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systemd/man/systemd.network.xml
Martin Pitt b9fe94cad9 resolved: don't query domain-limited DNS servers for other domains (#3621) 
DNS servers which have route-only domains should only be used for
the specified domains. Routing queries about other domains there is a privacy
violation, prone to fail (as that DNS server was not meant to be used for other
domains), and puts unnecessary load onto that server.

Introduce a new helper function dns_server_limited_domains() that checks if the
DNS server should only be used for some selected domains, i. e. has some
route-only domains without "~.". Use that when determining whether to query it
in the scope, and when writing resolv.conf.

Extend the test_route_only_dns() case to ensure that the DNS server limited to
~company does not appear in resolv.conf. Add test_route_only_dns_all_domains()
to ensure that a server that also has ~. does appear in resolv.conf as global
name server. These reproduce #3420.

Add a new test_resolved_domain_restricted_dns() test case that verifies that
domain-limited DNS servers are only being used for those domains. This
reproduces #3421.

Clarify what a "routing domain" is in the manpage.

Fixes #3420
Fixes #3421
2016-09-30 09:30:08 +02:00

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<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
<!--
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Copyright 2013 Tom Gundersen
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-->
<refentry id="systemd.network" conditional='ENABLE_NETWORKD'>
<refentryinfo>
<title>systemd.network</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<contrib>Developer</contrib>
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
<surname>Gundersen</surname>
<email>teg@jklm.no</email>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>systemd.network</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>systemd.network</refname>
<refpurpose>Network configuration</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<para><filename><replaceable>network</replaceable>.network</filename></para>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para>Network setup is performed by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<para>The main network file must have the extension <filename>.network</filename>; other
extensions are ignored. Networks are applied to links whenever the links appear.</para>
<para>The <filename>.network</filename> files are read from the files located in the system
network directory <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename>, the volatile runtime network
directory <filename>/run/systemd/network</filename> and the local administration network
directory <filename>/etc/systemd/network</filename>. All configuration files are collectively
sorted and processed in lexical order, regardless of the directories in which they live.
However, files with identical filenames replace each other. Files in <filename>/etc</filename>
have the highest priority, files in <filename>/run</filename> take precedence over files with
the same name in <filename>/usr/lib</filename>. This can be used to override a system-supplied
configuration file with a local file if needed. As a special case, an empty file (file size 0)
or symlink with the same name pointing to <filename>/dev/null</filename> disables the
configuration file entirely (it is "masked").</para>
<para>Along with the network file <filename>foo.network</filename>, a "drop-in" directory
<filename>foo.network.d/</filename> may exist. All files with the suffix
<literal>.conf</literal> from this directory will be parsed after the file itself is
parsed. This is useful to alter or add configuration settings, without having to modify the main
configuration file. Each drop-in file must have appropriate section headers.</para>
<para>In addition to <filename>/etc/systemd/network</filename>, drop-in <literal>.d</literal>
directories can be placed in <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename> or
<filename>/run/systemd/network</filename> directories. Drop-in files in
<filename>/etc</filename> take precedence over those in <filename>/run</filename> which in turn
take precedence over those in <filename>/usr/lib</filename>. Drop-in files under any of these
directories take precedence over the main netdev file wherever located. (Of course, since
<filename>/run</filename> is temporary and <filename>/usr/lib</filename> is for vendors, it is
unlikely drop-ins should be used in either of those places.)</para>
<para>Note that an interface without any static IPv6 addresses configured, and neither DHCPv6
nor IPv6LL enabled, shall be considered to have no IPv6 support. IPv6 will be automatically
disabled for that interface by writing "1" to
<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/<replaceable>ifname</replaceable>/disable_ipv6</filename>.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Match] Section Options</title>
<para>The network file contains a <literal>[Match]</literal>
