was tested by running the following invocations on an Intel Skylake machine: dirty_log_perf_test -b 20m -i 100 -v 64 dirty_log_perf_test -b 20g -i 5 -v 4 dirty_log_perf_test -b 4g -i 5 -v 32 demand_paging_test -b 20m -v 64 demand_paging_test -b 20g -v 4 demand_paging_test -b 4g -v 32 All behaved as expected. Signed-off-by: Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com> Message-Id: <20201027233733.1484855-2-bgardon@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
This commit is contained in:
parent
afdb196007
commit
4b5d12b0e2
@ -21,18 +21,12 @@
|
||||
#include <linux/bitops.h>
|
||||
#include <linux/userfaultfd.h>
|
||||
|
||||
#include "test_util.h"
|
||||
#include "kvm_util.h"
|
||||
#include "perf_test_util.h"
|
||||
#include "processor.h"
|
||||
#include "test_util.h"
|
||||
|
||||
#ifdef __NR_userfaultfd
|
||||
|
||||
/* The memory slot index demand page */
|
||||
#define TEST_MEM_SLOT_INDEX 1
|
||||
|
||||
/* Default guest test virtual memory offset */
|
||||
#define DEFAULT_GUEST_TEST_MEM 0xc0000000
|
||||
|
||||
#define DEFAULT_GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE (1 << 30) /* 1G */
|
||||
|
||||
#ifdef PRINT_PER_PAGE_UPDATES
|
||||
@ -47,75 +41,14 @@
|
||||
#define PER_VCPU_DEBUG(...) _no_printf(__VA_ARGS__)
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
#define MAX_VCPUS 512
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Guest/Host shared variables. Ensure addr_gva2hva() and/or
|
||||
* sync_global_to/from_guest() are used when accessing from
|
||||
* the host. READ/WRITE_ONCE() should also be used with anything
|
||||
* that may change.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static uint64_t host_page_size;
|
||||
static uint64_t guest_page_size;
|
||||
|
||||
static char *guest_data_prototype;
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Guest physical memory offset of the testing memory slot.
|
||||
* This will be set to the topmost valid physical address minus
|
||||
* the test memory size.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static uint64_t guest_test_phys_mem;
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Guest virtual memory offset of the testing memory slot.
|
||||
* Must not conflict with identity mapped test code.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static uint64_t guest_test_virt_mem = DEFAULT_GUEST_TEST_MEM;
|
||||
|
||||
struct vcpu_args {
|
||||
uint64_t gva;
|
||||
uint64_t pages;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Only used by the host userspace part of the vCPU thread */
|
||||
int vcpu_id;
|
||||
struct kvm_vm *vm;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
static struct vcpu_args vcpu_args[MAX_VCPUS];
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Continuously write to the first 8 bytes of each page in the demand paging
|
||||
* memory region.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static void guest_code(uint32_t vcpu_id)
|
||||
{
|
||||
uint64_t gva;
|
||||
uint64_t pages;
|
||||
int i;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Make sure vCPU args data structure is not corrupt. */
|
||||
GUEST_ASSERT(vcpu_args[vcpu_id].vcpu_id == vcpu_id);
|
||||
|
||||
gva = vcpu_args[vcpu_id].gva;
|
||||
pages = vcpu_args[vcpu_id].pages;
|
||||
|
||||
for (i = 0; i < pages; i++) {
|
||||
uint64_t addr = gva + (i * guest_page_size);
|
||||
|
||||
addr &= ~(host_page_size - 1);
|
||||
*(uint64_t *)addr = 0x0123456789ABCDEF;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
GUEST_SYNC(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
static void *vcpu_worker(void *data)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int ret;
|
||||
struct vcpu_args *args = (struct vcpu_args *)data;
|
||||
struct kvm_vm *vm = args->vm;
|
||||
int vcpu_id = args->vcpu_id;
|
||||
struct vcpu_args *vcpu_args = (struct vcpu_args *)data;
|
||||
int vcpu_id = vcpu_args->vcpu_id;
|
||||
struct kvm_vm *vm = perf_test_args.vm;
|
||||
struct kvm_run *run;
|
||||
struct timespec start, end, ts_diff;
|
||||
|
||||
@ -141,39 +74,6 @@ static void *vcpu_worker(void *data)
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#define PAGE_SHIFT_4K 12
|
||||
#define PTES_PER_4K_PT 512
|
||||
|
||||
static struct kvm_vm *create_vm(enum vm_guest_mode mode, int vcpus,
|
||||
uint64_t vcpu_memory_bytes)
|
||||
{
|
||||
struct kvm_vm *vm;
|
||||
uint64_t pages = DEFAULT_GUEST_PHY_PAGES;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Account for a few pages per-vCPU for stacks */
|
||||
pages += DEFAULT_STACK_PGS * vcpus;
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Reserve twice the ammount of memory needed to map the test region and
|
||||
* the page table / stacks region, at 4k, for page tables. Do the
|
||||
* calculation with 4K page size: the smallest of all archs. (e.g., 64K
|
||||
* page size guest will need even less memory for page tables).
