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glibc/time/europe
Roland McGrath a5570f62dd * time/africa, time/asia, time/europe, time/northamerica, 
time/yearistype: New data from ADO 95h.
1995-09-21 16:21:49 +00:00

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# @(#)europe 7.17
# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome!
# std dst
# LMT Local Mean Time
# LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
# -4:00 AST Atlantic
# -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland*
# -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland*
# -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland*
# -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries*
# -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)*
# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
# 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe
# 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe
# 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe
# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
# 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)*
# 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev*
# 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg*
# 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk*
# 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00 until 1994)
# 7:00 TSK TSD Tomsk*
# 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk*
# 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk*
# 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok*
# 11:00 GSK GSD Magadan*
# 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski*
# 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr*
#
# See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
# Oxford University Press (1980).
# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
# The original six [EU members]: Belguim, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
# ...
# The only [current nonmember using EU rules] I can speak for is Estonia,
# which uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. I don't
# think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
# ...
# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
# in the Directive.
###############################################################################
# United Kingdom
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
# of the text said:
#
# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
#
# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
#
# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
# From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
#
# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
#
# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
# and 1994 are:
# Start End
# 1993 28 March 24 October
# 1994 27 March 23 October
# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
#
# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
#
# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
# to specify the EC specified dates.
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
#
# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
#
# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
# regarding double summer time.
#
# [two other similar questions omitted]
#
# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
# Monday, 2nd April.'
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
#
# > # Current rules
# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
#
# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
# what will happen.
#
# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
# be the end of it.
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
#
# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
# summer months'.
#
# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
#
# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
#
# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
#
# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
#
# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
#
# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
# was different.
#
# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
#
# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
#
# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
# sequence would have been:
# Dublin London
# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
#
# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
#
# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
# ever since it first started in 1916.
#
# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
#
# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
# except for wartime double summer time.
#
# As evidence I would cite:
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
#
# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
#
# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
#
# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
#
# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
# so approved.
#
# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
#
# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
#
# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
# [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
#
# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
#
# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
#
# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
# England and Wales were indivisible.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
#
# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
#
# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
#
# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
#
# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
#
# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
# measures saying it didn't.
#
# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
#
# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
#
# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
# 1 hour.
#
# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
#
# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
# to 01:00 GMT.)
#
# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
#
# This specifies dates of:
# Start End
# 1993 28 March 24 October
# 1994 27 March 23 October
# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
#
# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
#
# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
#
# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
# throughout the UK.
#
# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
#
# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
#
# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
# all the Acts.
#
# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
#
# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
#
# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
# again so they leave it out.
#
# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
#
# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
#
#
# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
# ## Lines like this are comments.
# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
# ## Control lines are of the form
# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
#
# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
#
# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1916
# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
#
# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
# # unknown Order or Orders ???
# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1922
# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
#
# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
# 1939 3 April 3 November
# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
# 1940 4 feb 0 none
# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
#
# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1946 3 April 1 October
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1947
# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
# # Unknown Order ???
# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
#
# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
#
# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1972
# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
#
# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
# # First EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
# # Second EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
# # Third EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
# # Fourth EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
# # Fifth EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
# # Sixth EC Directive
# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
# 1996 31 March 27 October
# 1997 30 March 26 October
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
# seventh Summer Time Directive....
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
# The UK/Eire end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule of
# Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
#
# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
#
# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
# we'll ignore it for now.
# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
# conform with Great Britain.
#
# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule GB-Eire 1847 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 GMT
# 1916 to 1925--irregular
Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST
Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
# 1981 on
Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
# See EC for rules starting in 1996.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0:00 EC GMT/BST
Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
-0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
-0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0:00 EC GMT/BST
Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
-0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
-0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00
0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0:00 EC GMT/BST
###############################################################################
# Continental Europe
# EC rules are for the European Community.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule EC 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
Rule EC 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
Rule EC 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
Rule EC 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
Rule EC 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
Rule EC 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
Rule EC 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
# W-Eur differs from EC only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule W-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
# Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
# From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EC only in that M-Eur uses standard time.
Rule M-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman.
Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Dec 31 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Oct 5 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Russia 1880 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K
Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D
# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD
Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone WET 0:00 EC WET%s
Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
Zone EET 2:00 EC EET%s
# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
Link MET CET
# Albania
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
1:00 W-Eur MET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
# Andorra
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
1:00 EC MET%s
# Austria
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Austria 1918 only - Jun 16 3:00 0 -
Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Austria MET%s 1981
1:00 EC MET%s
# Belarus
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994): A guess at recent dates:
2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3:00 Russia MS%s
# Belgium
# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# From Whitman:
Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
1:00 EC MET%s
# Bosnia and Herzegovina
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1:00 - MET 1983
1:00 EC MET%s
# Bulgaria
# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
2:00 M-Eur EET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
# Croatia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1:00 - MET 1983
1:00 EC MET%s
# Czech Republic
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Czech 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1:00 Czech MET%s 1979
1:00 EC MET%s
# Denmark
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
#
# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980
1:00 EC MET%s
Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
0:00 - WET 1981
0:00 EC WET%s
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
-2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
-2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
-1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
-3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
-3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
-4:00 - AST
# Estonia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1:39 - LST 1921 May
2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
2:00 M-Eur EET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
# Finland
#
# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
# Go with Strang instead.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Finland 1921 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
2:00 EC EET%s
# France
# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
# From Shanks (1991):
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule France 1911 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST"
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com) (November 18, 1993):
