mirror of
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03f9228e7c
Also, don't claim we'd insert a "," between addresses, because we actually don't do that.
1005 lines
48 KiB
XML
1005 lines
48 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?>
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ -->
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<refentry id="machinectl" conditional='ENABLE_MACHINED'
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>machinectl</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>machinectl</refname>
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<refpurpose>Control the systemd machine manager</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>machinectl</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to introspect and
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control the state of the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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virtual machine and container registration manager
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to execute
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operations on machines and images. Machines in this sense are
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considered running instances of:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Virtual Machines (VMs) that virtualize hardware
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to run full operating system (OS) instances (including their kernels)
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in a virtualized environment on top of the host OS.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Containers that share the hardware and
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OS kernel with the host OS, in order to run
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OS userspace instances on top the host OS.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The host system itself.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Machines are identified by names that follow the same rules
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as UNIX and DNS host names. For details, see below.</para>
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<para>Machines are instantiated from disk or file system images that
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frequently — but not necessarily — carry the same name as machines running
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from them. Images in this sense may be:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Directory trees containing an OS, including the
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top-level directories <filename>/usr</filename>,
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<filename>/etc</filename>, and so on.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>btrfs subvolumes containing OS trees, similar to regular directory trees.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Binary "raw" disk image files containing MBR or GPT partition tables and Linux file
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systems.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Similarly, block devices containing MBR or GPT partition tables and file systems.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The file system tree of the host OS itself.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Commands</title>
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<para>The following commands are understood:</para>
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<refsect2><title>Machine Commands</title><variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>list</command></term>
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<listitem><para>List currently running (online) virtual
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machines and containers. To enumerate machine images that can
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be started, use <command>list-images</command> (see
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below). Note that this command hides the special
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<literal>.host</literal> machine by default. Use the
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<option>--all</option> switch to show it.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>status</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
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<listitem><para>Show runtime status information about
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one or more virtual machines and containers, followed by the
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most recent log data from the journal. This function is
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intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking
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for computer-parsable output, use <command>show</command>
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instead. Note that the log data shown is reported by the
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virtual machine or container manager, and frequently contains
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console output of the machine, but not necessarily journal
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contents of the machine itself.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>show</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
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<listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered virtual machines or containers or the manager
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itself. If no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be shown. If a NAME is specified,
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properties of this virtual machine or container are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use
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<option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
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<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is
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required, and does not print the control group tree or journal entries. Use <command>status</command> if you
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are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>start</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
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<listitem><para>Start a container as a system service, using
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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This starts <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>,
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instantiated for the specified machine name, similar to the
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effect of <command>systemctl start</command> on the service
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name. <command>systemd-nspawn</command> looks for a container
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image by the specified name in
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<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search
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paths, see below) and runs it. Use
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<command>list-images</command> (see below) for listing
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available container images to start.</para>
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<para>Note that
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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also interfaces with a variety of other container and VM
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managers, <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is just one
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implementation of it. Most of the commands available in
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<command>machinectl</command> may be used on containers or VMs
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controlled by other managers, not just
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command>. Starting VMs and container
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images on those managers requires manager-specific
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tools.</para>
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<para>To interactively start a container on the command line
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with full access to the container's console, please invoke
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command> directly. To stop a running
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container use <command>machinectl poweroff</command>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>login</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
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<listitem><para>Open an interactive terminal login session in
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a container or on the local host. If an argument is supplied,
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it refers to the container machine to connect to. If none is
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specified, or the container name is specified as the empty
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string, or the special machine name <literal>.host</literal>
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(see below) is specified, the connection is made to the local
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host instead. This will create a TTY connection to a specific
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container or the local host and asks for the execution of a
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getty on it. Note that this is only supported for containers
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running
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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as init system.</para>
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<para>This command will open a full login prompt on the
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container or the local host, which then asks for username and
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password. Use <command>shell</command> (see below) or
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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with the <option>--machine=</option> switch to directly invoke
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a single command, either interactively or in the
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background.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>shell</command> [[<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>@]<replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>ARGUMENTS</replaceable>…]]] </term>
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<listitem><para>Open an interactive shell session in a
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container or on the local host. The first argument refers to
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the container machine to connect to. If none is specified, or
