openssh/sshconnect2.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000 Markus Friedl.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include "includes.h"
RCSID("$OpenBSD: sshconnect2.c,v 1.121 2003/08/22 10:56:09 markus Exp $");

#ifdef KRB5
#include <krb5.h>
#ifndef HEIMDAL
#define krb5_get_err_text(context,code) error_message(code)
#endif /* !HEIMDAL */
#endif

#include "openbsd-compat/sys-queue.h"

#include "ssh.h"
#include "ssh2.h"
#include "xmalloc.h"
#include "buffer.h"
#include "packet.h"
#include "compat.h"
#include "bufaux.h"
#include "cipher.h"
#include "kex.h"
#include "myproposal.h"
#include "sshconnect.h"
#include "authfile.h"
#include "dh.h"
#include "authfd.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "readconf.h"
#include "readpass.h"
#include "match.h"
#include "dispatch.h"
#include "canohost.h"
#include "msg.h"
#include "pathnames.h"

#ifdef GSSAPI
#include "ssh-gss.h"
#endif

/* import */
extern char *client_version_string;
extern char *server_version_string;
extern Options options;

/*
 * SSH2 key exchange
 */

u_char *session_id2 = NULL;
u_int session_id2_len = 0;

char *xxx_host;
struct sockaddr *xxx_hostaddr;

Kex *xxx_kex = NULL;

static int
verify_host_key_callback(Key *hostkey)
{
	if (verify_host_key(xxx_host, xxx_hostaddr, hostkey) == -1)
		fatal("Host key verification failed.");
	return 0;
}

void
ssh_kex2(char *host, struct sockaddr *hostaddr)
{
	Kex *kex;

	xxx_host = host;
	xxx_hostaddr = hostaddr;

	if (options.ciphers == (char *)-1) {
		logit("No valid ciphers for protocol version 2 given, using defaults.");
		options.ciphers = NULL;
	}
	if (options.ciphers != NULL) {
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_ENC_ALGS_CTOS] =
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_ENC_ALGS_STOC] = options.ciphers;
	}
	myproposal[PROPOSAL_ENC_ALGS_CTOS] =
	    compat_cipher_proposal(myproposal[PROPOSAL_ENC_ALGS_CTOS]);
	myproposal[PROPOSAL_ENC_ALGS_STOC] =
	    compat_cipher_proposal(myproposal[PROPOSAL_ENC_ALGS_STOC]);
	if (options.compression) {
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_COMP_ALGS_CTOS] =
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_COMP_ALGS_STOC] = "zlib,none";
	} else {
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_COMP_ALGS_CTOS] =
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_COMP_ALGS_STOC] = "none,zlib";
	}
	if (options.macs != NULL) {
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_MAC_ALGS_CTOS] =
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_MAC_ALGS_STOC] = options.macs;
	}
	if (options.hostkeyalgorithms != NULL)
		myproposal[PROPOSAL_SERVER_HOST_KEY_ALGS] =
		    options.hostkeyalgorithms;

	if (options.rekey_limit)
		packet_set_rekey_limit(options.rekey_limit);

	/* start key exchange */
	kex = kex_setup(myproposal);
	kex->kex[KEX_DH_GRP1_SHA1] = kexdh_client;
	kex->kex[KEX_DH_GEX_SHA1] = kexgex_client;
	kex->client_version_string=client_version_string;
	kex->server_version_string=server_version_string;
	kex->verify_host_key=&verify_host_key_callback;

	xxx_kex = kex;

	dispatch_run(DISPATCH_BLOCK, &kex->done, kex);

	session_id2 = kex->session_id;
	session_id2_len = kex->session_id_len;

#ifdef DEBUG_KEXDH
	/* send 1st encrypted/maced/compressed message */
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_IGNORE);
	packet_put_cstring("markus");
	packet_send();
	packet_write_wait();
#endif
}

/*
 * Authenticate user
 */

typedef struct Authctxt Authctxt;
typedef struct Authmethod Authmethod;
typedef struct identity Identity;
typedef struct idlist Idlist;

struct identity {
	TAILQ_ENTRY(identity) next;
	AuthenticationConnection *ac;	/* set if agent supports key */
	Key	*key;			/* public/private key */
	char	*filename;		/* comment for agent-only keys */
	int	tried;
	int	isprivate;		/* key points to the private key */
};
TAILQ_HEAD(idlist, identity);

struct Authctxt {
	const char *server_user;
	const char *local_user;
	const char *host;
	const char *service;
	Authmethod *method;
	int success;
	char *authlist;
	/* pubkey */
	Idlist keys;
	AuthenticationConnection *agent;
	/* hostbased */
	Sensitive *sensitive;
	/* kbd-interactive */
	int info_req_seen;
	/* generic */
	void *methoddata;
};
struct Authmethod {
	char	*name;		/* string to compare against server's list */
	int	(*userauth)(Authctxt *authctxt);
	int	*enabled;	/* flag in option struct that enables method */
	int	*batch_flag;	/* flag in option struct that disables method */
};

void	input_userauth_success(int, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_userauth_failure(int, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_userauth_banner(int, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_userauth_error(int, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_userauth_info_req(int, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_userauth_pk_ok(int, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_userauth_passwd_changereq(int, u_int32_t, void *);

int	userauth_none(Authctxt *);
int	userauth_pubkey(Authctxt *);
int	userauth_passwd(Authctxt *);
int	userauth_kbdint(Authctxt *);
int	userauth_hostbased(Authctxt *);
int	userauth_kerberos(Authctxt *);