section, which determines if a given network file may be applied
to a given device; and a <literal>[Network]</literal> section
specifying how the device should be configured. The first (in
lexical order) of the network files that matches a given device
is applied, all later files are ignored, even if they match as
well.</para>
<para>A network file is said to match a device if each of the
entries in the <literal>[Match]</literal> section matches, or if
the section is empty. The following keys are accepted:</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MACAddress=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The hardware address of the interface (use full colon-delimited hexadecimal, e.g.,
01:23:45:67:89:ab).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Path=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs
matching the persistent path, as exposed by the udev
property <literal>ID_PATH</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Driver=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs
matching the driver currently bound to the device, as
exposed by the udev property <literal>DRIVER</literal>
of its parent device, or if that is not set the driver
as exposed by <literal>ethtool -i</literal> of the
device itself.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Type=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs
matching the device type, as exposed by the udev property
<literal>DEVTYPE</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Name=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs
matching the device name, as exposed by the udev property
<literal>INTERFACE</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Host=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Matches against the hostname or machine ID of the
host. See <literal>ConditionHost=</literal> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Virtualization=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Checks whether the system is executed in a virtualized
environment and optionally test whether it is a specific
implementation. See <literal>ConditionVirtualization=</literal> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>KernelCommandLine=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Checks whether a specific kernel command line option is
set (or if prefixed with the exclamation mark unset). See
<literal>ConditionKernelCommandLine=</literal> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Architecture=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Checks whether the system is running on a specific
architecture. See <literal>ConditionArchitecture=</literal> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Link] Section Options</title>
<para> The <literal>[Link]</literal> section accepts the following keys:</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MACAddress=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The hardware address to set for the device.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MTUBytes=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The maximum transmission unit in bytes to set for the
device. The usual suffixes K, M, G, are supported and are
understood to the base of 1024.</para>
<para>Note that if IPv6 is enabled on the interface, and the MTU is chosen
below 1280 (the minimum MTU for IPv6) it will automatically be increased to this value.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>ARP=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para> A boolean. Enables or disables the ARP (low-level Address Resolution Protocol)
for this interface. Defaults to unset, which means that the kernel default will be used.</para>
<para> For example, disabling ARP is useful when creating multiple MACVLAN or VLAN virtual
interfaces atop a single lower-level physical interface, which will then only serve as a
link/"bridge" device aggregating traffic to the same physical link and not participate in
the network otherwise.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Network] Section Options</title>
<para>The <literal>[Network]</literal> section accepts the following keys:</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Description=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A description of the device. This is only used for
presentation purposes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DHCP=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Enables DHCPv4 and/or DHCPv6 client support. Accepts
<literal>yes</literal>, <literal>no</literal>,
<literal>ipv4</literal>, or <literal>ipv6</literal>.</para>
<para>Note that DHCPv6 will by default be triggered by Router
Advertisement, if that is enabled, regardless of this parameter.
By enabling DHCPv6 support explicitly, the DHCPv6 client will
be started regardless of the presence of routers on the link,
or what flags the routers pass. See
<literal>IPv6AcceptRA=</literal>.</para>
<para>Furthermore, note that by default the domain name
specified through DHCP is not used for name resolution.