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the machine name is specified as the empty string, or the
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special machine name <literal>.host</literal> (see below) is
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specified, the connection is made to the local host
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instead. This works similar to <command>login</command> but
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immediately invokes a user process. This command runs the
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specified executable with the specified arguments, or the
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default shell for the user if none is specified, or
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<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if no default shell is found. By default,
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<option>--uid=</option>, or by prefixing the machine name with
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a username and an <literal>@</literal> character, a different
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user may be selected. Use <option>--setenv=</option> to set
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environment variables for the executed process.</para>
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<para>Note that <command>machinectl shell</command> does not propagate the exit code/status of the invoked
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shell process. Use <command>systemd-run</command> instead if that information is required (see below).</para>
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<para>When using the <command>shell</command> command without
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arguments, (thus invoking the executed shell or command on the
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local host), it is in many ways similar to a <citerefentry
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project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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session, but, unlike <command>su</command>, completely isolates
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the new session from the originating session, so that it
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shares no process or session properties, and is in a clean and
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well-defined state. It will be tracked in a new utmp, login,
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audit, security and keyring session, and will not inherit any
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environment variables or resource limits, among other
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properties.</para>
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<para>Note that <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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with its <option>--machine=</option> switch may be used in place of the <command>machinectl shell</command>
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command, and allows non-interactive operation, more detailed and low-level configuration of the invoked unit,
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as well as access to runtime and exit code/status information of the invoked shell process. In particular, use
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<command>systemd-run</command>'s <option>--wait</option> switch to propagate exit status information of the
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invoked process. Use <command>systemd-run</command>'s <option>--pty</option> switch for acquiring an
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interactive shell, similar to <command>machinectl shell</command>. In general, <command>systemd-run</command>
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is preferable for scripting purposes. However, note that <command>systemd-run</command> might require higher
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privileges than <command>machinectl shell</command>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>enable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
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<term><command>disable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
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<listitem><para>Enable or disable a container as a system
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service to start at system boot, using
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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This enables or disables
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<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>, instantiated for
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the specified machine name, similar to the effect of
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<command>systemctl enable</command> or <command>systemctl
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disable</command> on the service name.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>poweroff</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
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<listitem><para>Power off one or more containers. This will
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trigger a reboot by sending SIGRTMIN+4 to the container's init
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process, which causes systemd-compatible init systems to shut
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down cleanly. Use <command>stop</command> as alias for <command>poweroff</command>.
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This operation does not work on containers that do not run a
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-compatible
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init system, such as sysvinit. Use
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<command>terminate</command> (see below) to immediately
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terminate a container or VM, without cleanly shutting it
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down.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>reboot</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
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<listitem><para>Reboot one or more containers. This will
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trigger a reboot by sending SIGINT to the container's init
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process, which is roughly equivalent to pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del
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on a non-containerized system, and is compatible with
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containers running any system manager.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>terminate</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
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<listitem><para>Immediately terminates a virtual machine or
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container, without cleanly shutting it down. This kills all
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processes of the virtual machine or container and deallocates
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all resources attached to that instance. Use
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<command>poweroff</command> to issue a clean shutdown
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request.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>kill</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
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<listitem><para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
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virtual machine or container. This means processes as seen by
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the host, not the processes inside the virtual machine or
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container. Use <option>--kill-who=</option> to select which
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process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select the
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signal to send.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>bind</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
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<listitem><para>Bind mounts a file or directory from the host into the specified container. The first path
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argument is the source file or directory on the host, the second path argument is the destination file or
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directory in the container. When the latter is omitted, the destination path in the container is the same as
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the source path on the host. When combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only bind
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mount is created. When combined with the <option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first created
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before the mount is applied. Note that this option is currently only supported for
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> containers,
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and only if user namespacing (<option>--private-users</option>) is not used. This command supports bind
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mounting directories, regular files, device nodes, <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> socket nodes, as well as
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FIFOs.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>copy-to</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
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<listitem><para>Copies files or directories from the host
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system into a running container. Takes a container name,
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followed by the source path on the host and the destination
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path in the container. If the destination path is omitted, the
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same as the source path is used.</para>
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<para>If host and container share the same user and group namespace, file ownership by numeric user ID and
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group ID is preserved for the copy, otherwise all files and directories in the copy will be owned by the root
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user and group (UID/GID 0).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>copy-from</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
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<listitem><para>Copies files or directories from a container
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into the host system. Takes a container name, followed by the
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source path in the container the destination path on the host.