#ifdef GSSAPI
int	userauth_gssapi(Authctxt *authctxt);
void	input_gssapi_response(int type, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_gssapi_token(int type, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_gssapi_hash(int type, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_gssapi_error(int, u_int32_t, void *);
void	input_gssapi_errtok(int, u_int32_t, void *);
#endif

void	userauth(Authctxt *, char *);

static int sign_and_send_pubkey(Authctxt *, Identity *);
static void pubkey_prepare(Authctxt *);
static void pubkey_cleanup(Authctxt *);
static Key *load_identity_file(char *);

static Authmethod *authmethod_get(char *authlist);
static Authmethod *authmethod_lookup(const char *name);
static char *authmethods_get(void);

Authmethod authmethods[] = {
#ifdef GSSAPI
	{"gssapi",
		userauth_gssapi,
		&options.gss_authentication,
		NULL},
#endif
	{"hostbased",
		userauth_hostbased,
		&options.hostbased_authentication,
		NULL},
#if KRB5
	{"kerberos-2@ssh.com",
		userauth_kerberos,
		&options.kerberos_authentication,
		NULL},
#endif
	{"publickey",
		userauth_pubkey,
		&options.pubkey_authentication,
		NULL},
	{"keyboard-interactive",
		userauth_kbdint,
		&options.kbd_interactive_authentication,
		&options.batch_mode},
	{"password",
		userauth_passwd,
		&options.password_authentication,
		&options.batch_mode},
	{"none",
		userauth_none,
		NULL,
		NULL},
	{NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL}
};

void
ssh_userauth2(const char *local_user, const char *server_user, char *host,
    Sensitive *sensitive)
{
	Authctxt authctxt;
	int type;

	if (options.challenge_response_authentication)
		options.kbd_interactive_authentication = 1;

	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring("ssh-userauth");
	packet_send();
	debug("SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent");
	packet_write_wait();
	type = packet_read();
	if (type != SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT)
		fatal("Server denied authentication request: %d", type);
	if (packet_remaining() > 0) {
		char *reply = packet_get_string(NULL);
		debug2("service_accept: %s", reply);
		xfree(reply);
	} else {
		debug2("buggy server: service_accept w/o service");
	}
	packet_check_eom();
	debug("SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received");

	if (options.preferred_authentications == NULL)
		options.preferred_authentications = authmethods_get();

	/* setup authentication context */
	memset(&authctxt, 0, sizeof(authctxt));
	pubkey_prepare(&authctxt);
	authctxt.server_user = server_user;
	authctxt.local_user = local_user;
	authctxt.host = host;
	authctxt.service = "ssh-connection";		/* service name */
	authctxt.success = 0;
	authctxt.method = authmethod_lookup("none");
	authctxt.authlist = NULL;
	authctxt.methoddata = NULL;
	authctxt.sensitive = sensitive;
	authctxt.info_req_seen = 0;
	if (authctxt.method == NULL)
		fatal("ssh_userauth2: internal error: cannot send userauth none request");

	/* initial userauth request */
	userauth_none(&authctxt);

	dispatch_init(&input_userauth_error);
	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, &input_userauth_success);
	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE, &input_userauth_failure);
	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER, &input_userauth_banner);
	dispatch_run(DISPATCH_BLOCK, &authctxt.success, &authctxt);	/* loop until success */

	pubkey_cleanup(&authctxt);
	dispatch_range(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_MIN, SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_MAX, NULL);

	debug("Authentication succeeded (%s).", authctxt.method->name);
}

void
userauth(Authctxt *authctxt, char *authlist)
{
	if (authctxt->methoddata) {
		xfree(authctxt->methoddata);
		authctxt->methoddata = NULL;
	}
	if (authlist == NULL) {
		authlist = authctxt->authlist;
	} else {
		if (authctxt->authlist)
			xfree(authctxt->authlist);
		authctxt->authlist = authlist;
	}
	for (;;) {
		Authmethod *method = authmethod_get(authlist);
		if (method == NULL)
			fatal("Permission denied (%s).", authlist);
		authctxt->method = method;

		/* reset the per method handler */
		dispatch_range(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_PER_METHOD_MIN,
		    SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_PER_METHOD_MAX, NULL);

		/* and try new method */
		if (method->userauth(authctxt) != 0) {
			debug2("we sent a %s packet, wait for reply", method->name);
			break;
		} else {
			debug2("we did not send a packet, disable method");
			method->enabled = NULL;
		}
	}
}

void
input_userauth_error(int type, u_int32_t seq, void *ctxt)
{
	fatal("input_userauth_error: bad message during authentication: "
	   "type %d", type);
}

void
input_userauth_banner(int type, u_int32_t seq, void *ctxt)
{
	char *msg, *lang;
	debug3("input_userauth_banner");
	msg = packet_get_string(NULL);
	lang = packet_get_string(NULL);
	fprintf(stderr, "%s", msg);
	xfree(msg);
	xfree(lang);
}

void
input_userauth_success(int type, u_int32_t seq, void *ctxt)
{
	Authctxt *authctxt = ctxt;
	if (authctxt == NULL)
		fatal("input_userauth_success: no authentication context");
	if (authctxt->authlist)
		xfree(authctxt->authlist);
	if (authctxt->methoddata)
		xfree(authctxt->methoddata);
	authctxt->success = 1;			/* break out */
}

void
input_userauth_failure(int type, u_int32_t seq, void *ctxt)
{
	Authctxt *authctxt = ctxt;
	char *authlist = NULL;
	int partial;

	if (authctxt == NULL)
		fatal("input_userauth_failure: no authentication context");

	authlist = packet_get_string(NULL);
	partial = packet_get_char();
	packet_check_eom();

	if (partial != 0)
		logit("Authenticated with partial success.");
	debug("Authentications that can continue: %s", authlist);