See option <option>UseDomains=</option> below.</para>
<para>See the <literal>[DHCP]</literal> section below for further configuration options for the DHCP client
support.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DHCPServer=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean. Enables DHCPv4 server support. Defaults
to <literal>no</literal>. Further settings for the DHCP
server may be set in the <literal>[DHCPServer]</literal>
section described below.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>LinkLocalAddressing=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Enables link-local address autoconfiguration. Accepts
<literal>yes</literal>, <literal>no</literal>,
<literal>ipv4</literal>, or <literal>ipv6</literal>. Defaults to
<literal>ipv6</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IPv4LLRoute=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean. When true, sets up the route needed for
non-IPv4LL hosts to communicate with IPv4LL-only hosts. Defaults
to false.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IPv6Token=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>An IPv6 address with the top 64 bits unset. When set, indicates the
64-bit interface part of SLAAC IPv6 addresses for this link. Note that
the token is only ever used for SLAAC, and not for DHCPv6 addresses, even
in the case DHCP is requested by router advertisement. By default, the
token is autogenerated.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>LLMNR=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean or <literal>resolve</literal>. When true,
enables <ulink
url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4795">Link-Local
Multicast Name Resolution</ulink> on the link. When set to
<literal>resolve</literal>, only resolution is enabled,
but not host registration and announcement. Defaults to
true. This setting is read by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MulticastDNS=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean or <literal>resolve</literal>. When true,
enables <ulink
url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6762">Multicast
DNS</ulink> support on the link. When set to
<literal>resolve</literal>, only resolution is enabled,
but not host or service registration and
announcement. Defaults to false. This setting is read by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DNSSEC=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean or
<literal>allow-downgrade</literal>. When true, enables
<ulink
url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4033">DNSSEC</ulink>
DNS validation support on the link. When set to
<literal>allow-downgrade</literal>, compatibility with
non-DNSSEC capable networks is increased, by automatically
turning off DNSEC in this case. This option defines a
per-interface setting for
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolved.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
global <varname>DNSSEC=</varname> option. Defaults to
false. This setting is read by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>A space-separated list of DNSSEC negative
trust anchor domains. If specified and DNSSEC is enabled,
look-ups done via the interface's DNS server will be subject
to the list of negative trust anchors, and not require
authentication for the specified domains, or anything below
it. Use this to disable DNSSEC authentication for specific
private domains, that cannot be proven valid using the
Internet DNS hierarchy. Defaults to the empty list. This
setting is read by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>LLDP=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Controls support for Ethernet LLDP packet reception. LLDP is a link-layer protocol commonly
implemented on professional routers and bridges which announces which physical port a system is connected
to, as well as other related data. Accepts a boolean or the special value
<literal>routers-only</literal>. When true, incoming LLDP packets are accepted and a database of all LLDP
neighbors maintained. If <literal>routers-only</literal> is set only LLDP data of various types of routers
is collected and LLDP data about other types of devices ignored (such as stations, telephones and
others). If false, LLDP reception is disabled. Defaults to <literal>routers-only</literal>. Use
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>networkctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to query the
collected neighbor data. LLDP is only available on Ethernet links. See <varname>EmitLLDP=</varname> below
for enabling LLDP packet emission from the local system.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>EmitLLDP=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Controls support for Ethernet LLDP packet emission. Accepts a boolean parameter or the special values
<literal>nearest-bridge</literal>, <literal>non-tpmr-bridge</literal> and
<literal>customer-bridge</literal>. Defaults to false, which turns off LLDP packet emission. If not false,
a short LLDP packet with information about the local system is sent out in regular intervals on the
link. The LLDP packet will contain information about the local host name, the local machine ID (as stored
in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) and the
local interface name, as well as the pretty hostname of the system (as set in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-info</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>). LLDP
emission is only available on Ethernet links. Note that this setting passes data suitable for
identification of host to the network and should thus not be enabled on untrusted networks, where such
identification data should not be made available. Use this option to permit other systems to identify on
which interfaces they are connected to this system. The three special values control propagation of the
LLDP packets. The <literal>nearest-bridge</literal> setting permits propagation only to the nearest
connected bridge, <literal>non-tpmr-bridge</literal> permits propagation across Two-Port MAC Relays, but
not any other bridges, and <literal>customer-bridge</literal> permits propagation until a customer bridge
is reached. For details about these concepts, see <ulink
url="http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.1AB-2009.pdf">IEEE 802.1AB-2009</ulink>. Note that
configuring this setting to true is equivalent to <literal>nearest-bridge</literal>, the recommended and
most restricted level of propagation. See <varname>LLDP=</varname> above for an option to enable LLDP
reception.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>BindCarrier=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A link name or a list of link names. When set, controls the behavior of the current
link. When all links in the list are in an operational down state, the current link is brought
down. When at least one link has carrier, the current interface is brought up.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Address=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A static IPv4 or IPv6 address and its prefix length,
separated by a <literal>/</literal> character. Specify
this key more than once to configure several addresses.
The format of the address must be as described in
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>inet_pton</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This is a short-hand for an [Address] section only
containing an Address key (see below). This option may be
specified more than once.