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If the destination path is omitted, the same as the source path
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is used.</para>
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<para>If host and container share the same user and group namespace, file ownership by numeric user ID and
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group ID is preserved for the copy, otherwise all files and directories in the copy will be owned by the root
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user and group (UID/GID 0).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist></refsect2>
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<refsect2><title>Image Commands</title><variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>list-images</command></term>
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<listitem><para>Show a list of locally installed container and
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VM images. This enumerates all raw disk images and container
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directories and subvolumes in
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<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search
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paths, see below). Use <command>start</command> (see above) to
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run a container off one of the listed images. Note that, by
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||
default, containers whose name begins with a dot
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||
(<literal>.</literal>) are not shown. To show these too,
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||
specify <option>--all</option>. Note that a special image
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||
<literal>.host</literal> always implicitly exists and refers
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||
to the image the host itself is booted from.</para></listitem>
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
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||
<varlistentry>
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<term><command>image-status</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Show terse status information about one or
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||
more container or VM images. This function is intended to
|
||
generate human-readable output. Use
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||
<command>show-image</command> (see below) to generate
|
||
computer-parsable output instead.</para></listitem>
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
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||
<varlistentry>
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||
<term><command>show-image</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered
|
||
virtual machine or container images, or the manager itself. If
|
||
no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be
|
||
shown. If a NAME is specified, properties of this virtual
|
||
machine or container image are shown. By default, empty
|
||
properties are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to show
|
||
those too. To select specific properties to show, use
|
||
<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be
|
||
used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use
|
||
<command>image-status</command> if you are looking for
|
||
formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>clone</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Clones a container or VM image. The arguments specify the name of the image to clone and the
|
||
name of the newly cloned image. Note that plain directory container images are cloned into btrfs subvolume
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||
images with this command, if the underlying file system supports this. Note that cloning a container or VM
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||
image is optimized for file systems that support copy-on-write, and might not be efficient on others, due to
|
||
file system limitations.</para>
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||
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||
<para>Note that this command leaves host name, machine ID and
|
||
all other settings that could identify the instance
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||
unmodified. The original image and the cloned copy will hence
|
||
share these credentials, and it might be necessary to manually
|
||
change them in the copy.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch a read-only cloned image is
|
||
created.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>rename</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Renames a container or VM image. The
|
||
arguments specify the name of the image to rename and the new
|
||
name of the image.</para></listitem>
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||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>read-only</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Marks or (unmarks) a container or VM image
|
||
read-only. Takes a VM or container image name, followed by a
|
||
boolean as arguments. If the boolean is omitted, positive is
|
||
implied, i.e. the image is marked read-only.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>remove</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Removes one or more container or VM images.
