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========================
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PHP Coding Standards
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========================
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# PHP coding standards
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This file lists several standards that any programmer adding or changing
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code in PHP should follow. Since this file was added at a very late
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stage of the development of PHP v3.0, the code base does not fully
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follow it, but new features are going in that general direction. Many
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sections have been recoded to use these rules.
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This file lists several standards that any programmer adding or changing code in
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PHP should follow. Since this file was added at a very late stage of the
|
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development of PHP v3.0, the code base does not fully follow it, but new
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features are going in that general direction. Many sections have been recoded to
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use these rules.
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Code Implementation
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-------------------
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## Code implementation
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0. Document your code in source files and the manual. [tm]
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1. Document your code in source files and the manual. (tm)
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1. Functions that are given pointers to resources should not free them
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2. Functions that are given pointers to resources should not free them.
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For instance, ``function int mail(char *to, char *from)`` should NOT free
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to and/or from.
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For instance, `function int mail(char *to, char *from)` should NOT free to
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and/or from.
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Exceptions:
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Exceptions:
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- The function's designated behavior is freeing that resource. E.g. efree()
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* The function's designated behavior is freeing that resource. E.g.
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`efree()`
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- The function is given a boolean argument, that controls whether or not
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the function may free its arguments (if true - the function must free its
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arguments, if false - it must not)
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* The function is given a boolean argument, that controls whether or not the
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function may free its arguments (if true - the function must free its
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arguments, if false - it must not)
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- Low-level parser routines, that are tightly integrated with the token
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cache and the bison code for minimum memory copying overhead.
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* Low-level parser routines, that are tightly integrated with the token
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cache and the bison code for minimum memory copying overhead.
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2. Functions that are tightly integrated with other functions within the
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same module, and rely on each other non-trivial behavior, should be
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documented as such and declared 'static'. They should be avoided if
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possible.
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3. Functions that are tightly integrated with other functions within the same
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module, and rely on each other non-trivial behavior, should be documented as
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such and declared `static`. They should be avoided if possible.
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3. Use definitions and macros whenever possible, so that constants have
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meaningful names and can be easily manipulated. The only exceptions
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to this rule are 0 and 1, when used as false and true (respectively).
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Any other use of a numeric constant to specify different behavior
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or actions should be done through a #define.
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4. Use definitions and macros whenever possible, so that constants have
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meaningful names and can be easily manipulated. The only exceptions to this
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rule are 1 and 2, when used as `false` and `true` (respectively). Any other
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use of a numeric constant to specify different behavior or actions should be
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done through a `#define`.
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4. When writing functions that deal with strings, be sure to remember
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that PHP holds the length property of each string, and that it
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shouldn't be calculated with strlen(). Write your functions in such
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a way so that they'll take advantage of the length property, both
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for efficiency and in order for them to be binary-safe.
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Functions that change strings and obtain their new lengths while
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doing so, should return that new length, so it doesn't have to be
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recalculated with strlen() (e.g. php_addslashes())
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5. When writing functions that deal with strings, be sure to remember that PHP
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holds the length property of each string, and that it shouldn't be
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calculated with `strlen()`. Write your functions in such a way so that
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they'll take advantage of the length property, both for efficiency and in
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order for them to be binary-safe. Functions that change strings and obtain
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their new lengths while doing so, should return that new length, so it
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doesn't have to be recalculated with `strlen()` (e.g. `php_addslashes()`).
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5. NEVER USE strncat(). If you're absolutely sure you know what you're doing,
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6. NEVER USE `strncat()`. If you're absolutely sure you know what you're doing,
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check its man page again, and only then, consider using it, and even then,
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try avoiding it.
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6. Use ``PHP_*`` macros in the PHP source, and ``ZEND_*`` macros in the Zend
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part of the source. Although the ``PHP_*`` macro's are mostly aliased to the
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``ZEND_*`` macros it gives a better understanding on what kind of macro
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you're calling.
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7. Use `PHP_*` macros in the PHP source, and `ZEND_*` macros in the Zend part of
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the source. Although the `PHP_*` macros are mostly aliased to the `ZEND_*`
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macros it gives a better understanding on what kind of macro you're calling.