</para>
<para>If the specified address is 0.0.0.0 (for IPv4) or
[::] (for IPv6), a new address range of the requested size
is automatically allocated from a system-wide pool of
unused ranges. The allocated range is checked against all
current network interfaces and all known network
configuration files to avoid address range conflicts. The
default system-wide pool consists of 192.168.0.0/16,
172.16.0.0/12 and 10.0.0.0/8 for IPv4, and fc00::/7 for
IPv6. This functionality is useful to manage a large
number of dynamically created network interfaces with the
same network configuration and automatic address range
assignment.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Gateway=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The gateway address, which must be in the format
described in
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>inet_pton</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This is a short-hand for a [Route] section only containing
a Gateway key. This option may be specified more than
once.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DNS=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A DNS server address, which must be in the format
described in
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>inet_pton</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This option may be specified more than once. This setting is read by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Domains=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The domains used for DNS host name resolution on this link. Takes a list of DNS domain names which
are used as search suffixes for extending single-label host names (host names containing no dots) to become
fully qualified domain names (FQDNs). If a single-label host name is resolved on this interface, each of
the specified search domains are appended to it in turn, converting it into a fully qualified domain name,
until one of them may be successfully resolved.</para>
<para>The specified domains are also used for routing of DNS queries: look-ups for host names ending in the
domains specified here are preferably routed to the DNS servers configured for this interface. If a domain
name is prefixed with <literal>~</literal>, the domain name becomes a pure "routing" domain, the DNS server
is used for the given domain names only and is not used in the described domain search logic. By specifying a
routing domain of <literal>~.</literal> (the tilde indicating definition of a routing domain, the dot
referring to the DNS root domain which is the implied suffix of all valid DNS names) it is possible to
route all DNS traffic preferably to the DNS server specified for this interface. The route domain logic is
particularly useful on multi-homed hosts with DNS servers serving particular private DNS zones on each
interface.</para>
<para>This setting is read by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>NTP=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>An NTP server address. This option may be specified more than once. This setting is read by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-timesyncd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IPForward=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures IP packet forwarding for the
system. If enabled, incoming packets on any network
interface will be forwarded to any other interfaces
according to the routing table. Takes either a boolean
argument, or the values <literal>ipv4</literal> or
<literal>ipv6</literal>, which only enable IP packet
forwarding for the specified address family. This controls
the <filename>net.ipv4.ip_forward</filename> and
<filename>net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding</filename> sysctl
options of the network interface (see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt">ip-sysctl.txt</ulink>
for details about sysctl options). Defaults to
<literal>no</literal>.</para>
<para>Note: this setting controls a global kernel option,
and does so one way only: if a network that has this setting
enabled is set up the global setting is turned on. However,
it is never turned off again, even after all networks with
this setting enabled are shut down again.</para>
<para>To allow IP packet forwarding only between specific
network interfaces use a firewall.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IPMasquerade=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures IP masquerading for the network
interface. If enabled, packets forwarded from the network
interface will be appear as coming from the local host.
Takes a boolean argument. Implies
<varname>IPForward=ipv4</varname>. Defaults to
<literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IPv6PrivacyExtensions=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures use of stateless temporary
addresses that change over time (see <ulink
url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4941">RFC 4941</ulink>,
Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
in IPv6). Takes a boolean or the special values
<literal>prefer-public</literal> and
<literal>kernel</literal>. When true, enables the privacy
extensions and prefers temporary addresses over public
addresses. When <literal>prefer-public</literal>, enables the
privacy extensions, but prefers public addresses over
temporary addresses. When false, the privacy extensions
remain disabled. When <literal>kernel</literal>, the kernel's
default setting will be left in place. Defaults to
<literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IPv6AcceptRA=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Enable or disable IPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) reception support for the interface. Takes
a boolean parameter. If true, RAs are accepted; if false, RAs are ignored, independently of the local
forwarding state. When not set, the kernel default is used, and RAs are accepted only when local forwarding
is disabled for that interface. When RAs are accepted, they may trigger the start of the DHCPv6 client if
the relevant flags are set in the RA data, or if no routers are found on the link.</para>
<para>Further settings for the IPv6 RA support may be configured in the
<literal>[IPv6AcceptRA]</literal> section, see below.</para>
<para>Also see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt">ip-sysctl.txt</ulink> in the kernel
documentation regarding <literal>accept_ra</literal>, but note that systemd's setting of
<constant>1</constant> (i.e. true) corresponds to kernel's setting of <constant>2</constant>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IPv6DuplicateAddressDetection=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures the amount of IPv6 Duplicate
Address Detection (DAD) probes to send. Defaults to unset.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IPv6HopLimit=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures IPv6 Hop Limit. For each router that
forwards the packet, the hop limit is decremented by 1. When the
hop limit field reaches zero, the packet is discarded.