	userauth(authctxt, authlist);
}
void
input_userauth_pk_ok(int type, u_int32_t seq, void *ctxt)
{
	Authctxt *authctxt = ctxt;
	Key *key = NULL;
	Identity *id = NULL;
	Buffer b;
	int pktype, sent = 0;
	u_int alen, blen;
	char *pkalg, *fp;
	u_char *pkblob;

	if (authctxt == NULL)
		fatal("input_userauth_pk_ok: no authentication context");
	if (datafellows & SSH_BUG_PKOK) {
		/* this is similar to SSH_BUG_PKAUTH */
		debug2("input_userauth_pk_ok: SSH_BUG_PKOK");
		pkblob = packet_get_string(&blen);
		buffer_init(&b);
		buffer_append(&b, pkblob, blen);
		pkalg = buffer_get_string(&b, &alen);
		buffer_free(&b);
	} else {
		pkalg = packet_get_string(&alen);
		pkblob = packet_get_string(&blen);
	}
	packet_check_eom();

	debug("Server accepts key: pkalg %s blen %u", pkalg, blen);

	if ((pktype = key_type_from_name(pkalg)) == KEY_UNSPEC) {
		debug("unknown pkalg %s", pkalg);
		goto done;
	}
	if ((key = key_from_blob(pkblob, blen)) == NULL) {
		debug("no key from blob. pkalg %s", pkalg);
		goto done;
	}
	if (key->type != pktype) {
		error("input_userauth_pk_ok: type mismatch "
		    "for decoded key (received %d, expected %d)",
		    key->type, pktype);
		goto done;
	}
	fp = key_fingerprint(key, SSH_FP_MD5, SSH_FP_HEX);
	debug2("input_userauth_pk_ok: fp %s", fp);
	xfree(fp);

	TAILQ_FOREACH(id, &authctxt->keys, next) {
		if (key_equal(key, id->key)) {
			sent = sign_and_send_pubkey(authctxt, id);
			break;
		}
	}
done:
	if (key != NULL)
		key_free(key);
	xfree(pkalg);
	xfree(pkblob);

	/* try another method if we did not send a packet */
	if (sent == 0)
		userauth(authctxt, NULL);
}

#ifdef GSSAPI
int 
userauth_gssapi(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	Gssctxt *gssctxt = NULL;
	static gss_OID_set supported = NULL;
	static int mech = 0;
	OM_uint32 min;
	int ok = 0;

	/* Try one GSSAPI method at a time, rather than sending them all at
	 * once. */

	if (supported == NULL)
		gss_indicate_mechs(&min, &supported);

	/* Check to see if the mechanism is usable before we offer it */
	while (mech<supported->count && !ok) {
		if (gssctxt)
			ssh_gssapi_delete_ctx(&gssctxt);
		ssh_gssapi_build_ctx(&gssctxt);
		ssh_gssapi_set_oid(gssctxt, &supported->elements[mech]);

		/* My DER encoding requires length<128 */
		if (supported->elements[mech].length < 128 &&
		    !GSS_ERROR(ssh_gssapi_import_name(gssctxt,
		    authctxt->host))) {
			ok = 1; /* Mechanism works */
		} else {
			mech++;
		}
	}

	if (!ok) return 0;

	authctxt->methoddata=(void *)gssctxt;

	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->server_user);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->service);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->method->name);

	packet_put_int(1);

	/* Some servers encode the OID incorrectly (as we used to) */
	if (datafellows & SSH_BUG_GSSAPI_BER) {
		packet_put_string(supported->elements[mech].elements,
		    supported->elements[mech].length);
	} else {
		packet_put_int((supported->elements[mech].length)+2);
		packet_put_char(SSH_GSS_OIDTYPE);
		packet_put_char(supported->elements[mech].length);
		packet_put_raw(supported->elements[mech].elements,
		    supported->elements[mech].length);
	}

	packet_send();

	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_RESPONSE, &input_gssapi_response);
	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_TOKEN, &input_gssapi_token);
	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_ERROR, &input_gssapi_error);
	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_ERRTOK, &input_gssapi_errtok);

	mech++; /* Move along to next candidate */

	return 1;
}

void
input_gssapi_response(int type, u_int32_t plen, void *ctxt)
{
	Authctxt *authctxt = ctxt;
	Gssctxt *gssctxt;
	OM_uint32 status, ms;
	int oidlen;
	char *oidv;
	gss_buffer_desc send_tok = GSS_C_EMPTY_BUFFER;

	if (authctxt == NULL)
		fatal("input_gssapi_response: no authentication context");
	gssctxt = authctxt->methoddata;

	/* Setup our OID */
	oidv = packet_get_string(&oidlen);

	if (datafellows & SSH_BUG_GSSAPI_BER) {
		if (!ssh_gssapi_check_oid(gssctxt, oidv, oidlen))
			fatal("Server returned different OID than expected");
	} else {
		if(oidv[0] != SSH_GSS_OIDTYPE || oidv[1] != oidlen-2) {
			debug("Badly encoded mechanism OID received");
			userauth(authctxt, NULL);
			xfree(oidv);
			return;
		}
		if (!ssh_gssapi_check_oid(gssctxt, oidv+2, oidlen-2))
			fatal("Server returned different OID than expected");
	}

	packet_check_eom();

	xfree(oidv);

	status = ssh_gssapi_init_ctx(gssctxt, options.gss_deleg_creds,
	    GSS_C_NO_BUFFER, &send_tok, NULL);
	if (GSS_ERROR(status)) {
		if (send_tok.length > 0) {
			packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_ERRTOK);
			packet_put_string(send_tok.value, send_tok.length);
			packet_send();
			gss_release_buffer(&ms, &send_tok);
		}
		/* Start again with next method on list */
		debug("Trying to start again");
		userauth(authctxt, NULL);
		return;
	}

