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494 lines
27 KiB
XML
494 lines
27 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
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<refentry id="systemd-creds"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>systemd-creds</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>systemd-creds</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>systemd-creds</refname>
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<refpurpose>Lists, shows, encrypts and decrypts service credentials</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-creds</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">COMMAND</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para><command>systemd-creds</command> is a tool for listing, showing, encrypting and decrypting unit
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credentials. Credentials are limited-size binary or textual objects that may be passed to unit
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processes. They are primarily used for passing cryptographic keys (both public and private) or
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certificates, user account information or identity information from the host to services.</para>
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<para>Credentials are configured in unit files via the <varname>ImportCredential=</varname>,
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<varname>LoadCredential=</varname>, <varname>SetCredential=</varname>,
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<varname>LoadCredentialEncrypted=</varname>, and <varname>SetCredentialEncrypted=</varname> settings, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
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details.</para>
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<para>For further information see <ulink url="https://systemd.io/CREDENTIALS">System and Service
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Credentials</ulink> documentation.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Commands</title>
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<para>The following commands are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>list</command></term>
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<listitem><para>Show a list of credentials passed into the current execution context. This command
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shows the files in the directory referenced by the <varname>$CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY</varname>
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environment variable, and is intended to be executed from within service context.</para>
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<para>Along with each credential name, the size and security state is shown. The latter is one of
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<literal>secure</literal> (in case the credential is backed by unswappable memory,
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i.e. <literal>ramfs</literal>), <literal>weak</literal> (in case it is backed by any other type of
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memory), or <literal>insecure</literal> (if having any access mode that is not 0400, i.e. if readable
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by anyone but the owner).</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>cat</command> <replaceable>credential...</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Show contents of specified credentials passed into the current execution
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context. Takes one or more credential names, whose contents shall be written to standard
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output.</para>
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<para>When combined with <option>--json=</option> or <option>--transcode=</option> the output is
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transcoded in simple ways before outputting.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>setup</command></term>
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<listitem><para>Generates a host encryption key for credentials, if one has not been generated
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already. This ensures the <filename>/var/lib/systemd/credential.secret</filename> file is initialized
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with a random secret key if it doesn't exist yet. This secret key is used when encrypting/decrypting
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credentials with <command>encrypt</command> or <command>decrypt</command>, and is only accessible to
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the root user. Note that there's typically no need to invoke this command explicitly as it is
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implicitly called when <command>encrypt</command> is invoked, and credential host key encryption
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selected.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>encrypt</command> <replaceable>input|-</replaceable> <replaceable>output|-</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Loads the specified (unencrypted plaintext) input credential file, encrypts it and
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writes the (encrypted ciphertext) output to the specified target credential file. The resulting file
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may be referenced in the <varname>LoadCredentialEncrypted=</varname> setting in unit files, or its
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contents used literally in <varname>SetCredentialEncrypted=</varname> settings.</para>
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<para>Takes two file system paths. The file name part of the output path is embedded as name in the
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encrypted credential, to ensure encrypted credentials cannot be renamed and reused for different
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purposes without this being noticed. The credential name to embed may be overridden with the
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<option>--name=</option> setting. The input or output paths may be specified as <literal>-</literal>,
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in which case the credential data is read from/written to standard input and standard output. If the
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output path is specified as <literal>-</literal> the credential name cannot be derived from the file
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system path, and thus should be specified explicitly via the <option>--name=</option> switch.</para>
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<para>The credential data is encrypted and authenticated symmetrically with one of the following
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encryption keys:</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para>A secret key automatically derived from the system's TPM2 chip. This encryption key
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is not stored on the host system and thus decryption is only possible with access to the original
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TPM2 chip. Or in other words, the credential secured in this way can only be decrypted again by the
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local machine.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A secret key stored in the <filename>/var/lib/systemd/credential.secret</filename>
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file which is only accessible to the root user. This "host" encryption key is stored on the host
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file system, and thus decryption is possible with access to the host file system and sufficient
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privileges. The key is automatically generated when needed, but can also be created explicitly with