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7. When commenting out code using a #if statement, do NOT use 0 only. Instead
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use "<git username here>_0". For example, #if FOO_0, where FOO is your
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git user foo. This allows easier tracking of why code was commented out,
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especially in bundled libraries.
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8. When commenting out code using a `#if` statement, do NOT use `0` only.
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Instead use `"<git username here>_0"`. For example, `#if FOO_0`, where `FOO`
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is your git user `foo`. This allows easier tracking of why code was
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commented out, especially in bundled libraries.
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8. Do not define functions that are not available. For instance, if a
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library is missing a function, do not define the PHP version of the
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function, and do not raise a run-time error about the function not
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existing. End users should use function_exists() to test for the
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existence of a function
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9. Do not define functions that are not available. For instance, if a library is
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missing a function, do not define the PHP version of the function, and do
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not raise a run-time error about the function not existing. End users should
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use `function_exists()` to test for the existence of a function.
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9. Prefer emalloc(), efree(), estrdup(), etc. to their standard C library
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counterparts. These functions implement an internal "safety-net"
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mechanism that ensures the deallocation of any unfreed memory at the
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end of a request. They also provide useful allocation and overflow
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information while running in debug mode.
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10. Prefer `emalloc()`, `efree()`, `estrdup()`, etc. to their standard C library
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counterparts. These functions implement an internal "safety-net" mechanism
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that ensures the deallocation of any unfreed memory at the end of a request.
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They also provide useful allocation and overflow information while running
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in debug mode.
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In almost all cases, memory returned to the engine must be allocated
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using emalloc().
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In almost all cases, memory returned to the engine must be allocated using
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`emalloc()`.
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The use of malloc() should be limited to cases where a third-party
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library may need to control or free the memory, or when the memory in
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question needs to survive between multiple requests.
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The use of `malloc()` should be limited to cases where a third-party library
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may need to control or free the memory, or when the memory in question needs
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to survive between multiple requests.
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User Functions/Methods Naming Conventions
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------------------
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## User functions/methods naming conventions
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1. Function names for user-level functions should be enclosed with in
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the PHP_FUNCTION() macro. They should be in lowercase, with words
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underscore delimited, with care taken to minimize the letter count.
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Abbreviations should not be used when they greatly decrease the
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readability of the function name itself::
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1. Function names for user-level functions should be enclosed with in the
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`PHP_FUNCTION()` macro. They should be in lowercase, with words underscore
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delimited, with care taken to minimize the letter count. Abbreviations
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should not be used when they greatly decrease the readability of the
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function name itself:
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Good:
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'str_word_count'
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'array_key_exists'
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```php
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str_word_count
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array_key_exists
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```
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Ok:
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'date_interval_create_from_date_string'
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(could be 'date_intvl_create_from_date_str'?)
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'get_html_translation_table'
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(could be 'html_get_trans_table'?)
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```php
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date_interval_create_from_date_string
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// Could be 'date_intvl_create_from_date_str'?
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get_html_translation_table()
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// Could be 'html_get_trans_table'?
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```
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Bad:
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'hw_GetObjectByQueryCollObj'
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'pg_setclientencoding'
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'jf_n_s_i'
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2. If they are part of a "parent set" of functions, that parent should
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be included in the user function name, and should be clearly related
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to the parent program or function family. This should be in the form
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of ``parent_*``::
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```php
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hw_GetObjectByQueryCollObj
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pg_setclientencoding
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jf_n_s_i
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```
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A family of 'foo' functions, for example:
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2. If they are part of a "parent set" of functions, that parent should be
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included in the user function name, and should be clearly related to the
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parent program or function family. This should be in the form of `parent_*`:
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A family of `foo` functions, for example:
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Good:
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'foo_select_bar'
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'foo_insert_baz'
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'foo_delete_baz'
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```php
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foo_select_bar
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foo_insert_baz
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foo_delete_baz
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```
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Bad:
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'fooselect_bar'
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'fooinsertbaz'
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'delete_foo_baz'
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3. Function names used by user functions should be prefixed
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with ``_php_``, and followed by a word or an underscore-delimited list of
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words, in lowercase letters, that describes the function. If applicable,
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they should be declared 'static'.