	/* We must have data to send */
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_TOKEN);
	packet_put_string(send_tok.value, send_tok.length);
	packet_send();
	gss_release_buffer(&ms, &send_tok);
}

void
input_gssapi_token(int type, u_int32_t plen, void *ctxt)
{
	Authctxt *authctxt = ctxt;
	Gssctxt *gssctxt;
	gss_buffer_desc send_tok = GSS_C_EMPTY_BUFFER;
	gss_buffer_desc recv_tok;
	OM_uint32 status, ms;
	u_int slen;

	if (authctxt == NULL)
		fatal("input_gssapi_response: no authentication context");
	gssctxt = authctxt->methoddata;

	recv_tok.value = packet_get_string(&slen);
	recv_tok.length = slen;	/* safe typecast */

	packet_check_eom();

	status=ssh_gssapi_init_ctx(gssctxt, options.gss_deleg_creds,
	    &recv_tok, &send_tok, NULL);

	xfree(recv_tok.value);

	if (GSS_ERROR(status)) {
		if (send_tok.length > 0) {
			packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_ERRTOK);
			packet_put_string(send_tok.value, send_tok.length);
			packet_send();
			gss_release_buffer(&ms, &send_tok);
		}
		/* Start again with the next method in the list */
		userauth(authctxt, NULL);
		return;
	}

	if (send_tok.length > 0) {
		packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_TOKEN);
		packet_put_string(send_tok.value, send_tok.length);
		packet_send();
		gss_release_buffer(&ms, &send_tok);
	}

	if (status == GSS_S_COMPLETE) {
		/* If that succeeded, send a exchange complete message */
		packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_GSSAPI_EXCHANGE_COMPLETE);
		packet_send();
	}
}

void
input_gssapi_errtok(int type, u_int32_t plen, void *ctxt)
{
	Authctxt *authctxt = ctxt;
	Gssctxt *gssctxt;
	gss_buffer_desc send_tok = GSS_C_EMPTY_BUFFER;
	gss_buffer_desc recv_tok;
	OM_uint32 status, ms;

	if (authctxt == NULL)
		fatal("input_gssapi_response: no authentication context");
	gssctxt = authctxt->methoddata;

	recv_tok.value = packet_get_string(&recv_tok.length);

	packet_check_eom();

	/* Stick it into GSSAPI and see what it says */
	status = ssh_gssapi_init_ctx(gssctxt, options.gss_deleg_creds,
				     &recv_tok, &send_tok, NULL);

	xfree(recv_tok.value);
	gss_release_buffer(&ms, &send_tok);

	/* Server will be returning a failed packet after this one */
}

void
input_gssapi_error(int type, u_int32_t plen, void *ctxt)
{
	OM_uint32 maj, min;
	char *msg;
	char *lang;

	maj=packet_get_int();
	min=packet_get_int();
	msg=packet_get_string(NULL);
	lang=packet_get_string(NULL);

	packet_check_eom();

	debug("Server GSSAPI Error:\n%s\n", msg);
	xfree(msg);
	xfree(lang);
}
#endif /* GSSAPI */

int
userauth_none(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	/* initial userauth request */
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->server_user);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->service);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->method->name);
	packet_send();
	return 1;
}

int
userauth_passwd(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	static int attempt = 0;
	char prompt[150];
	char *password;

	if (attempt++ >= options.number_of_password_prompts)
		return 0;

	if (attempt != 1)
		error("Permission denied, please try again.");

	snprintf(prompt, sizeof(prompt), "%.30s@%.128s's password: ",
	    authctxt->server_user, authctxt->host);
	password = read_passphrase(prompt, 0);
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->server_user);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->service);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->method->name);
	packet_put_char(0);
	packet_put_cstring(password);
	memset(password, 0, strlen(password));
	xfree(password);
	packet_add_padding(64);
	packet_send();

	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ,
	    &input_userauth_passwd_changereq);

	return 1;
}
/*
 * parse PASSWD_CHANGEREQ, prompt user and send SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
 */
void
input_userauth_passwd_changereq(int type, u_int32_t seqnr, void *ctxt)
{
	Authctxt *authctxt = ctxt;
	char *info, *lang, *password = NULL, *retype = NULL;
	char prompt[150];

	debug2("input_userauth_passwd_changereq");

	if (authctxt == NULL)
		fatal("input_userauth_passwd_changereq: "
		    "no authentication context");

	info = packet_get_string(NULL);
	lang = packet_get_string(NULL);
	if (strlen(info) > 0)
		logit("%s", info);
	xfree(info);
	xfree(lang);
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->server_user);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->service);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->method->name);
	packet_put_char(1);			/* additional info */
	snprintf(prompt, sizeof(prompt),
	    "Enter %.30s@%.128s's old password: ",
	    authctxt->server_user, authctxt->host);
	password = read_passphrase(prompt, 0);
	packet_put_cstring(password);
	memset(password, 0, strlen(password));
	xfree(password);
	password = NULL;
	while (password == NULL) {
		snprintf(prompt, sizeof(prompt),
		    "Enter %.30s@%.128s's new password: ",
		    authctxt->server_user, authctxt->host);
		password = read_passphrase(prompt, RP_ALLOW_EOF);
		if (password == NULL) {
			/* bail out */
			return;
		}
		snprintf(prompt, sizeof(prompt),
		    "Retype %.30s@%.128s's new password: ",
		    authctxt->server_user, authctxt->host);
		retype = read_passphrase(prompt, 0);
		if (strcmp(password, retype) != 0) {
			memset(password, 0, strlen(password));
			xfree(password);
			logit("Mismatch; try again, EOF to quit.");
			password = NULL;
		}
		memset(retype, 0, strlen(retype));
		xfree(retype);
	}
	packet_put_cstring(password);
	memset(password, 0, strlen(password));
	xfree(password);
	packet_add_padding(64);
	packet_send();