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the <command>setup</command> command, see above.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A combination of the above: an encryption key derived from both the TPM2 chip and
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the host file system. This means decryption requires both access to the original TPM2 chip and the
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OS installation. This is the default mode of operation if a TPM2 chip is available and
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<filename>/var/lib/systemd/</filename> resides on persistent media.</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<para>Which of the three keys shall be used for encryption may be configured with the
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<option>--with-key=</option> switch. Depending on the use-case for the encrypted credential the key
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to use may differ. For example, for credentials that shall be accessible from the initrd, encryption
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with the host key is not appropriate, since access to the host key is typically not available from
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the initrd. Thus, for such credentials only the TPM2 key should be used.</para>
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<para>Encrypted credentials are always encoded in Base64.</para>
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<para>Use <command>decrypt</command> (see below) to undo the encryption operation, and acquire the
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decrypted plaintext credential from the encrypted ciphertext credential.</para>
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<para>The credential data is encrypted using AES256-GCM, i.e. providing both confidentiality and
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integrity, keyed by a SHA256 hash of one or both of the secret keys described above.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>decrypt</command> <replaceable>input|-</replaceable>
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<optional><replaceable>output|-</replaceable></optional></term>
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<listitem><para>Undoes the effect of the <command>encrypt</command> operation: loads the specified
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(encrypted ciphertext) input credential file, decrypts and authenticates it and writes the (decrypted
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plaintext) output to the specified target credential file.</para>
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<para>Takes one or two file system paths. The file name part of the input path is compared with the
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credential name embedded in the encrypted file. If it does not match decryption fails. This is done
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in order to ensure that encrypted credentials are not re-purposed without this being detected. The
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credential name to compare with the embedded credential name may also be overridden with the
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<option>--name=</option> switch. If the input path is specified as <literal>-</literal>, the
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encrypted credential is read from standard input. If only one path is specified or the output path
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specified as <literal>-</literal>, the decrypted credential is written to standard output. In this
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mode, the expected name embedded in the credential cannot be derived from the path and should be
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specified explicitly with <option>--name=</option>.</para>
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<para>Decrypting credentials requires access to the original TPM2 chip and/or credentials host key,
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see above. Information about which keys are required is embedded in the encrypted credential data,
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and thus decryption is entirely automatic.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>has-tpm2</command></term>
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<listitem><para>Reports whether the system is equipped with a TPM2 device usable for protecting
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credentials. If a TPM2 device has been discovered, is supported, and is being used by firmware,
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by the OS kernel drivers and by userspace (i.e. systemd) this prints <literal>yes</literal> and exits
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with exit status zero. If no such device is discovered/supported/used, prints
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<literal>no</literal>. Otherwise prints <literal>partial</literal>. In either of these two cases
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exits with non-zero exit status. It also shows four lines indicating separately whether firmware,
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drivers, the system and the kernel discovered/support/use TPM2.</para>
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<para>Combine with <option>--quiet</option> to suppress the output.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--system</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When specified with the <command>list</command> and <command>cat</command> commands
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operates on the credentials passed to system as a whole instead of on those passed to the current
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execution context. This is useful in container environments where credentials may be passed in from
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the container manager.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--transcode=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When specified with the <command>cat</command> or <command>decrypt</command>
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commands, transcodes the output before showing it. Takes one of <literal>base64</literal>,
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<literal>unbase64</literal>, <literal>hex</literal> or <literal>unhex</literal> as argument, in order
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to encode/decode the credential data with Base64 or as series of hexadecimal values.</para>
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<para>Note that this has no effect on the <command>encrypt</command> command, as encrypted
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credentials are unconditionally encoded in Base64.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--newline=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When specified with <command>cat</command> or <command>decrypt</command> controls
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whether to add a trailing newline character to the end of the output if it doesn't end in one,
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anyway. Takes one of <literal>auto</literal>, <literal>yes</literal> or <literal>no</literal>. The
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default mode of <literal>auto</literal> will suffix the output with a single newline character only
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when writing credential data to a TTY.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--pretty</option></term>
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<term><option>-p</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When specified with <command>encrypt</command> controls whether to show the encrypted
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credential as <varname>SetCredentialEncrypted=</varname> setting that may be pasted directly into a
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unit file. Has effect only when used together with <option>--name=</option> and <literal>-</literal>