|
||
The special image <literal>.host</literal>, which refers to
|
||
the host's own directory tree, may not be
|
||
removed.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>set-limit</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>] <replaceable>BYTES</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Sets the maximum size in bytes that a specific
|
||
container or VM image, or all images, may grow up to on disk
|
||
(disk quota). Takes either one or two parameters. The first,
|
||
optional parameter refers to a container or VM image name. If
|
||
specified, the size limit of the specified image is changed. If
|
||
omitted, the overall size limit of the sum of all images stored
|
||
locally is changed. The final argument specifies the size
|
||
limit in bytes, possibly suffixed by the usual K, M, G, T
|
||
units. If the size limit shall be disabled, specify
|
||
<literal>-</literal> as size.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that per-container size limits are only supported on btrfs file systems.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>clean</command></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Remove hidden VM or container images (or all). This command removes all hidden machine images
|
||
from <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>, i.e. those whose name begins with a dot. Use <command>machinectl
|
||
list-images --all</command> to see a list of all machine images, including the hidden ones.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When combined with the <option>--all</option> switch removes all images, not just hidden ones. This
|
||
command effectively empties <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that commands such as <command>machinectl pull-tar</command> or <command>machinectl
|
||
pull-raw</command> usually create hidden, read-only, unmodified machine images from the downloaded image first,
|
||
before cloning a writable working copy of it, in order to avoid duplicate downloads in case of images that are
|
||
reused multiple times. Use <command>machinectl clean</command> to remove old, hidden images created this
|
||
way.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist></refsect2>
|
||
|
||
<refsect2><title>Image Transfer Commands</title><variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>pull-tar</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.tar</filename>
|
||
container image from the specified URL, and makes it available
|
||
under the specified local machine name. The URL must be of
|
||
type <literal>http://</literal> or
|
||
<literal>https://</literal>, and must refer to a
|
||
<filename>.tar</filename>, <filename>.tar.gz</filename>,
|
||
<filename>.tar.xz</filename> or <filename>.tar.bz2</filename>
|
||
archive file. If the local machine name is omitted, it
|
||
is automatically derived from the last component of the URL,
|
||
with its suffix removed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The image is verified before it is made available, unless
|
||
<option>--verify=no</option> is specified.
|
||
Verification is done either via an inline signed file with the name
|
||
of the image and the suffix <filename>.sha256</filename> or via
|
||
separate <filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> and
|
||
<filename>SHA256SUMS.gpg</filename> files.
|
||
The signature files need to be made available on the same web
|
||
server, under the same URL as the <filename>.tar</filename> file.
|
||
With <option>--verify=checksum</option>, only the SHA256 checksum
|
||
for the file is verified, based on the <filename>.sha256</filename>
|
||
suffixed file or the <filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> file.
|
||
With <option>--verify=signature</option>, the sha checksum file is
|
||
first verified with the inline signature in the
|
||
<filename>.sha256</filename> file or the detached GPG signature file
|
||
<filename>SHA256SUMS.gpg</filename>.
|
||
The public key for this verification step needs to be available in
|
||
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename> or
|
||
<filename>/etc/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The container image will be downloaded and stored in a
|
||
read-only subvolume in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> that is named after
|
||
the specified URL and its HTTP etag. A writable snapshot is
|
||
then taken from this subvolume, and named after the specified
|
||
local name. This behavior ensures that creating multiple
|
||
container instances of the same URL is efficient, as multiple
|
||
downloads are not necessary. In order to create only the
|
||
read-only image, and avoid creating its writable snapshot,
|
||
specify <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that the read-only subvolume is prefixed with
|
||
<filename>.tar-</filename>, and is thus not shown by
|
||
<command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option>
|
||
is passed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command
|
||
will not abort the download. Use
|
||
<command>cancel-transfer</command>, described
|
||
below.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>pull-raw</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.raw</filename>
|
||
container or VM disk image from the specified URL, and makes
|
||
it available under the specified local machine name. The URL
|
||
must be of type <literal>http://</literal> or
|
||
<literal>https://</literal>. The container image must either
|
||
be a <filename>.qcow2</filename> or raw disk image, optionally
|
||
compressed as <filename>.gz</filename>,
|
||
<filename>.xz</filename>, or <filename>.bz2</filename>. If the
|
||
local machine name is omitted, it is automatically
|
||
derived from the last component of the URL, with its suffix
|
||
removed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Image verification is identical for raw and tar images
|
||
(see above).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If the downloaded image is in
|
||
<filename>.qcow2</filename> format it is converted into a raw
|
||
image file before it is made available.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Downloaded images of this type will be placed as
|
||
read-only <filename>.raw</filename> file in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. A local, writable