	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ,
	    &input_userauth_passwd_changereq);
}

static int
identity_sign(Identity *id, u_char **sigp, u_int *lenp,
    u_char *data, u_int datalen)
{
	Key *prv;
	int ret;

	/* the agent supports this key */
	if (id->ac)
		return (ssh_agent_sign(id->ac, id->key, sigp, lenp,
		    data, datalen));
	/*
	 * we have already loaded the private key or
	 * the private key is stored in external hardware
	 */
	if (id->isprivate || (id->key->flags & KEY_FLAG_EXT))
		return (key_sign(id->key, sigp, lenp, data, datalen));
	/* load the private key from the file */
	if ((prv = load_identity_file(id->filename)) == NULL)
		return (-1);
	ret = key_sign(prv, sigp, lenp, data, datalen);
	key_free(prv);
	return (ret);
}

static int
sign_and_send_pubkey(Authctxt *authctxt, Identity *id)
{
	Buffer b;
	u_char *blob, *signature;
	u_int bloblen, slen;
	u_int skip = 0;
	int ret = -1;
	int have_sig = 1;

	debug3("sign_and_send_pubkey");

	if (key_to_blob(id->key, &blob, &bloblen) == 0) {
		/* we cannot handle this key */
		debug3("sign_and_send_pubkey: cannot handle key");
		return 0;
	}
	/* data to be signed */
	buffer_init(&b);
	if (datafellows & SSH_OLD_SESSIONID) {
		buffer_append(&b, session_id2, session_id2_len);
		skip = session_id2_len;
	} else {
		buffer_put_string(&b, session_id2, session_id2_len);
		skip = buffer_len(&b);
	}
	buffer_put_char(&b, SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	buffer_put_cstring(&b, authctxt->server_user);
	buffer_put_cstring(&b,
	    datafellows & SSH_BUG_PKSERVICE ?
	    "ssh-userauth" :
	    authctxt->service);
	if (datafellows & SSH_BUG_PKAUTH) {
		buffer_put_char(&b, have_sig);
	} else {
		buffer_put_cstring(&b, authctxt->method->name);
		buffer_put_char(&b, have_sig);
		buffer_put_cstring(&b, key_ssh_name(id->key));
	}
	buffer_put_string(&b, blob, bloblen);

	/* generate signature */
	ret = identity_sign(id, &signature, &slen,
	    buffer_ptr(&b), buffer_len(&b));
	if (ret == -1) {
		xfree(blob);
		buffer_free(&b);
		return 0;
	}
#ifdef DEBUG_PK
	buffer_dump(&b);
#endif
	if (datafellows & SSH_BUG_PKSERVICE) {
		buffer_clear(&b);
		buffer_append(&b, session_id2, session_id2_len);
		skip = session_id2_len;
		buffer_put_char(&b, SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
		buffer_put_cstring(&b, authctxt->server_user);
		buffer_put_cstring(&b, authctxt->service);
		buffer_put_cstring(&b, authctxt->method->name);
		buffer_put_char(&b, have_sig);
		if (!(datafellows & SSH_BUG_PKAUTH))
			buffer_put_cstring(&b, key_ssh_name(id->key));
		buffer_put_string(&b, blob, bloblen);
	}
	xfree(blob);

	/* append signature */
	buffer_put_string(&b, signature, slen);
	xfree(signature);

	/* skip session id and packet type */
	if (buffer_len(&b) < skip + 1)
		fatal("userauth_pubkey: internal error");
	buffer_consume(&b, skip + 1);

	/* put remaining data from buffer into packet */
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_raw(buffer_ptr(&b), buffer_len(&b));
	buffer_free(&b);
	packet_send();

	return 1;
}

static int
send_pubkey_test(Authctxt *authctxt, Identity *id)
{
	u_char *blob;
	u_int bloblen, have_sig = 0;

	debug3("send_pubkey_test");

	if (key_to_blob(id->key, &blob, &bloblen) == 0) {
		/* we cannot handle this key */
		debug3("send_pubkey_test: cannot handle key");
		return 0;
	}
	/* register callback for USERAUTH_PK_OK message */
	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_PK_OK, &input_userauth_pk_ok);

	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->server_user);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->service);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->method->name);
	packet_put_char(have_sig);
	if (!(datafellows & SSH_BUG_PKAUTH))
		packet_put_cstring(key_ssh_name(id->key));
	packet_put_string(blob, bloblen);
	xfree(blob);
	packet_send();
	return 1;
}

static Key *
load_identity_file(char *filename)
{
	Key *private;
	char prompt[300], *passphrase;
	int quit, i;
	struct stat st;

	if (stat(filename, &st) < 0) {
		debug3("no such identity: %s", filename);
		return NULL;
	}
	private = key_load_private_type(KEY_UNSPEC, filename, "", NULL);
	if (private == NULL) {
		if (options.batch_mode)
			return NULL;
		snprintf(prompt, sizeof prompt,
		    "Enter passphrase for key '%.100s': ", filename);
		for (i = 0; i < options.number_of_password_prompts; i++) {
			passphrase = read_passphrase(prompt, 0);
			if (strcmp(passphrase, "") != 0) {
				private = key_load_private_type(KEY_UNSPEC, filename,
				    passphrase, NULL);
				quit = 0;
			} else {
				debug2("no passphrase given, try next key");
				quit = 1;
			}
			memset(passphrase, 0, strlen(passphrase));
			xfree(passphrase);
			if (private != NULL || quit)
				break;
			debug2("bad passphrase given, try again...");
		}
	}
	return private;
}