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as the output file.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--name=</option><replaceable>name</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>When specified with the <command>encrypt</command> command controls the credential
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name to embed in the encrypted credential data. If not specified the name is chosen automatically
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from the filename component of the specified output path. If specified as empty string no
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credential name is embedded in the encrypted credential, and no verification of credential name is
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done when the credential is decrypted.</para>
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<para>When specified with the <command>decrypt</command> command control the credential name to
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validate the credential name embedded in the encrypted credential with. If not specified the name is
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chosen automatically from the filename component of the specified input path. If no credential name
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is embedded in the encrypted credential file (i.e. the <option>--name=</option> with an empty string
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was used when encrypted) the specified name has no effect as no credential name validation is
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done.</para>
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<para>Embedding the credential name in the encrypted credential is done in order to protect against
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reuse of credentials for purposes they weren't originally intended for, under the assumption the
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credential name is chosen carefully to encode its intended purpose.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--timestamp=</option><replaceable>timestamp</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>When specified with the <command>encrypt</command> command controls the timestamp to
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embed into the encrypted credential. Defaults to the current time. Takes a timestamp specification in
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the format described in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<para>When specified with the <command>decrypt</command> command controls the timestamp to use to
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validate the "not-after" timestamp that was configured with <option>--not-after=</option> during
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encryption. If not specified defaults to the current system time.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--not-after=</option><replaceable>timestamp</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>When specified with the <command>encrypt</command> command controls the time when the
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credential shall not be used anymore. This embeds the specified timestamp in the encrypted
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credential. During decryption the timestamp is checked against the current system clock, and if the
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timestamp is in the past the decryption will fail. By default no such timestamp is set. Takes a
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timestamp specification in the format described in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--with-key=</option></term>
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<term><option>-H</option></term>
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<term><option>-T</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When specified with the <command>encrypt</command> command controls the
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encryption/signature key to use. Takes one of <literal>host</literal>, <literal>tpm2</literal>,
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<literal>host+tpm2</literal>, <literal>tpm2-absent</literal>, <literal>auto</literal>,
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<literal>auto-initrd</literal>. See above for details on the three key types. If set to
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<literal>auto</literal> (which is the default) the TPM2 key is used if a TPM2 device is found and not
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running in a container. The host key is used if <filename>/var/lib/systemd/</filename> is on
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persistent media. This means on typical systems the encryption is by default bound to both the TPM2
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chip and the OS installation, and both need to be available to decrypt the credential again. If
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<literal>auto</literal> is selected but neither TPM2 is available (or running in container) nor
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<filename>/var/lib/systemd/</filename> is on persistent media, encryption will fail. If set to
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<literal>tpm2-absent</literal> a fixed zero length key is used (thus, in this mode no confidentiality
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nor authenticity are provided!). This logic is useful to cover for systems that lack a TPM2 chip but
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where credentials shall be generated. Note that decryption of such credentials is refused on systems
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that have a TPM2 chip and where UEFI SecureBoot is enabled (this is done so that such a locked down
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system cannot be tricked into loading a credential generated this way that lacks authentication
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information). If set to <literal>auto-initrd</literal> a TPM2 key is used if a TPM2 is found. If not
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a fixed zero length key is used, equivalent to <literal>tpm2-absent</literal> mode. This option is
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particularly useful to generate credentials files that are encrypted/authenticated against TPM2 where
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available but still work on systems lacking support for this.</para>
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<para>The <option>-H</option> switch is a shortcut for <option>--with-key=host</option>. Similar,
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<option>-T</option> is a shortcut for <option>--with-key=tpm2</option>.</para>
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<para>When encrypting credentials that shall be used in the initrd (where
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<filename>/var/lib/systemd/</filename> is typically not available) make sure to use
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<option>--with-key=auto-initrd</option> mode, to disable binding against the host secret.</para>
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<para>This switch has no effect on the <command>decrypt</command> command, as information on which
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key to use for decryption is included in the encrypted credential already.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--tpm2-device=</option><replaceable>PATH</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls the TPM2 device to use. Expects a device node path referring to the TPM2
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chip (e.g. <filename>/dev/tpmrm0</filename>). Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal>
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may be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a suitable TPM2 device (of