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```php
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fooselect_bar
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fooinsertbaz
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delete_foo_baz
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```
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4. Variable names must be meaningful. One letter variable names must be
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avoided, except for places where the variable has no real meaning or
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a trivial meaning (e.g. for (i=0; i<100; i++) ...).
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3. Function names used by user functions should be prefixed with `_php_`, and
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followed by a word or an underscore-delimited list of words, in lowercase
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letters, that describes the function. If applicable, they should be declared
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`static`.
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5. Variable names should be in lowercase. Use underscores to separate
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between words.
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4. Variable names must be meaningful. One letter variable names must be avoided,
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except for places where the variable has no real meaning or a trivial
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meaning (e.g. `for (i=0; i<100; i++) ...`).
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6. Method names follow the 'studlyCaps' (also referred to as 'bumpy case'
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or 'camel caps') naming convention, with care taken to minimize the
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letter count. The initial letter of the name is lowercase, and each
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letter that starts a new 'word' is capitalized::
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5. Variable names should be in lowercase. Use underscores to separate between
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words.
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6. Method names follow the *studlyCaps* (also referred to as *bumpy case* or
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*camel caps*) naming convention, with care taken to minimize the letter
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count. The initial letter of the name is lowercase, and each letter that
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starts a new `word` is capitalized:
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Good:
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'connect()'
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'getData()'
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'buildSomeWidget()'
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```php
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connect()
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getData()
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buildSomeWidget()
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```
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Bad:
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'get_Data()'
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'buildsomewidget'
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'getI()'
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7. Class names should be descriptive nouns in PascalCase and as short as
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```php
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get_Data()
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buildsomewidget()
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getI()
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```
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7. Class names should be descriptive nouns in *PascalCase* and as short as
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possible. Each word in the class name should start with a capital letter,
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without underscore delimiters. The class name should be prefixed with the
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name of the "parent set" (e.g. the name of the extension) if no namespaces
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@ -162,161 +175,168 @@ User Functions/Methods Naming Conventions
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not allowed if they are not widely adopted and recognized as such.
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Good:
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'Curl'
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'CurlResponse'
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'HTTPStatusCode'
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'URL'
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'BTreeMap' (B-tree Map)
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'Id' (Identifier)
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'ID' (Identity Document)
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'Char' (Character)
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'Intl' (Internationalization)
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'Radar' (Radio Detecting and Ranging)
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```php
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Curl
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CurlResponse
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HTTPStatusCode
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URL
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BTreeMap // B-tree Map
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Id // Identifier
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ID // Identity Document
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Char // Character
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Intl // Internationalization
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Radar // Radio Detecting and Ranging
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```
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Bad:
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'curl'
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'curl_response'
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'HttpStatusCode'
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'Url'
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'BtreeMap'
|
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'ID' (Identifier)
|
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'CHAR'
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'INTL'
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'RADAR' (Radio Detecting and Ranging)
|
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Internal Function Naming Conventions
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----------------------
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```php
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curl
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curl_response
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HttpStatusCode
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Url
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BtreeMap
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ID // Identifier
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CHAR
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INTL
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RADAR // Radio Detecting and Ranging
|
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```
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1. Functions that are part of the external API should be named
|
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'php_modulename_function()' to avoid symbol collision. They should be in
|
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lowercase, with words underscore delimited. Exposed API must be defined
|
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in 'php_modulename.h'.
|
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## Internal function naming conventions
|
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|
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1. Functions that are part of the external API should be named
|
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`php_modulename_function()` to avoid symbol collision. They should be in
|
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lowercase, with words underscore delimited. Exposed API must be defined in
|
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`php_modulename.h`.
|
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|
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```c
|
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PHPAPI char *php_session_create_id(PS_CREATE_SID_ARGS);
|
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```
|
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|
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Unexposed module function should be static and should not be defined in
|
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'php_modulename.h'.
|
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`php_modulename.h`.
|
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|
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```c
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static int php_session_destroy()
|
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```
|
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2. Main module source file must be named 'modulename.c'.
|
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2. Main module source file must be named `modulename.c`.
|
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|
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3. Header file that is used by other sources must be named 'php_modulename.h'.
|
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3. Header file that is used by other sources must be named `php_modulename.h`.