|
||||
*/
|
||||
pages += (2 * pages) / PTES_PER_4K_PT;
|
||||
pages += ((2 * vcpus * vcpu_memory_bytes) >> PAGE_SHIFT_4K) /
|
||||
PTES_PER_4K_PT;
|
||||
pages = vm_adjust_num_guest_pages(mode, pages);
|
||||
|
||||
pr_info("Testing guest mode: %s\n", vm_guest_mode_string(mode));
|
||||
|
||||
vm = _vm_create(mode, pages, O_RDWR);
|
||||
kvm_vm_elf_load(vm, program_invocation_name, 0, 0);
|
||||
#ifdef __x86_64__
|
||||
vm_create_irqchip(vm);
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
return vm;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
static int handle_uffd_page_request(int uffd, uint64_t addr)
|
||||
{
|
||||
pid_t tid;
|
||||
@ -186,7 +86,7 @@ static int handle_uffd_page_request(int uffd, uint64_t addr)
|
||||
|
||||
copy.src = (uint64_t)guest_data_prototype;
|
||||
copy.dst = addr;
|
||||
copy.len = host_page_size;
|
||||
copy.len = perf_test_args.host_page_size;
|
||||
copy.mode = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
|
||||
@ -203,7 +103,7 @@ static int handle_uffd_page_request(int uffd, uint64_t addr)
|
||||
PER_PAGE_DEBUG("UFFDIO_COPY %d \t%ld ns\n", tid,
|
||||
timespec_to_ns(timespec_sub(end, start)));
|
||||
PER_PAGE_DEBUG("Paged in %ld bytes at 0x%lx from thread %d\n",
|
||||
host_page_size, addr, tid);
|
||||
perf_test_args.host_page_size, addr, tid);
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -360,64 +260,21 @@ static void run_test(enum vm_guest_mode mode, bool use_uffd,
|
||||
struct timespec start, end, ts_diff;
|
||||
int *pipefds = NULL;
|
||||
struct kvm_vm *vm;
|
||||
uint64_t guest_num_pages;
|
||||
int vcpu_id;
|
||||
int r;
|
||||
|
||||
vm = create_vm(mode, vcpus, vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
|
||||
guest_page_size = vm_get_page_size(vm);
|
||||
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(vcpu_memory_bytes % guest_page_size == 0,
|
||||
"Guest memory size is not guest page size aligned.");
|
||||
|
||||
guest_num_pages = (vcpus * vcpu_memory_bytes) / guest_page_size;
|
||||
guest_num_pages = vm_adjust_num_guest_pages(mode, guest_num_pages);
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* If there should be more memory in the guest test region than there
|
||||
* can be pages in the guest, it will definitely cause problems.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(guest_num_pages < vm_get_max_gfn(vm),
|
||||
"Requested more guest memory than address space allows.\n"
|
||||
" guest pages: %lx max gfn: %x vcpus: %d wss: %lx]\n",
|
||||
guest_num_pages, vm_get_max_gfn(vm), vcpus,
|
||||
vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
|
||||
host_page_size = getpagesize();
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(vcpu_memory_bytes % host_page_size == 0,
|
||||
"Guest memory size is not host page size aligned.");
|
||||
|
||||
guest_test_phys_mem = (vm_get_max_gfn(vm) - guest_num_pages) *
|
||||
guest_page_size;
|
||||
guest_test_phys_mem &= ~(host_page_size - 1);
|
||||
|
||||
#ifdef __s390x__
|
||||
/* Align to 1M (segment size) */
|
||||
guest_test_phys_mem &= ~((1 << 20) - 1);
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
pr_info("guest physical test memory offset: 0x%lx\n", guest_test_phys_mem);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Add an extra memory slot for testing demand paging */
|
||||
vm_userspace_mem_region_add(vm, VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS,
|
||||
guest_test_phys_mem,
|
||||
TEST_MEM_SLOT_INDEX,
|
||||
guest_num_pages, 0);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Do mapping for the demand paging memory slot */
|
||||
virt_map(vm, guest_test_virt_mem, guest_test_phys_mem, guest_num_pages, 0);
|
||||
|
||||
ucall_init(vm, NULL);
|
||||
|
||||
guest_data_prototype = malloc(host_page_size);
|
||||