# Shanks gives no times for 1975, but according to Cm722,
# France introduced summer time in 1975 from 20 March to 22 September.
Rule France 1975 only - Mar 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1975 only - Sep 22 2:00s 0 -
Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1:00 France MET%s 1977
1:00 EC MET%s
# Germany
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Germany MET%s 1980
1:00 EC MET%s
# Gibraltar
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1:00 - MET 1982
1:00 EC MET%s
# Greece
# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Greece 1916 only - July 28 0:01 0 -
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
2:00 Greece EET%s 1981
# Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981;
# go with EC intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
2:00 EC EET%s
# Hungary
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 -
Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jul
1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1:00 EC MET%s
# Iceland
#
# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (December 5, 1993):
# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
# Iceland Almanak.
#
# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
#
# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
#
# (December 10, 1993):
# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
# in Iceland until 1700.
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Iceland 1908 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D
Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S
Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S
Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D
Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S
Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S
Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D
Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S
Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D
Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S
# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S
Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
-1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time
-1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
0:00 - GMT
# Italy
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Italy 1893 only - Nov 1 0:00s 0 S
# Shanks gives transition times of 1916-1920 as 24:00; go with Whitman.
Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Shanks gives 1920 Sep 18; go with Whitman.
Rule Italy 1920 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 17 0:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1:00 Italy MET%s 1980
1:00 EC MET%s
Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
# Latvia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2:00 M-Eur EET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
# Liechtenstein
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1:00 - MET 1981
1:00 EC MET%s
# Lithuania
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2:00 M-Eur EET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
# Luxembourg
# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Lux 1904 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1:00 Belgium MET%s 1979
1:00 EC MET%s
# Macedonia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1:00 - MET 1983
1:00 EC MET%s
# Malta
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1:00 Malta MET%s 1981
1:00 EC MET%s
# Moldova
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2:00 M-Eur EET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
# Monaco
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1:00 France MET%s 1977
1:00 EC MET%s
# Netherlands
# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Neth 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 AMT
# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT
Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Neth MET%s 1977
1:00 EC MET%s
# Norway
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Norway 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Norway MET%s 1980
1:00 EC MET%s
# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
#
# From Whitman:
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
# Poland
# Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
# on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1:00 W-Eur MET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
# Portugal
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Port 1911 only - May 24 0:00 0 -
Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
-0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
0:00 EC WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1:00 EC MET%s
# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
# so we'll just use Shanks for now.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
-1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
-2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
-1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
-1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
-1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
-1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
0:00 EC WET%s
# Romania
# Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
# on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Romania 1931 only - Jul 24 0:00 0 -
Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2:00 M-Eur EET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
# Russia
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
# The rest is from Shanks.
#
# From Shanks (1991):
# Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
# on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
# a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3:00 Russia MS%s
Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar
4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
4:00 Russia KS%s
Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
6:00 Russia OS%s
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
6:00 Russia NS%s
Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
6:00 - TSK 1957 Mar
7:00 Russia TS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
6:00 1:00 TSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
6:00 - TSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
7:00 Russia TS%s
Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
8:00 Russia IS%s
Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
9:00 Russia YS%s
Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
10:00 Russia VS%s
# MSK is taken; settle for GSK.
Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
10:00 - GSK 1957 Mar
11:00 Russia GS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
10:00 1:00 GSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
10:00 - GSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
11:00 Russia GS%s
# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
12:00 Russia PS%s
Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
13:00 Russia AS%s
# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
# Slovenia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1:00 - MET 1983
1:00 EC MET%s
# Spain
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Spain 1901 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1:00 Spain MET%s 1979
1:00 EC MET%s
Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
-1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
0:00 EC WET%s
# Sweden
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1:00 - MET 1980
1:00 EC MET%s
# Switzerland
# From Howse (1988), p 82:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Swiss 1894 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
# From Shanks (1991):
Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981
1:00 EC MET%s
# Turkey
# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
# Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Turkey 1910 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
2:00 M-Eur EET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
# Ukraine
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
2:00 M-Eur EET%s
# This may change to `EC' soon.
Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
3:00 Russia MS%s
# Yugoslavia
# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1:00 - MET 1983
1:00 EC MET%s
###############################################################################
# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
#
# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
# years...
# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
#
# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
#
# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
# dates...
#
# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
# in advance of normal time.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
# ...
# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...
# ...
# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
# ...
# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
#
# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.
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