|
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## Syntax and indentation
|
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Syntax and indentation
|
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----------------------
|
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1. Never use C++ style comments (i.e. `//` comment). Always use C-style comments
|
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instead. PHP is written in C, and is aimed at compiling under any ANSI-C
|
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compliant compiler. Even though many compilers accept C++-style comments in
|
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C code, you have to ensure that your code would compile with other compilers
|
||||
as well. The only exception to this rule is code that is Win32-specific,
|
||||
because the Win32 port is MS-Visual C++ specific, and this compiler is known
|
||||
to accept C++-style comments in C code.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Never use C++ style comments (i.e. // comment). Always use C-style
|
||||
comments instead. PHP is written in C, and is aimed at compiling
|
||||
under any ANSI-C compliant compiler. Even though many compilers
|
||||
accept C++-style comments in C code, you have to ensure that your
|
||||
code would compile with other compilers as well.
|
||||
The only exception to this rule is code that is Win32-specific,
|
||||
because the Win32 port is MS-Visual C++ specific, and this compiler
|
||||
is known to accept C++-style comments in C code.
|
||||
2. Use K&R-style. Of course, we can't and don't want to force anybody to use a
|
||||
style he or she is not used to, but, at the very least, when you write code
|
||||
that goes into the core of PHP or one of its standard modules, please
|
||||
maintain the K&R style. This applies to just about everything, starting with
|
||||
indentation and comment styles and up to function declaration syntax. Also
|
||||
see [Indentstyle](http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/I/indent-style.html).
|
||||
|
||||
2. Use K&R-style. Of course, we can't and don't want to
|
||||
force anybody to use a style he or she is not used to, but,
|
||||
at the very least, when you write code that goes into the core
|
||||
of PHP or one of its standard modules, please maintain the K&R
|
||||
style. This applies to just about everything, starting with
|
||||
indentation and comment styles and up to function declaration
|
||||
syntax. Also see Indentstyle.
|
||||
|
||||
Indentstyle: http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/I/indent-style.html
|
||||
|
||||
3. Be generous with whitespace and braces. Keep one empty line between the
|
||||
3. Be generous with whitespace and braces. Keep one empty line between the
|
||||
variable declaration section and the statements in a block, as well as
|
||||
between logical statement groups in a block. Maintain at least one empty
|
||||
line between two functions, preferably two. Always prefer::
|
||||
between logical statement groups in a block. Maintain at least one empty
|
||||
line between two functions, preferably two. Always prefer:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
if (foo) {
|
||||
bar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
to:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
if(foo)bar;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
4. When indenting, use the tab character. A tab is expected to represent
|
||||
four spaces. It is important to maintain consistency in indenture so
|
||||
that definitions, comments, and control structures line up correctly.
|
||||
4. When indenting, use the tab character. A tab is expected to represent four
|
||||
spaces. It is important to maintain consistency in indenture so that
|
||||
definitions, comments, and control structures line up correctly.
|
||||
|
||||
5. Preprocessor statements (#if and such) MUST start at column one. To
|
||||
indent preprocessor directives you should put the # at the beginning
|
||||
of a line, followed by any number of whitespace.
|
||||
5. Preprocessor statements (`#if` and such) MUST start at column one. To indent
|
||||
preprocessor directives you should put the `#` at the beginning of a line,
|
||||
followed by any number of whitespace.
|
||||
|
||||
Testing
|
||||
-------
|
||||
## Testing
|
||||
|
||||
1. Extensions should be well tested using *.phpt tests. Read about that
|
||||
at https://qa.php.net/write-test.php.
|
||||
1. Extensions should be well tested using `*.phpt` tests. Read about that at
|
||||
[qa.php.net](https://qa.php.net/write-test.php) documentation.
|
||||
|
||||
Documentation and Folding Hooks
|
||||
-------------------------------
|
||||
## Documentation and folding hooks
|
||||
|
||||
In order to make sure that the online documentation stays in line with
|
||||
the code, each user-level function should have its user-level function
|
||||
prototype before it along with a brief one-line description of what the
|
||||
function does. It would look like this::
|
||||
In order to make sure that the online documentation stays in line with the code,
|
||||
each user-level function should have its user-level function prototype before it
|
||||
along with a brief one-line description of what the function does. It would look
|
||||
like this:
|
||||
|
||||
/* {{{ proto int abs(int number)
|
||||
Returns the absolute value of the number */
|
||||
PHP_FUNCTION(abs)
|
||||
{
|
||||
...