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which there must be exactly one). The special value <literal>list</literal> may be used to enumerate
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all suitable TPM2 devices currently discovered.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option><arg rep="repeat">PCR</arg></term>
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<listitem><para>Configures the TPM2 PCRs (Platform Configuration Registers) to bind the encryption
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key to. Takes a <literal>+</literal> separated list of numeric PCR indexes in the range 0…23. If not
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used, defaults to PCR 7 only. If an empty string is specified, binds the encryption key to no PCRs at
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all. For details about the PCRs available, see the documentation of the switch of the same name for
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptenroll</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--tpm2-public-key=</option><arg>PATH</arg></term>
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<term><option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option><arg rep="repeat">PCR</arg></term>
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<listitem><para>Configures a TPM2 signed PCR policy to bind encryption to, for use with the
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<command>encrypt</command> command. The <option>--tpm2-public-key=</option> option accepts a path to
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a PEM encoded RSA public key, to bind the encryption to. If this is not specified explicitly, but a
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file <filename>tpm2-pcr-public-key.pem</filename> exists in one of the directories
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<filename>/etc/systemd/</filename>, <filename>/run/systemd/</filename>,
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<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/</filename> (searched in this order), it is automatically used. The
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<option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option> option takes a list of TPM2 PCR indexes to bind to (same
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syntax as <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> described above). If not specified defaults to 11 (i.e. this
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binds the policy to any unified kernel image for which a PCR signature can be provided).</para>
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<para>Note the difference between <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> and
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<option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option>: the former binds decryption to the current, specific PCR
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values; the latter binds decryption to any set of PCR values for which a signature by the specified
|
|
public key can be provided. The latter is hence more useful in scenarios where software updates shall
|
|
be possible without losing access to all previously encrypted secrets.</para>
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><option>--tpm2-signature=</option><arg>PATH</arg></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a path to a TPM2 PCR signature file as generated by the
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-measure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
tool and that may be used to allow the <command>decrypt</command> command to decrypt credentials that
|
|
are bound to specific signed PCR values. If this is not specified explicitly, and a credential
|
|
with a signed PCR policy is attempted to be decrypted, a suitable signature file
|
|
<filename>tpm2-pcr-signature.json</filename> is searched for in <filename>/etc/systemd/</filename>,
|
|
<filename>/run/systemd/</filename>, <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/</filename> (in this order) and
|
|
used.</para>
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><option>--quiet</option></term>
|
|
<term><option>-q</option></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used with <command>has-tpm2</command> suppresses the output, and only returns an
|
|
exit status indicating support for TPM2.</para>
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
|
|
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
|
|
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="json" />
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Exit status</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>On success, 0 is returned.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>In case of the <command>has-tpm2</command> command returns 0 if a TPM2 device is discovered,
|
|
supported and used by firmware, driver, and userspace (i.e. systemd). Otherwise returns the OR
|
|
combination of the value 1 (in case firmware support is missing), 2 (in case driver support is missing)
|
|
and 4 (in case userspace support is missing). If no TPM2 support is available at all, value 7 is hence
|
|
returned.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Examples</title>
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>Encrypt a password for use as credential</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The following command line encrypts the specified password <literal>hunter2</literal>, writing the result
|
|
to a file <filename>password.cred</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># echo -n hunter2 | systemd-creds encrypt - password.cred</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This decrypts the file <filename>password.cred</filename> again, revealing the literal password:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># systemd-creds decrypt password.cred
|
|
hunter2</programlisting>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>Encrypt a password and include it in a unit file</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The following command line prompts the user for a password and generates a
|
|
<varname>SetCredentialEncrypted=</varname> line from it for a credential named
|
|
<literal>mysql-password</literal>, suitable for inclusion in a unit file.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># systemd-ask-password -n | systemd-creds encrypt --name=mysql-password -p - -
|
|
🔐 Password: ****
|
|
SetCredentialEncrypted=mysql-password: \
|
|
k6iUCUh0RJCQyvL8k8q1UyAAAAABAAAADAAAABAAAAASfFsBoPLIm/dlDoGAAAAAAAAAA \
|
|
NAAAAAgAAAAAH4AILIOZ3w6rTzYsBy9G7liaCAd4i+Kpvs8mAgArzwuKxd0ABDjgSeO5k \
|
|
mKQc58zM94ZffyRmuNeX1lVHE+9e2YD87KfRFNoDLS7F3YmCb347gCiSk2an9egZ7Y0Xs \
|
|
700Kr6heqQswQEemNEc62k9RJnEl2q7SbcEYguegnPQUATgAIAAsAAAASACA/B90W7E+6 \
|
|
yAR9NgiIJvxr9bpElztwzB5lUJAxtMBHIgAQACCaSV9DradOZz4EvO/LSaRyRSq2Hj0ym \
|
|
gVJk/dVzE8Uxj8H3RbsT7rIBH02CIgm/Gv1ukSXO3DMHmVQkDG0wEciyageTfrVEer8z5 \
|
|
9cUQfM5ynSaV2UjeUWEHuz4fwDsXGLB9eELXLztzUU9nsAyLvs3ZRR+eEK/A==</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The generated line can be pasted 1:1 into a unit file, and will ensure the acquired password will
|
|
be made available in the <varname>$CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY</varname><filename>/mysql-password</filename>
|
|
credential file for the started service.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Utilizing the unit file drop-in logic this can be used to securely pass a password credential to
|
|
a unit. A similar, more comprehensive set of commands to insert a password into a service
|
|
<filename>xyz.service</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/xyz.service.d
|
|
# systemd-ask-password -n | ( echo "[Service]" && systemd-creds encrypt --name=mysql-password -p - - ) >/etc/systemd/system/xyz.service.d/50-password.conf
|
|
# systemctl daemon-reload
|
|
# systemctl restart xyz.service</programlisting>
|
|
</example>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>See Also</title>
|
|
<para><simplelist type="inline">
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-measure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
</simplelist></para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
</refentry>
|