guest_data_prototype = malloc(perf_test_args.host_page_size);
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(guest_data_prototype,
|
||||
"Failed to allocate buffer for guest data pattern");
|
||||
memset(guest_data_prototype, 0xAB, host_page_size);
|
||||
memset(guest_data_prototype, 0xAB, perf_test_args.host_page_size);
|
||||
|
||||
vcpu_threads = malloc(vcpus * sizeof(*vcpu_threads));
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(vcpu_threads, "Memory allocation failed");
|
||||
|
||||
add_vcpus(vm, vcpus, vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
|
||||
if (use_uffd) {
|
||||
uffd_handler_threads =
|
||||
malloc(vcpus * sizeof(*uffd_handler_threads));
|
||||
@ -428,22 +285,18 @@ static void run_test(enum vm_guest_mode mode, bool use_uffd,
|
||||
|
||||
pipefds = malloc(sizeof(int) * vcpus * 2);
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(pipefds, "Unable to allocate memory for pipefd");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < vcpus; vcpu_id++) {
|
||||
vm_paddr_t vcpu_gpa;
|
||||
void *vcpu_hva;
|
||||
for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < vcpus; vcpu_id++) {
|
||||
vm_paddr_t vcpu_gpa;
|
||||
void *vcpu_hva;
|
||||
|
||||
vm_vcpu_add_default(vm, vcpu_id, guest_code);
|
||||
vcpu_gpa = guest_test_phys_mem + (vcpu_id * vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
PER_VCPU_DEBUG("Added VCPU %d with test mem gpa [%lx, %lx)\n",
|
||||
vcpu_id, vcpu_gpa, vcpu_gpa + vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
|
||||
vcpu_gpa = guest_test_phys_mem + (vcpu_id * vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
PER_VCPU_DEBUG("Added VCPU %d with test mem gpa [%lx, %lx)\n",
|
||||
vcpu_id, vcpu_gpa, vcpu_gpa + vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
/* Cache the HVA pointer of the region */
|
||||
vcpu_hva = addr_gpa2hva(vm, vcpu_gpa);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Cache the HVA pointer of the region */
|
||||
vcpu_hva = addr_gpa2hva(vm, vcpu_gpa);
|
||||
|
||||
if (use_uffd) {
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Set up user fault fd to handle demand paging
|
||||
* requests.
|
||||
@ -460,22 +313,10 @@ static void run_test(enum vm_guest_mode mode, bool use_uffd,
|
||||
if (r < 0)
|
||||
exit(-r);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#ifdef __x86_64__
|
||||
vcpu_set_cpuid(vm, vcpu_id, kvm_get_supported_cpuid());
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
vcpu_args[vcpu_id].vm = vm;
|
||||
vcpu_args[vcpu_id].vcpu_id = vcpu_id;
|
||||
vcpu_args[vcpu_id].gva = guest_test_virt_mem +
|
||||
(vcpu_id * vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
vcpu_args[vcpu_id].pages = vcpu_memory_bytes / guest_page_size;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Export the shared variables to the guest */
|
||||
sync_global_to_guest(vm, host_page_size);
|
||||
sync_global_to_guest(vm, guest_page_size);
|
||||
sync_global_to_guest(vm, vcpu_args);
|
||||
sync_global_to_guest(vm, perf_test_args);
|
||||
|
||||
pr_info("Finished creating vCPUs and starting uffd threads\n");
|
||||
|
||||
@ -483,7 +324,7 @@ static void run_test(enum vm_guest_mode mode, bool use_uffd,
|
||||
|
||||
for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < vcpus; vcpu_id++) {
|
||||
pthread_create(&vcpu_threads[vcpu_id], NULL, vcpu_worker,
|
||||
&vcpu_args[vcpu_id]);
|
||||
&perf_test_args.vcpu_args[vcpu_id]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pr_info("Started all vCPUs\n");
|
||||
@ -514,7 +355,8 @@ static void run_test(enum vm_guest_mode mode, bool use_uffd,
|
||||
pr_info("Total guest execution time: %ld.%.9lds\n",
|
||||
ts_diff.tv_sec, ts_diff.tv_nsec);
|
||||
pr_info("Overall demand paging rate: %f pgs/sec\n",
|
||||
guest_num_pages / ((double)ts_diff.tv_sec + (double)ts_diff.tv_nsec / 100000000.0));