Defaults to unset.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>ProxyARP=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>A boolean. Configures proxy ARP. Proxy ARP is the technique in which one host,
usually a router, answers ARP requests intended for another machine. By "faking" its identity,
the router accepts responsibility for routing packets to the "real" destination. (see <ulink
url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1027">RFC 1027</ulink>.
Defaults to unset.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Bridge=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of the bridge to add the link to.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Bond=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of the bond to add the link to.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>VRF=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of the VRF to add the link to.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>VLAN=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a VLAN to create on the link. This
option may be specified more than once.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MACVLAN=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a MACVLAN to create on the link. This
option may be specified more than once.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>VXLAN=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a VXLAN to create on the link. This
option may be specified more than once.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Tunnel=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a Tunnel to create on the link. This
option may be specified more than once.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Address] Section Options</title>
<para>An <literal>[Address]</literal> section accepts the
following keys. Specify several <literal>[Address]</literal>
sections to configure several addresses.</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Address=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>As in the <literal>[Network]</literal> section. This
key is mandatory.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Peer=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The peer address in a point-to-point connection.
Accepts the same format as the <literal>Address</literal>
key.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Broadcast=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The broadcast address, which must be in the format
described in
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>inet_pton</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This key only applies to IPv4 addresses. If it is not
given, it is derived from the <literal>Address</literal>
key.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Label=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>An address label.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>PreferredLifetime=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Allows the default "preferred lifetime" of the address to be overridden.
Only three settings are accepted: <literal>forever</literal> or <literal>infinity</literal>
which is the default and means that the address never expires, and <literal>0</literal> which means
that the address is considered immediately "expired" and will not be used,
unless explicitly requested. A setting of PreferredLifetime=0 is useful for
addresses which are added to be used only by a specific application,
which is then configured to use them explicitly.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Route] Section Options</title>
<para>The <literal>[Route]</literal> section accepts the
following keys. Specify several <literal>[Route]</literal>
sections to configure several routes.</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Gateway=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>As in the <literal>[Network]</literal> section.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Destination=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The destination prefix of the route. Possibly
followed by a slash and the prefix length. If omitted, a
full-length host route is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Source=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The source prefix of the route. Possibly followed by
a slash and the prefix length. If omitted, a full-length
host route is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Metric=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The metric of the route (an unsigned integer).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Scope=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The scope of the route, which can be <literal>global</literal>,
<literal>link</literal> or <literal>host</literal>. Defaults to
<literal>global</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>PreferredSource=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred source address of the route. The address
must be in the format described in
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>inet_pton</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Table=<replaceable>num</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The table identifier for the route (a number between 1 and 4294967295, or 0 to unset).
The table can be retrieved using <command>ip route show table <replaceable>num</replaceable></command>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[DHCP] Section Options</title>
<para>The <literal>[DHCP]</literal> section configures the
DHCPv4 and DHCP6 client, if it is enabled with the
<varname>DHCP=</varname> setting described above:</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseDNS=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>When true (the default), the DNS servers received
from the DHCP server will be used and take precedence over
any statically configured ones.</para>
<para>This corresponds to the <option>nameserver</option>
option in <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>resolv.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseNTP=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>When true (the default), the NTP servers received
from the DHCP server will be used by systemd-timesyncd
and take precedence over any statically configured ones.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseMTU=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>When true, the interface maximum transmission unit
from the DHCP server will be used on the current link.