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* }}} */
|
||||
```c
|
||||
/* {{{ proto int abs(int number)
|
||||
Returns the absolute value of the number */
|
||||
PHP_FUNCTION(abs)
|
||||
{
|
||||
...
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* }}} */
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The {{{ symbols are the default folding symbols for the folding mode in
|
||||
Emacs and vim (set fdm=marker). Folding is very useful when dealing with
|
||||
large files because you can scroll through the file quickly and just unfold
|
||||
the function you wish to work on. The }}} at the end of each function marks
|
||||
the end of the fold, and should be on a separate line.
|
||||
The `{{{` symbols are the default folding symbols for the folding mode in Emacs
|
||||
and vim (`set fdm=marker`). Folding is very useful when dealing with large files
|
||||
because you can scroll through the file quickly and just unfold the function you
|
||||
wish to work on. The `}}}` at the end of each function marks the end of the
|
||||
fold, and should be on a separate line.
|
||||
|
||||
The "proto" keyword there is just a helper for the doc/genfuncsummary script
|
||||
which generates a full function summary. Having this keyword in front of the
|
||||
The `proto` keyword there is just a helper for the `doc/genfuncsummary` script
|
||||
which generates a full function summary. Having this keyword in front of the
|
||||
function prototypes allows us to put folds elsewhere in the code without
|
||||
messing up the function summary.
|
||||
|
||||
Optional arguments are written like this::
|
||||
Optional arguments are written like this:
|
||||
|
||||
/* {{{ proto object imap_header(int stream_id, int msg_no [, int from_length [, int subject_length [, string default_host]]])
|
||||
Returns a header object with the defined parameters */
|
||||
```c
|
||||
/* {{{ proto object imap_header(int stream_id, int msg_no [, int from_length [, int subject_length [, string default_host]]])
|
||||
Returns a header object with the defined parameters */
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And yes, please keep the prototype on a single line, even if that line
|
||||
is massive.
|
||||
And yes, please keep the prototype on a single line, even if that line is
|
||||
massive.
|
||||
|
||||
New and Experimental Functions
|
||||
-----------------------------------
|
||||
To reduce the problems normally associated with the first public
|
||||
implementation of a new set of functions, it has been suggested
|
||||
that the first implementation include a file labeled 'EXPERIMENTAL'
|
||||
in the function directory, and that the functions follow the
|
||||
standard prefixing conventions during their initial implementation.
|
||||
## New and experimental functions
|
||||
|
||||
The file labelled 'EXPERIMENTAL' should include the following
|
||||
information::
|
||||
To reduce the problems normally associated with the first public implementation
|
||||
of a new set of functions, it has been suggested that the first implementation
|
||||
include a file labeled `EXPERIMENTAL` in the function directory, and that the
|
||||
functions follow the standard prefixing conventions during their initial
|
||||
implementation.
|
||||
|
||||
Any authoring information (known bugs, future directions of the module).
|
||||
Ongoing status notes which may not be appropriate for Git comments.
|
||||
The file labelled `EXPERIMENTAL` should include the following information:
|
||||
|
||||
In general new features should go to PECL or experimental branches until
|
||||
there are specific reasons for directly adding it to the core distribution.
|
||||
* Any authoring information (known bugs, future directions of the module).
|
||||
* Ongoing status notes which may not be appropriate for Git comments.
|
||||
|
||||
Aliases & Legacy Documentation
|
||||
-----------------------------------
|
||||
You may also have some deprecated aliases with close to duplicate
|
||||
names, for example, somedb_select_result and somedb_selectresult. For
|
||||
documentation purposes, these will only be documented by the most
|
||||
current name, with the aliases listed in the documentation for
|
||||
the parent function. For ease of reference, user-functions with
|
||||
completely different names, that alias to the same function (such as
|
||||
highlight_file and show_source), will be separately documented. The
|
||||
proto should still be included, describing which function is aliased.