|
||||
perf_test_args.vcpu_args[0].pages * vcpus /
|
||||
((double)ts_diff.tv_sec + (double)ts_diff.tv_nsec / 100000000.0));
|
||||
|
||||
ucall_uninit(vm);
|
||||
kvm_vm_free(vm);
|
||||
|
187
tools/testing/selftests/kvm/include/perf_test_util.h
Normal file
187
tools/testing/selftests/kvm/include/perf_test_util.h
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
|
||||
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* tools/testing/selftests/kvm/include/perf_test_util.h
|
||||
*
|
||||
* Copyright (C) 2020, Google LLC.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#ifndef SELFTEST_KVM_PERF_TEST_UTIL_H
|
||||
#define SELFTEST_KVM_PERF_TEST_UTIL_H
|
||||
|
||||
#include "kvm_util.h"
|
||||
#include "processor.h"
|
||||
|
||||
#define MAX_VCPUS 512
|
||||
|
||||
#define PAGE_SHIFT_4K 12
|
||||
#define PTES_PER_4K_PT 512
|
||||
|
||||
#define TEST_MEM_SLOT_INDEX 1
|
||||
|
||||
/* Default guest test virtual memory offset */
|
||||
#define DEFAULT_GUEST_TEST_MEM 0xc0000000
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Guest physical memory offset of the testing memory slot.
|
||||
* This will be set to the topmost valid physical address minus
|
||||
* the test memory size.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static uint64_t guest_test_phys_mem;
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Guest virtual memory offset of the testing memory slot.
|
||||
* Must not conflict with identity mapped test code.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static uint64_t guest_test_virt_mem = DEFAULT_GUEST_TEST_MEM;
|
||||
|
||||
struct vcpu_args {
|
||||
uint64_t gva;
|
||||
uint64_t pages;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Only used by the host userspace part of the vCPU thread */
|
||||
int vcpu_id;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
struct perf_test_args {
|
||||
struct kvm_vm *vm;
|
||||
uint64_t host_page_size;
|
||||
uint64_t guest_page_size;
|
||||
|
||||
struct vcpu_args vcpu_args[MAX_VCPUS];
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
static struct perf_test_args perf_test_args;
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Continuously write to the first 8 bytes of each page in the
|
||||
* specified region.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static void guest_code(uint32_t vcpu_id)
|
||||
{
|
||||
struct vcpu_args *vcpu_args = &perf_test_args.vcpu_args[vcpu_id];
|
||||
uint64_t gva;
|
||||
uint64_t pages;
|
||||
int i;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Make sure vCPU args data structure is not corrupt. */
|
||||
GUEST_ASSERT(vcpu_args->vcpu_id == vcpu_id);
|
||||
|
||||
gva = vcpu_args->gva;
|
||||
pages = vcpu_args->pages;
|
||||
|
||||
for (i = 0; i < pages; i++) {
|
||||
uint64_t addr = gva + (i * perf_test_args.guest_page_size);
|
||||
|
||||
addr &= ~(perf_test_args.host_page_size - 1);
|
||||
*(uint64_t *)addr = 0x0123456789ABCDEF;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
GUEST_SYNC(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
static struct kvm_vm *create_vm(enum vm_guest_mode mode, int vcpus,
|
||||
uint64_t vcpu_memory_bytes)
|
||||
{
|
||||
struct kvm_vm *vm;
|
||||
uint64_t pages = DEFAULT_GUEST_PHY_PAGES;
|
||||
uint64_t guest_num_pages;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Account for a few pages per-vCPU for stacks */
|
||||
pages += DEFAULT_STACK_PGS * vcpus;
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Reserve twice the ammount of memory needed to map the test region and
|
||||
* the page table / stacks region, at 4k, for page tables. Do the
|
||||
* calculation with 4K page size: the smallest of all archs. (e.g., 64K
|
||||
* page size guest will need even less memory for page tables).