/*
 * try keys in the following order:
 *	1. agent keys that are found in the config file
 *	2. other agent keys
 *	3. keys that are only listed in the config file
 */
static void
pubkey_prepare(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	Identity *id;
	Idlist agent, files, *preferred;
	Key *key;
	AuthenticationConnection *ac;
	char *comment;
	int i, found;

	TAILQ_INIT(&agent);	/* keys from the agent */
	TAILQ_INIT(&files);	/* keys from the config file */
	preferred = &authctxt->keys;
	TAILQ_INIT(preferred);	/* preferred order of keys */

	/* list of keys stored in the filesystem */
	for (i = 0; i < options.num_identity_files; i++) {
		key = options.identity_keys[i];
		if (key && key->type == KEY_RSA1)
			continue;
		options.identity_keys[i] = NULL;
		id = xmalloc(sizeof(*id));
		memset(id, 0, sizeof(*id));
		id->key = key;
		id->filename = xstrdup(options.identity_files[i]);
		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&files, id, next);
	}
	/* list of keys supported by the agent */
	if ((ac = ssh_get_authentication_connection())) {
		for (key = ssh_get_first_identity(ac, &comment, 2);
		    key != NULL;
		    key = ssh_get_next_identity(ac, &comment, 2)) {
			found = 0;
			TAILQ_FOREACH(id, &files, next) {
				/* agent keys from the config file are preferred */ 
				if (key_equal(key, id->key)) {
					key_free(key);
					xfree(comment);
					TAILQ_REMOVE(&files, id, next);
					TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(preferred, id, next);
					id->ac = ac;
					found = 1;
					break;
				}
			}
			if (!found) {
				id = xmalloc(sizeof(*id));
				memset(id, 0, sizeof(*id));
				id->key = key;
				id->filename = comment;
				id->ac = ac;
				TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&agent, id, next);
			}
		}
		/* append remaining agent keys */
		for (id = TAILQ_FIRST(&agent); id; id = TAILQ_FIRST(&agent)) {
			TAILQ_REMOVE(&agent, id, next);
			TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(preferred, id, next);
		}
		authctxt->agent = ac;
	}
	/* append remaining keys from the config file */
	for (id = TAILQ_FIRST(&files); id; id = TAILQ_FIRST(&files)) {
		TAILQ_REMOVE(&files, id, next);
		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(preferred, id, next);
	}
	TAILQ_FOREACH(id, preferred, next) {
		debug2("key: %s (%p)", id->filename, id->key);
	}
}

static void
pubkey_cleanup(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	Identity *id;

	if (authctxt->agent != NULL)
		ssh_close_authentication_connection(authctxt->agent);
	for (id = TAILQ_FIRST(&authctxt->keys); id;
	    id = TAILQ_FIRST(&authctxt->keys)) {
		TAILQ_REMOVE(&authctxt->keys, id, next);
		if (id->key)
			key_free(id->key);
		if (id->filename)
			xfree(id->filename);
		xfree(id);
	}
}

int
userauth_pubkey(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	Identity *id;
	int sent = 0;

	while ((id = TAILQ_FIRST(&authctxt->keys))) {
		if (id->tried++)
			return (0);
		TAILQ_REMOVE(&authctxt->keys, id, next);
		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&authctxt->keys, id, next);
		/*
		 * send a test message if we have the public key. for
		 * encrypted keys we cannot do this and have to load the
		 * private key instead
		 */
		if (id->key && id->key->type != KEY_RSA1) {
			debug("Offering public key: %s", id->filename);
			sent = send_pubkey_test(authctxt, id);
		} else if (id->key == NULL) {
			debug("Trying private key: %s", id->filename);
			id->key = load_identity_file(id->filename);
			if (id->key != NULL) {
				id->isprivate = 1;
				sent = sign_and_send_pubkey(authctxt, id);
				key_free(id->key);
				id->key = NULL;
			}
		}
		if (sent)
			return (sent);
	}
	return (0);
}

/*
 * Send userauth request message specifying keyboard-interactive method.
 */
int
userauth_kbdint(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	static int attempt = 0;

	if (attempt++ >= options.number_of_password_prompts)
		return 0;
	/* disable if no SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_INFO_REQUEST has been seen */
	if (attempt > 1 && !authctxt->info_req_seen) {
		debug3("userauth_kbdint: disable: no info_req_seen");
		dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_INFO_REQUEST, NULL);
		return 0;
	}

	debug2("userauth_kbdint");
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->server_user);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->service);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->method->name);
	packet_put_cstring("");					/* lang */
	packet_put_cstring(options.kbd_interactive_devices ?
	    options.kbd_interactive_devices : "");
	packet_send();

	dispatch_set(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_INFO_REQUEST, &input_userauth_info_req);
	return 1;
}