|
||||
In general new features should go to PECL or experimental branches until there
|
||||
are specific reasons for directly adding it to the core distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
Backwards compatible functions and names should be maintained as long
|
||||
as the code can be reasonably be kept as part of the codebase. See the
|
||||
README in the PHP documentation repository for more information on
|
||||
documentation.
|
||||
## Aliases & legacy documentation
|
||||
|
||||
You may also have some deprecated aliases with close to duplicate names, for
|
||||
example, `somedb_select_result` and `somedb_selectresult`. For documentation
|
||||
purposes, these will only be documented by the most current name, with the
|
||||
aliases listed in the documentation for the parent function. For ease of
|
||||
reference, user-functions with completely different names, that alias to the
|
||||
same function (such as `highlight_file` and `show_source`), will be separately
|
||||
documented. The proto should still be included, describing which function is
|
||||
aliased.
|
||||
|
||||
Backwards compatible functions and names should be maintained as long as the
|
||||
code can be reasonably be kept as part of the codebase. See the `README` in the
|
||||
PHP documentation repository for more information on documentation.
|
||||
|
@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ included.
|
||||
|
||||
## Checklist for submitting contribution
|
||||
|
||||
- Read [CODING_STANDARDS](/CODING_STANDARDS) before you start working.
|
||||
- Read [Coding standards](/CODING_STANDARDS.md) before you start working.
|
||||
- Update git source just before running your final `diff` and before testing.
|
||||
- Add in-line comments and/or have external documentation ready. Use only
|
||||
`/* */` style comments, not `//`.
|
||||
|
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ See further documents in the repository for more information on how to
|
||||
contribute:
|
||||
|
||||
- [Contributing to PHP](/CONTRIBUTING.md)
|
||||
- [PHP coding standards](/CODING_STANDARDS)
|
||||
- [PHP coding standards](/CODING_STANDARDS.md)
|
||||
- [Mailinglist rules](/docs/mailinglist-rules.md)
|
||||
- [PHP release process](/docs/release-process.md)
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ SOURCE AND HEADER FILE NAME
|
||||
|
||||
php_extension_name_function()
|
||||
|
||||
See also CODING_STANDARDS.
|
||||
See also CODING_STANDARDS.md.
|
||||
|
||||
OPTIONS
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ PHPAPI size_t php_printf(const char *format, ...)
|
||||
/* php_verror is called from php_error_docref<n> functions.
|
||||
* Its purpose is to unify error messages and automatically generate clickable
|
||||
* html error messages if correcponding ini setting (html_errors) is activated.
|
||||
* See: CODING_STANDARDS for details.
|
||||
* See: CODING_STANDARDS.md for details.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
PHPAPI ZEND_COLD void php_verror(const char *docref, const char *params, int type, const char *format, va_list args)
|
||||
{
|
||||
@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ PHPAPI ZEND_COLD void php_verror(const char *docref, const char *params, int typ
|
||||
/* }}} */
|
||||
|
||||
/* {{{ php_error_docref0 */
|
||||
/* See: CODING_STANDARDS for details. */
|
||||
/* See: CODING_STANDARDS.md for details. */
|
||||
PHPAPI ZEND_COLD void php_error_docref0(const char *docref, int type, const char *format, ...)
|
||||
{
|
||||
va_list args;
|
||||
@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@ PHPAPI ZEND_COLD void php_error_docref0(const char *docref, int type, const char
|
||||
/* }}} */
|
||||
|
||||
/* {{{ php_error_docref1 */
|
||||
/* See: CODING_STANDARDS for details. */
|
||||
/* See: CODING_STANDARDS.md for details. */
|
||||
PHPAPI ZEND_COLD void php_error_docref1(const char *docref, const char *param1, int type, const char *format, ...)
|
||||
{
|
||||
va_list args;
|
||||
@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@ PHPAPI ZEND_COLD void php_error_docref1(const char *docref, const char *param1,
|
||||
/* }}} */
|
||||
|
||||
/* {{{ php_error_docref2 */
|
||||
/* See: CODING_STANDARDS for details. */
|
||||
/* See: CODING_STANDARDS.md for details. */
|
||||
PHPAPI ZEND_COLD void php_error_docref2(const char *docref, const char *param1, const char *param2, int type, const char *format, ...)
|
||||
{
|
||||
char *params;
|
||||
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user