Defaults to false.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>SendHostname=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>When true (the default), the machine's hostname will
be sent to the DHCP server.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseHostname=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>When true (the default), the hostname received from
the DHCP server will be set as the transient hostname of the system
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Hostname=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Use this value for the hostname which is sent to the
DHCP server, instead of machine's hostname.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseDomains=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Takes a boolean argument, or the special value <literal>route</literal>. When true, the domain name
received from the DHCP server will be used as DNS search domain over this link, similar to the effect of
the <option>Domains=</option> setting. If set to <literal>route</literal>, the domain name received from
the DHCP server will be used for routing DNS queries only, but not for searching, similar to the effect of
the <option>Domains=</option> setting when the argument is prefixed with <literal>~</literal>. Defaults to
false.</para>
<para>It is recommended to enable this option only on trusted networks, as setting this affects resolution
of all host names, in particular of single-label names. It is generally safer to use the supplied domain
only as routing domain, rather than as search domain, in order to not have it affect local resolution of
single-label names.</para>
<para>When set to true, this setting corresponds to the <option>domain</option> option in <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>resolv.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseRoutes=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>When true (the default), the static routes will be
requested from the DHCP server and added to the routing
table with a metric of 1024.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseTimezone=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>When true, the timezone received from the
DHCP server will be set as timezone of the local
system. Defaults to <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>CriticalConnection=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>When true, the connection will never be torn down
even if the DHCP lease expires. This is contrary to the
DHCP specification, but may be the best choice if, say,
the root filesystem relies on this connection. Defaults to
false.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>ClientIdentifier=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The DHCPv4 client identifier to use. Either <literal>mac</literal> to use the MAC address of the link
or <literal>duid</literal> (the default, see below) to use an RFC4361-compliant Client ID.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>VendorClassIdentifier=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The vendor class identifier used to identify vendor
type and configuration.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DUIDType=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Override the global <varname>DUIDType</varname> setting for this network. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>networkd.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for a description of possible values.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DUIDRawData=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Override the global <varname>DUIDRawData</varname> setting for this network. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>networkd.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for a description of possible values.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IAID=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The DHCP Identity Association Identifier (IAID) for the interface, a 32-bit unsigned integer.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>RequestBroadcast=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Request the server to use broadcast messages before
the IP address has been configured. This is necessary for
devices that cannot receive RAW packets, or that cannot
receive packets at all before an IP address has been
configured. On the other hand, this must not be enabled on
networks where broadcasts are filtered out.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>RouteMetric=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the routing metric for routes specified by the
DHCP server.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>RouteTable=<replaceable>num</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The table identifier for DHCP routes (a number between 1 and 4294967295, or 0 to unset).
The table can be retrieved using <command>ip route show table <replaceable>num</replaceable></command>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[IPv6AcceptRA] Section Options</title>
<para>The <literal>[IPv6AcceptRA]</literal> section configures the IPv6 Router Advertisement
(RA) client, if it is enabled with the <varname>IPv6AcceptRA=</varname> setting described
above:</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseDNS=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>When true (the default), the DNS servers received in the Router Advertisement will be used and take
precedence over any statically configured ones.</para>
<para>This corresponds to the <option>nameserver</option> option in <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>resolv.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseDomains=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Takes a boolean argument, or the special value <literal>route</literal>. When true, the domain name
received via IPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) will be used as DNS search domain over this link, similar to
the effect of the <option>Domains=</option> setting. If set to <literal>route</literal>, the domain name
received via IPv6 RA will be used for routing DNS queries only, but not for searching, similar to the
effect of the <option>Domains=</option> setting when the argument is prefixed with
<literal>~</literal>. Defaults to false.</para>
<para>It is recommended to enable this option only on trusted networks, as setting this affects resolution
of all host names, in particular of single-label names. It is generally safer to use the supplied domain
only as routing domain, rather than as search domain, in order to not have it affect local resolution of
single-label names.</para>
<para>When set to true, this setting corresponds to the <option>domain</option> option in <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>resolv.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>RouteTable=<replaceable>num</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The table identifier for the routes received in the Router Advertisement
(a number between 1 and 4294967295, or 0 to unset).