/*
 * parse INFO_REQUEST, prompt user and send INFO_RESPONSE
 */
void
input_userauth_info_req(int type, u_int32_t seq, void *ctxt)
{
	Authctxt *authctxt = ctxt;
	char *name, *inst, *lang, *prompt, *response;
	u_int num_prompts, i;
	int echo = 0;

	debug2("input_userauth_info_req");

	if (authctxt == NULL)
		fatal("input_userauth_info_req: no authentication context");

	authctxt->info_req_seen = 1;

	name = packet_get_string(NULL);
	inst = packet_get_string(NULL);
	lang = packet_get_string(NULL);
	if (strlen(name) > 0)
		logit("%s", name);
	if (strlen(inst) > 0)
		logit("%s", inst);
	xfree(name);
	xfree(inst);
	xfree(lang);

	num_prompts = packet_get_int();
	/*
	 * Begin to build info response packet based on prompts requested.
	 * We commit to providing the correct number of responses, so if
	 * further on we run into a problem that prevents this, we have to
	 * be sure and clean this up and send a correct error response.
	 */
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_INFO_RESPONSE);
	packet_put_int(num_prompts);

	debug2("input_userauth_info_req: num_prompts %d", num_prompts);
	for (i = 0; i < num_prompts; i++) {
		prompt = packet_get_string(NULL);
		echo = packet_get_char();

		response = read_passphrase(prompt, echo ? RP_ECHO : 0);

		packet_put_cstring(response);
		memset(response, 0, strlen(response));
		xfree(response);
		xfree(prompt);
	}
	packet_check_eom(); /* done with parsing incoming message. */

	packet_add_padding(64);
	packet_send();
}

static int
ssh_keysign(Key *key, u_char **sigp, u_int *lenp,
    u_char *data, u_int datalen)
{
	Buffer b;
	struct stat st;
	pid_t pid;
	int to[2], from[2], status, version = 2;

	debug2("ssh_keysign called");

	if (stat(_PATH_SSH_KEY_SIGN, &st) < 0) {
		error("ssh_keysign: no installed: %s", strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}
	if (fflush(stdout) != 0)
		error("ssh_keysign: fflush: %s", strerror(errno));
	if (pipe(to) < 0) {
		error("ssh_keysign: pipe: %s", strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}
	if (pipe(from) < 0) {
		error("ssh_keysign: pipe: %s", strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}
	if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {
		error("ssh_keysign: fork: %s", strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}
	if (pid == 0) {
		seteuid(getuid());
		setuid(getuid());
		close(from[0]);
		if (dup2(from[1], STDOUT_FILENO) < 0)
			fatal("ssh_keysign: dup2: %s", strerror(errno));
		close(to[1]);
		if (dup2(to[0], STDIN_FILENO) < 0)
			fatal("ssh_keysign: dup2: %s", strerror(errno));
		close(from[1]);
		close(to[0]);
		execl(_PATH_SSH_KEY_SIGN, _PATH_SSH_KEY_SIGN, (char *) 0);
		fatal("ssh_keysign: exec(%s): %s", _PATH_SSH_KEY_SIGN,
		    strerror(errno));
	}
	close(from[1]);
	close(to[0]);

	buffer_init(&b);
	buffer_put_int(&b, packet_get_connection_in()); /* send # of socket */
	buffer_put_string(&b, data, datalen);
	ssh_msg_send(to[1], version, &b);

	if (ssh_msg_recv(from[0], &b) < 0) {
		error("ssh_keysign: no reply");
		buffer_clear(&b);
		return -1;
	}
	close(from[0]);
	close(to[1]);

	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) < 0)
		if (errno != EINTR)
			break;

	if (buffer_get_char(&b) != version) {
		error("ssh_keysign: bad version");
		buffer_clear(&b);
		return -1;
	}
	*sigp = buffer_get_string(&b, lenp);
	buffer_clear(&b);

	return 0;
}

int
userauth_hostbased(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	Key *private = NULL;
	Sensitive *sensitive = authctxt->sensitive;
	Buffer b;
	u_char *signature, *blob;
	char *chost, *pkalg, *p;
	const char *service;
	u_int blen, slen;
	int ok, i, len, found = 0;

	/* check for a useful key */
	for (i = 0; i < sensitive->nkeys; i++) {
		private = sensitive->keys[i];
		if (private && private->type != KEY_RSA1) {
			found = 1;
			/* we take and free the key */
			sensitive->keys[i] = NULL;
			break;
		}
	}
	if (!found) {
		debug("No more client hostkeys for hostbased authentication.");
		return 0;
	}
	if (key_to_blob(private, &blob, &blen) == 0) {
		key_free(private);
		return 0;
	}
	/* figure out a name for the client host */
	p = get_local_name(packet_get_connection_in());
	if (p == NULL) {
		error("userauth_hostbased: cannot get local ipaddr/name");
		key_free(private);
		return 0;
	}
	len = strlen(p) + 2;
	chost = xmalloc(len);
	strlcpy(chost, p, len);
	strlcat(chost, ".", len);
	debug2("userauth_hostbased: chost %s", chost);
	xfree(p);

	service = datafellows & SSH_BUG_HBSERVICE ? "ssh-userauth" :
	    authctxt->service;
	pkalg = xstrdup(key_ssh_name(private));
	buffer_init(&b);
	/* construct data */
	buffer_put_string(&b, session_id2, session_id2_len);
	buffer_put_char(&b, SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	buffer_put_cstring(&b, authctxt->server_user);
	buffer_put_cstring(&b, service);
	buffer_put_cstring(&b, authctxt->method->name);
	buffer_put_cstring(&b, pkalg);
	buffer_put_string(&b, blob, blen);
	buffer_put_cstring(&b, chost);
	buffer_put_cstring(&b, authctxt->local_user);
#ifdef DEBUG_PK
	buffer_dump(&b);
#endif
	if (sensitive->external_keysign)
		ok = ssh_keysign(private, &signature, &slen,
		    buffer_ptr(&b), buffer_len(&b));
	else
		ok = key_sign(private, &signature, &slen,
		    buffer_ptr(&b), buffer_len(&b));
	key_free(private);
	buffer_free(&b);
	if (ok != 0) {
		error("key_sign failed");
		xfree(chost);
		xfree(pkalg);
		return 0;
	}
	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->server_user);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->service);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->method->name);
	packet_put_cstring(pkalg);
	packet_put_string(blob, blen);
	packet_put_cstring(chost);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->local_user);
	packet_put_string(signature, slen);
	memset(signature, 's', slen);
	xfree(signature);
	xfree(chost);
	xfree(pkalg);