|
||
(reflinked) copy is then made under the specified local
|
||
machine name. To omit creation of the local, writable copy
|
||
pass <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Similar to the behavior of <command>pull-tar</command>,
|
||
the read-only image is prefixed with
|
||
<filename>.raw-</filename>, and thus not shown by
|
||
<command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option>
|
||
is passed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command
|
||
will not abort the download. Use
|
||
<command>cancel-transfer</command>, described
|
||
below.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>import-tar</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
<term><command>import-raw</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Imports a TAR or RAW container or VM image,
|
||
and places it under the specified name in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. When
|
||
<command>import-tar</command> is used, the file specified as
|
||
the first argument should be a tar archive, possibly compressed
|
||
with xz, gzip or bzip2. It will then be unpacked into its own
|
||
subvolume in <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. When
|
||
<command>import-raw</command> is used, the file should be a
|
||
qcow2 or raw disk image, possibly compressed with xz, gzip or
|
||
bzip2. If the second argument (the resulting image name) is
|
||
not specified, it is automatically derived from the file
|
||
name. If the filename is passed as <literal>-</literal>, the
|
||
image is read from standard input, in which case the second
|
||
argument is mandatory.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Optionally, the <option>--read-only</option> switch may be used to create a read-only container or VM
|
||
image. No cryptographic validation is done when importing the images.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Much like image downloads, ongoing imports may be listed
|
||
with <command>list-transfers</command> and aborted with
|
||
<command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>import-fs</command> <replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Imports a container image stored in a local directory into
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, operates similar to <command>import-tar</command> or
|
||
<command>import-raw</command>, but the first argument is the source directory. If supported, this command will
|
||
create btrfs snapshot or subvolume for the new image.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>export-tar</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
<term><command>export-raw</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Exports a TAR or RAW container or VM image and
|
||
stores it in the specified file. The first parameter should be
|
||
a VM or container image name. The second parameter should be a
|
||
file path the TAR or RAW image is written to. If the path ends
|
||
in <literal>.gz</literal>, the file is compressed with gzip, if
|
||
it ends in <literal>.xz</literal>, with xz, and if it ends in
|
||
<literal>.bz2</literal>, with bzip2. If the path ends in
|
||
neither, the file is left uncompressed. If the second argument
|
||
is missing, the image is written to standard output. The
|
||
compression may also be explicitly selected with the
|
||
<option>--format=</option> switch. This is in particular
|
||
useful if the second parameter is left unspecified.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Much like image downloads and imports, ongoing exports
|
||
may be listed with <command>list-transfers</command> and
|
||
aborted with
|
||
<command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that, currently, only directory and subvolume images
|
||
may be exported as TAR images, and only raw disk images as RAW
|
||
images.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>list-transfers</command></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Shows a list of container or VM image
|
||
downloads, imports and exports that are currently in
|
||
progress.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>cancel-transfer</command> <replaceable>ID</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Aborts a download, import or export of the
|
||
container or VM image with the specified ID. To list ongoing
|
||
transfers and their IDs, use
|
||
<command>list-transfers</command>. </para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist></refsect2>
|
||
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The following options are understood:</para>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-p</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--property=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties,
|
||
limit the output to certain properties as specified by the
|
||
argument. If not specified, all set properties are shown. The
|
||
argument should be a property name, such as
|
||
<literal>Name</literal>. If specified more than once, all
|
||
properties with the specified names are
|
||
shown.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-a</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--all</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties, show
|
||
all properties regardless of whether they are set or
|
||
not.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When listing VM or container images, do not suppress
|
||
images beginning in a dot character
|
||
(<literal>.</literal>).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When cleaning VM or container images, remove all images, not just hidden ones.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--value</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>, only print the value,
|
||
and skip the property name and <literal>=</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-l</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--full</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Do not ellipsize process tree entries or table. This implies
|
||
<option>--max-addresses=full</option>.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--kill-who=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose
|
||
which processes to kill. Must be one of
|
||