The table can be retrieved using <command>ip route show table <replaceable>num</replaceable></command>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[DHCPServer] Section Options</title>
<para>The <literal>[DHCPServer]</literal> section contains
settings for the DHCP server, if enabled via the
<varname>DHCPServer=</varname> option described above:</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>PoolOffset=</varname></term>
<term><varname>PoolSize=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures the pool of addresses to hand out. The pool
is a contiguous sequence of IP addresses in the subnet configured for
the server address, which does not include the subnet nor the broadcast
address. <varname>PoolOffset=</varname> takes the offset of the pool
from the start of subnet, or zero to use the default value.
<varname>PoolSize=</varname> takes the number of IP addresses in the
pool or zero to use the default value. By default, the pool starts at
the first address after the subnet address and takes up the rest of
the subnet, excluding the broadcast address. If the pool includes
the server address (the default), this is reserved and not handed
out to clients.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DefaultLeaseTimeSec=</varname></term>
<term><varname>MaxLeaseTimeSec=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Control the default and maximum DHCP lease
time to pass to clients. These settings take time values in seconds or
another common time unit, depending on the suffix. The default
lease time is used for clients that did not ask for a specific
lease time. If a client asks for a lease time longer than the
maximum lease time, it is automatically shortened to the
specified time. The default lease time defaults to 1h, the
maximum lease time to 12h. Shorter lease times are beneficial
if the configuration data in DHCP leases changes frequently
and clients shall learn the new settings with shorter
latencies. Longer lease times reduce the generated DHCP
network traffic.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>EmitDNS=</varname></term>
<term><varname>DNS=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures whether the DHCP leases handed out
to clients shall contain DNS server information. The
<varname>EmitDNS=</varname> setting takes a boolean argument
and defaults to <literal>yes</literal>. The DNS servers to
pass to clients may be configured with the
<varname>DNS=</varname> option, which takes a list of IPv4
addresses. If the <varname>EmitDNS=</varname> option is
enabled but no servers configured, the servers are
automatically propagated from an "uplink" interface that has
appropriate servers set. The "uplink" interface is determined
by the default route of the system with the highest
priority. Note that this information is acquired at the time
the lease is handed out, and does not take uplink interfaces
into account that acquire DNS or NTP server information at a
later point. DNS server propagation does not take
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> into account. Also, note
that the leases are not refreshed if the uplink network
configuration changes. To ensure clients regularly acquire the
most current uplink DNS server information, it is thus
advisable to shorten the DHCP lease time via
<varname>MaxLeaseTimeSec=</varname> described
above.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>EmitNTP=</varname></term>
<term><varname>NTP=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Similar to the <varname>EmitDNS=</varname> and
<varname>DNS=</varname> settings described above, these
settings configure whether and what NTP server information
shall be emitted as part of the DHCP lease. The same syntax,
propagation semantics and defaults apply as for
<varname>EmitDNS=</varname> and
<varname>DNS=</varname>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>EmitRouter=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Similar to the <varname>EmitDNS=</varname>
setting described above, this setting configures whether the
DHCP lease should contain the router option. The same syntax,
propagation semantics and defaults apply as for
<varname>EmitDNS=</varname>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>EmitTimezone=</varname></term>
<term><varname>Timezone=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures whether the DHCP leases handed out
to clients shall contain timezone information. The
<varname>EmitTimezone=</varname> setting takes a boolean
argument and defaults to <literal>yes</literal>. The
<varname>Timezone=</varname> setting takes a timezone string
(such as <literal>Europe/Berlin</literal> or
<literal>UTC</literal>) to pass to clients. If no explicit
timezone is set, the system timezone of the local host is
propagated, as determined by the
<filename>/etc/localtime</filename> symlink.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Bridge] Section Options</title>
<para>The <literal>[Bridge]</literal> section accepts the
following keys.</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UnicastFlood=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean. Controls whether the bridge should flood
traffic for which an FDB entry is missing and the destination
is unknown through this port. Defaults to on.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>HairPin=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean. Configures whether traffic may be sent back
out of the port on which it was received. By default, this
flag is false, and the bridge will not forward traffic back
out of the receiving port.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>UseBPDU=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean. Configures whether STP Bridge Protocol Data Units will be
processed by the bridge port. Defaults to yes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>FastLeave=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean. This flag allows the bridge to immediately stop multicast
traffic on a port that receives an IGMP Leave message. It is only used with
IGMP snooping if enabled on the bridge. Defaults to off.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>AllowPortToBeRoot=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>A boolean. Configures whether a given port is allowed to
become a root port. Only used when STP is enabled on the bridge.