	packet_send();
	return 1;
}

#if KRB5
static int
ssh_krb5_helper(krb5_data *ap, krb5_context *context)
{
	krb5_context xcontext = NULL;	/* XXX share with ssh1 */
	krb5_auth_context xauth_context = NULL;
	krb5_auth_context *auth_context;
	krb5_error_code problem;
	const char *tkfile;
	struct stat buf;
	krb5_ccache ccache = NULL;
	const char *remotehost;
	int ret;

	memset(ap, 0, sizeof(*ap));

	context = &xcontext;
	auth_context = &xauth_context;

	problem = krb5_init_context(context);
	if (problem) {
		debug("Kerberos v5: krb5_init_context failed");
		ret = 0;
		goto out;
	}

	tkfile = krb5_cc_default_name(*context);
	if (strncmp(tkfile, "FILE:", 5) == 0)
		tkfile += 5;

	if (stat(tkfile, &buf) == 0 && getuid() != buf.st_uid) {
		debug("Kerberos v5: could not get default ccache (permission denied).");
		ret = 0;
		goto out;
	}

	problem = krb5_cc_default(*context, &ccache);
	if (problem) {
		debug("Kerberos v5: krb5_cc_default failed: %s",
		    krb5_get_err_text(*context, problem));
		ret = 0;
		goto out;
	}

	remotehost = get_canonical_hostname(1);

	problem = krb5_mk_req(*context, auth_context, AP_OPTS_MUTUAL_REQUIRED,
	    "host", remotehost, NULL, ccache, ap);
	if (problem) {
		debug("Kerberos v5: krb5_mk_req failed: %s",
		    krb5_get_err_text(*context, problem));
		ret = 0;
		goto out;
	}
	ret = 1;

 out:
	if (ccache != NULL)
		krb5_cc_close(*context, ccache);
	if (*auth_context)
		krb5_auth_con_free(*context, *auth_context);
	return (ret);
}

int
userauth_kerberos(Authctxt *authctxt)
{
	krb5_data ap;
	krb5_context *context;
	int ret = 0;

	if (ssh_krb5_helper(&ap, context) == 0)
		goto out;

	packet_start(SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->server_user);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->service);
	packet_put_cstring(authctxt->method->name);
	packet_put_string(ap.data, ap.length);
	packet_send();

#ifdef HEIMDAL
	krb5_data_free(&ap);
#else
	krb5_free_data_contents(*context, &ap);
#endif
	ret = 1;

out:
	if (*context)
		krb5_free_context(*context);
	return ret;
}
#endif

/* find auth method */

/*
 * given auth method name, if configurable options permit this method fill
 * in auth_ident field and return true, otherwise return false.
 */
static int
authmethod_is_enabled(Authmethod *method)
{
	if (method == NULL)
		return 0;
	/* return false if options indicate this method is disabled */
	if  (method->enabled == NULL || *method->enabled == 0)
		return 0;
	/* return false if batch mode is enabled but method needs interactive mode */
	if  (method->batch_flag != NULL && *method->batch_flag != 0)
		return 0;
	return 1;
}

static Authmethod *
authmethod_lookup(const char *name)
{
	Authmethod *method = NULL;
	if (name != NULL)
		for (method = authmethods; method->name != NULL; method++)
			if (strcmp(name, method->name) == 0)
				return method;
	debug2("Unrecognized authentication method name: %s", name ? name : "NULL");
	return NULL;
}

/* XXX internal state */
static Authmethod *current = NULL;
static char *supported = NULL;
static char *preferred = NULL;

/*
 * Given the authentication method list sent by the server, return the
 * next method we should try.  If the server initially sends a nil list,
 * use a built-in default list.
 */
static Authmethod *
authmethod_get(char *authlist)
{
	char *name = NULL;
	u_int next;

	/* Use a suitable default if we're passed a nil list.  */
	if (authlist == NULL || strlen(authlist) == 0)
		authlist = options.preferred_authentications;

	if (supported == NULL || strcmp(authlist, supported) != 0) {
		debug3("start over, passed a different list %s", authlist);
		if (supported != NULL)
			xfree(supported);
		supported = xstrdup(authlist);
		preferred = options.preferred_authentications;
		debug3("preferred %s", preferred);
		current = NULL;
	} else if (current != NULL && authmethod_is_enabled(current))
		return current;

	for (;;) {
		if ((name = match_list(preferred, supported, &next)) == NULL) {
			debug("No more authentication methods to try.");
			current = NULL;
			return NULL;
		}
		preferred += next;
		debug3("authmethod_lookup %s", name);
		debug3("remaining preferred: %s", preferred);
		if ((current = authmethod_lookup(name)) != NULL &&
		    authmethod_is_enabled(current)) {
			debug3("authmethod_is_enabled %s", name);
			debug("Next authentication method: %s", name);
			return current;
		}
	}
}

static char *
authmethods_get(void)
{
	Authmethod *method = NULL;
	Buffer b;
	char *list;

	buffer_init(&b);
	for (method = authmethods; method->name != NULL; method++) {
		if (authmethod_is_enabled(method)) {
			if (buffer_len(&b) > 0)
				buffer_append(&b, ",", 1);
			buffer_append(&b, method->name, strlen(method->name));
		}
	}
	buffer_append(&b, "\0", 1);
	list = xstrdup(buffer_ptr(&b));
	buffer_free(&b);
	return list;
}