<option>leader</option>, or <option>all</option> to select
|
||
whether to kill only the leader process of the machine or all
|
||
processes of the machine. If omitted, defaults to
|
||
<option>all</option>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-s</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--signal=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose
|
||
which signal to send to selected processes. Must be one of the
|
||
well-known signal specifiers, such as
|
||
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>, <constant>SIGINT</constant> or
|
||
<constant>SIGSTOP</constant>. If omitted, defaults to
|
||
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--uid=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, chooses the user ID to
|
||
open the interactive shell session as. If the argument to the <command>shell</command>
|
||
command also specifies a user name, this option is ignored. If the name is not specified
|
||
in either way, <literal>root</literal> will be used by default. Note that this switch is
|
||
not supported for the <command>login</command> command (see below).</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-E <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable></option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--setenv=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable></option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, sets an environment
|
||
variable to pass to the executed shell. Takes an environment variable name and value,
|
||
separated by <literal>=</literal>. This switch may be used multiple times to set multiple
|
||
environment variables. Note that this switch is not supported for the
|
||
<command>login</command> command (see below).</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--mkdir</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates the destination file or directory before
|
||
applying the bind mount. Note that even though the name of this option suggests that it is suitable only for
|
||
directories, this option also creates the destination file node to mount over if the object to mount is not
|
||
a directory, but a regular file, device node, socket or FIFO.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--read-only</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates a read-only bind mount.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When used with <command>clone</command>, <command>import-raw</command> or <command>import-tar</command> a
|
||
read-only container or VM image is created.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-n</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--lines=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>,
|
||
controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from
|
||
the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument.
|
||
Defaults to 10.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-o</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--output=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>,
|
||
controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown.
|
||
For the available choices, see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--verify=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image,
|
||
specify whether the image shall be verified before it is made
|
||
available. Takes one of <literal>no</literal>,
|
||
<literal>checksum</literal> and <literal>signature</literal>.
|
||
If <literal>no</literal>, no verification is done. If
|
||
<literal>checksum</literal> is specified, the download is
|
||
checked for integrity after the transfer is complete, but no
|
||
signatures are verified. If <literal>signature</literal> is
|
||
specified, the checksum is verified and the image's signature
|
||
is checked against a local keyring of trustable vendors. It is
|
||
strongly recommended to set this option to
|
||
<literal>signature</literal> if the server and protocol
|
||
support this. Defaults to
|
||
<literal>signature</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--force</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image, and
|
||
a local copy by the specified local machine name already
|
||
exists, delete it first and replace it by the newly downloaded
|
||
image.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--format=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with the <option>export-tar</option>
|
||
or <option>export-raw</option> commands, specifies the
|
||
compression format to use for the resulting file. Takes one of
|
||
<literal>uncompressed</literal>, <literal>xz</literal>,
|
||
<literal>gzip</literal>, <literal>bzip2</literal>. By default,
|
||
the format is determined automatically from the image file
|
||
name passed.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--max-addresses=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with the <option>list-machines</option> command, limits the number of ip
|
||
addresses output for every machine. Defaults to 1. All addresses can be requested with
|
||
<literal>all</literal> as argument to <option>--max-addresses=</option>. If the argument to
|
||
<option>--max-addresses=</option> is less than the actual number of addresses,
|
||
<literal>…</literal>follows the last address.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-q</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--quiet</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Suppresses additional informational output while running.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-M</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--machine=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Connect to
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
running in a local container, to perform the specified operation within
|
||
the container.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-ask-password" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Machine and Image Names</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <command>machinectl</command> tool operates on machines
|
||
and images whose names must be chosen following strict
|
||
rules. Machine names must be suitable for use as host names
|
||
following a conservative subset of DNS and UNIX/Linux
|
||