Defaults to on.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Cost=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Sets the "cost" of sending packets of this interface.
Each port in a bridge may have a different speed and the cost
is used to decide which link to use. Faster interfaces
should have lower costs.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[BridgeFDB] Section Options</title>
<para>The <literal>[BridgeFDB]</literal> section manages the
forwarding database table of a port and accepts the following
keys. Specify several <literal>[BridgeFDB]</literal> sections to
configure several static MAC table entries.</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MACAddress=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>As in the <literal>[Network]</literal> section. This
key is mandatory.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>VLANId=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The VLAN ID for the new static MAC table entry. If
omitted, no VLAN ID info is appended to the new static MAC
table entry.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[BridgeVLAN] Section Options</title>
<para>The <literal>[BridgeVLAN]</literal> section manages the VLAN ID configuration of a bridge port and accepts
the following keys. Specify several <literal>[BridgeVLAN]</literal> sections to configure several VLAN entries.
The <varname>VLANFiltering=</varname> option has to be enabled, see <literal>[Bridge]</literal> section in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.netdev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
<variablelist class='network-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>VLAN=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The VLAN ID allowed on the port. This can be either a single ID or a range M-N. VLAN IDs are valid
from 1 to 4094.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>EgressUntagged=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The VLAN ID specified here will be used to untag frames on egress. Configuring
<varname>EgressUntagged=</varname> implicates the use of <varname>VLAN=</varname> above and will enable the
VLAN ID for ingress as well. This can be either a single ID or a range M-N.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>PVID=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The Port VLAN ID specified here is assigned to all untagged frames at ingress.
<varname>PVID=</varname> can be used only once. Configuring <varname>PVID=</varname> implicates the use of
<varname>VLAN=</varname> above and will enable the VLAN ID for ingress as well.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Example</title>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/50-static.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=enp2s0
[Network]
Address=192.168.0.15/24
Gateway=192.168.0.1</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/80-dhcp.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=en*
[Network]
DHCP=yes</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-static.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=bridge0
[Network]
Address=192.168.0.15/24
Gateway=192.168.0.1
DNS=192.168.0.1</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-slave-interface.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=enp2s0
[Network]
Bridge=bridge0</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-slave-interface-vlan.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=enp2s0
[Network]
Bridge=bridge0
[BridgeVLAN]
VLAN=1-32
PVID=42
EgressUntagged=42
[BridgeVLAN]
VLAN=100-200
[BridgeVLAN]
EgressUntagged=300-400</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-ipip.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=em1
[Network]
Tunnel=ipip-tun</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-sit.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=em1
[Network]
Tunnel=sit-tun</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-gre.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=em1
[Network]
Tunnel=gre-tun</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-vti.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=em1
[Network]
Tunnel=vti-tun</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-bond.network</title>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=bond1
[Network]
DHCP=yes
</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/systemd/network/25-vrf.network</title>
<para>Add the bond1 interface to the VRF master interface vrf-test. This will redirect routes generated on this interface to be within the routing table defined during VRF creation. Traffic won't be redirected towards the VRFs routing table unless specific ip-rules are added.</para>
<programlisting>[Match]
Name=bond1
[Network]
VRF=vrf-test
</programlisting>
</example>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para>
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.link</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.netdev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
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