|
||||
*/
|
||||
pages += (2 * pages) / PTES_PER_4K_PT;
|
||||
pages += ((2 * vcpus * vcpu_memory_bytes) >> PAGE_SHIFT_4K) /
|
||||
PTES_PER_4K_PT;
|
||||
pages = vm_adjust_num_guest_pages(mode, pages);
|
||||
|
||||
pr_info("Testing guest mode: %s\n", vm_guest_mode_string(mode));
|
||||
|
||||
vm = _vm_create(mode, pages, O_RDWR);
|
||||
kvm_vm_elf_load(vm, program_invocation_name, 0, 0);
|
||||
#ifdef __x86_64__
|
||||
vm_create_irqchip(vm);
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
perf_test_args.vm = vm;
|
||||
perf_test_args.guest_page_size = vm_get_page_size(vm);
|
||||
perf_test_args.host_page_size = getpagesize();
|
||||
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(vcpu_memory_bytes % perf_test_args.guest_page_size == 0,
|
||||
"Guest memory size is not guest page size aligned.");
|
||||
|
||||
guest_num_pages = (vcpus * vcpu_memory_bytes) /
|
||||
perf_test_args.guest_page_size;
|
||||
guest_num_pages = vm_adjust_num_guest_pages(mode, guest_num_pages);
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* If there should be more memory in the guest test region than there
|
||||
* can be pages in the guest, it will definitely cause problems.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(guest_num_pages < vm_get_max_gfn(vm),
|
||||
"Requested more guest memory than address space allows.\n"
|
||||
" guest pages: %lx max gfn: %x vcpus: %d wss: %lx]\n",
|
||||
guest_num_pages, vm_get_max_gfn(vm), vcpus,
|
||||
vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
|
||||
TEST_ASSERT(vcpu_memory_bytes % perf_test_args.host_page_size == 0,
|
||||
"Guest memory size is not host page size aligned.");
|
||||
|
||||
guest_test_phys_mem = (vm_get_max_gfn(vm) - guest_num_pages) *
|
||||
perf_test_args.guest_page_size;
|
||||
guest_test_phys_mem &= ~(perf_test_args.host_page_size - 1);
|
||||
|
||||
#ifdef __s390x__
|
||||
/* Align to 1M (segment size) */
|
||||
guest_test_phys_mem &= ~((1 << 20) - 1);
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
pr_info("guest physical test memory offset: 0x%lx\n", guest_test_phys_mem);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Add an extra memory slot for testing */
|
||||
vm_userspace_mem_region_add(vm, VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS,
|
||||
guest_test_phys_mem,
|
||||
TEST_MEM_SLOT_INDEX,
|
||||
guest_num_pages, 0);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Do mapping for the demand paging memory slot */
|
||||
virt_map(vm, guest_test_virt_mem, guest_test_phys_mem, guest_num_pages, 0);
|
||||
|
||||
ucall_init(vm, NULL);
|
||||
|
||||
return vm;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
static void add_vcpus(struct kvm_vm *vm, int vcpus, uint64_t vcpu_memory_bytes)
|
||||
{
|
||||
vm_paddr_t vcpu_gpa;
|
||||
struct vcpu_args *vcpu_args;
|
||||
int vcpu_id;
|
||||
|
||||
for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < vcpus; vcpu_id++) {
|
||||
vcpu_args = &perf_test_args.vcpu_args[vcpu_id];
|
||||
|
||||
vm_vcpu_add_default(vm, vcpu_id, guest_code);
|
||||
|
||||
#ifdef __x86_64__
|
||||
vcpu_set_cpuid(vm, vcpu_id, kvm_get_supported_cpuid());
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
vcpu_args->vcpu_id = vcpu_id;
|
||||
vcpu_args->gva = guest_test_virt_mem +
|
||||
(vcpu_id * vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
vcpu_args->pages = vcpu_memory_bytes /
|
||||
perf_test_args.guest_page_size;
|
||||
|
||||
vcpu_gpa = guest_test_phys_mem + (vcpu_id * vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
pr_debug("Added VCPU %d with test mem gpa [%lx, %lx)\n",
|
||||
vcpu_id, vcpu_gpa, vcpu_gpa + vcpu_memory_bytes);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#endif /* SELFTEST_KVM_PERF_TEST_UTIL_H */
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user