semantics. Specifically, they must consist of one or more
|
||
non-empty label strings, separated by dots. No leading or trailing
|
||
dots are allowed. No sequences of multiple dots are allowed. The
|
||
label strings may only consist of alphanumeric characters as well
|
||
as the dash and underscore. The maximum length of a machine name
|
||
is 64 characters.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>A special machine with the name <literal>.host</literal>
|
||
refers to the running host system itself. This is useful for execution
|
||
operations or inspecting the host system as well. Note that
|
||
<command>machinectl list</command> will not show this special
|
||
machine unless the <option>--all</option> switch is specified.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Requirements on image names are less strict, however, they must be
|
||
valid UTF-8, must be suitable as file names (hence not be the
|
||
single or double dot, and not include a slash), and may not
|
||
contain control characters. Since many operations search for an
|
||
image by the name of a requested machine, it is recommended to name
|
||
images in the same strict fashion as machines.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>A special image with the name <literal>.host</literal>
|
||
refers to the image of the running host system. It hence
|
||
conceptually maps to the special <literal>.host</literal> machine
|
||
name described above. Note that <command>machinectl
|
||
list-images</command> will not show this special image either, unless
|
||
<option>--all</option> is specified.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Files and Directories</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Machine images are preferably stored in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, but are also searched for
|
||
in <filename>/usr/local/lib/machines/</filename> and
|
||
<filename>/usr/lib/machines/</filename>. For compatibility reasons,
|
||
the directory <filename>/var/lib/container/</filename> is
|
||
searched, too. Note that images stored below
|
||
<filename>/usr</filename> are always considered read-only. It is
|
||
possible to symlink machines images from other directories into
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> to make them available for
|
||
control with <command>machinectl</command>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that some image operations are only supported, efficient or atomic on btrfs file systems.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Disk images are understood by
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
and <command>machinectl</command> in three formats:</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem><para>A simple directory tree, containing the files
|
||
and directories of the container to boot.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Subvolumes (on btrfs file systems), which are
|
||
similar to the simple directories, described above. However,
|
||
they have additional benefits, such as efficient cloning and
|
||
quota reporting.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>"Raw" disk images, i.e. binary images of disks
|
||
with a GPT or MBR partition table. Images of this type are
|
||
regular files with the suffix
|
||
<literal>.raw</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>See
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for more information on image formats, in particular its
|
||
<option>--directory=</option> and <option>--image=</option>
|
||
options.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Examples</title>
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Download an Ubuntu image and open a shell in it</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># machinectl pull-tar https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/trusty/current/trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root.tar.gz
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -M trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This downloads and verifies the specified
|
||
<filename>.tar</filename> image, and then uses
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
to open a shell in it.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Download a Fedora image, set a root password in it, start
|
||
it as service</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># machinectl pull-raw --verify=no https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/27/CloudImages/x86_64/images/Fedora-Cloud-Base-27-1.6.x86_64.raw.xz
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -M Fedora-Cloud-Base-27-1.6.x86_64
|
||
# passwd
|
||
# exit
|
||
# machinectl start Fedora-Cloud-Base-27-1.6.x86_64
|
||
# machinectl login Fedora-Cloud-Base-27-1.6.x86_64</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This downloads the specified <filename>.raw</filename>
|
||
image with verification disabled. Then, a shell is opened in it
|
||
and a root password is set. Afterwards the shell is left, and
|
||
the machine started as system service. With the last command a
|
||
login prompt into the container is requested.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Exports a container image as tar file</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># machinectl export-tar fedora myfedora.tar.xz</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Exports the container <literal>fedora</literal> as an
|
||
xz-compressed tar file <filename>myfedora.tar.xz</filename> into the
|
||
current directory.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Create a new shell session</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># machinectl shell --uid=lennart</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This creates a new shell session on the local host for
|
||
the user ID <literal>lennart</literal>, in a <citerefentry
|
||
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-like
|
||
fashion.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Exit status</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
|
||
otherwise.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="less-variables.xml" />
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>See Also</title>
|
||
<para>
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
</refentry>
|