mirror of
https://github.com/git/git.git
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615 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
615 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
git(7)
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======
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NAME
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----
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git - the stupid content tracker
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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'git' is both a program and a directory content tracker system.
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The program 'git' is just a wrapper to reach the core git programs
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(or a potty if you like, as it's not exactly porcelain but still
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brings your stuff to the plumbing).
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OPTIONS
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-------
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--version::
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Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
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--help::
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Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
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commands. If a git command is named this option will bring up
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the man-page for that command. If the option '--all' or '-a' is
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given then all available commands are printed.
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--exec-path::
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Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
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This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
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environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
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the current setting and then exit.
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NOT LEARNING CORE GIT COMMANDS
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------------------------------
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This manual is intended to give complete background information
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and internal workings of git, which may be too much for most
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people. The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful
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definition and clarification - read that first.
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If you are interested in using git to manage (version control)
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projects, use link:tutorial.html[The Tutorial] to get you started,
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and then link:everyday.html[Everyday GIT] as a guide to the
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minimum set of commands you need to know for day-to-day work.
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Most likely, that will get you started, and you can go a long
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way without knowing the low level details too much.
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The link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial] document covers how things
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internally work.
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If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs
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migration] document may be helpful after you finish the
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tutorial.
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After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
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overview page, you may want to take a look at the
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link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
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CORE GIT COMMANDS
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-----------------
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If you are writing your own Porcelain, you need to be familiar
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with most of the low level commands --- I suggest starting from
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gitlink:git-update-index[1] and gitlink:git-read-tree[1].
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Commands Overview
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-----------------
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The git commands can helpfully be split into those that manipulate
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the repository, the index and the files in the working tree, those that
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interrogate and compare them, and those that moves objects and
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references between repositories.
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In addition, git itself comes with a spartan set of porcelain
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commands. They are usable but are not meant to compete with real
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Porcelains.
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There are also some ancillary programs that can be viewed as useful
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aids for using the core commands but which are unlikely to be used by
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SCMs layered over git.
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Manipulation commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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gitlink:git-apply[1]::
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Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
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applies it to the working tree.
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gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
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Copy files from the index to the working tree.
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gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
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Creates a new commit object.
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gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
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Computes the object ID from a file.
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gitlink:git-index-pack[1]::
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Build pack idx file for an existing packed archive.
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gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
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Creates an empty git object database, or reinitialize an
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existing one.
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gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
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Runs a merge for files needing merging.
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gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
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Creates a tag object.
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gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
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Creates a packed archive of objects.
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gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
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Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
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gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
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Reads tree information into the index.
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gitlink:git-repo-config[1]::
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Get and set options in .git/config.
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gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
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Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
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gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
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Registers files in the working tree to the index.
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gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
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Creates a tree from the index.
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Interrogation commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
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Provide content or type/size information for repository objects.
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gitlink:git-describe[1]::
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Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.
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gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
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Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
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gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
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Compares files in the working tree and the index.
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gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
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Compares two "merge stages" in the index.
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gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
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Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
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gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
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Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
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gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
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Information about files in the index and the working tree.
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gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
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Displays a tree object in human readable form.
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gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
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Finds as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
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gitlink:git-name-rev[1]::
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Find symbolic names for given revs.
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gitlink:git-pack-redundant[1]::
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Find redundant pack files.
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gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
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Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
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gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
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Displays contents of a pack idx file.
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gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
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Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
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gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
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Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents.
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gitlink:git-var[1]::
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Displays a git logical variable.
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gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
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Validates packed git archive files.
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In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
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the working tree.
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Synching repositories
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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gitlink:git-clone-pack[1]::
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Clones a repository into the current repository (engine
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for ssh and local transport).
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gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
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Updates from a remote repository (engine for ssh and
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local transport).
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gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
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Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP by walking
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commit chain.
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gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
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Duplicates another git repository on a local system by
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walking commit chain.
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gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
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Lists references on a remote repository using
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upload-pack protocol (engine for ssh and local
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transport).
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gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
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Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
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gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
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Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
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gitlink:git-http-push[1]::
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Push missing objects using HTTP/DAV.
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gitlink:git-shell[1]::
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Restricted shell for GIT-only SSH access.
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gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
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Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection by
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walking commit chain.
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gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
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Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch.
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gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
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Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
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clients discover references and packs on it.
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gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
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Invoked by 'git-clone-pack' and 'git-fetch-pack' to push
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what are asked for.
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Porcelain-ish Commands
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----------------------
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gitlink:git-add[1]::
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Add paths to the index.
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gitlink:git-am[1]::
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Apply patches from a mailbox, but cooler.
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gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
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Apply patches from a mailbox, original version by Linus.
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gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
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Find the change that introduced a bug by binary search.
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gitlink:git-branch[1]::
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Create and Show branches.
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gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
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Checkout and switch to a branch.
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gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
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Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
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gitlink:git-clone[1]::
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Clones a repository into a new directory.
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gitlink:git-commit[1]::
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Record changes to the repository.
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gitlink:git-diff[1]::
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Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
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gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
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Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
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gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
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Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
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gitlink:git-grep[1]::
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Print lines matching a pattern.
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gitlink:git-log[1]::
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Shows commit logs.
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gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
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Shows references in a remote or local repository.
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gitlink:git-merge[1]::
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Grand unified merge driver.
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gitlink:git-mv[1]::
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Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
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gitlink:git-pull[1]::
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Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
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gitlink:git-push[1]::
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Update remote refs along with associated objects.
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gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
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Rebase local commits to the updated upstream head.
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gitlink:git-repack[1]::
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Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
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gitlink:git-rerere[1]::
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Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
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gitlink:git-reset[1]::
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Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
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gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
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Merge two commits.
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gitlink:git-revert[1]::
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Revert an existing commit.
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gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
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Summarizes 'git log' output.
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gitlink:git-show[1]::
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Show one commit log and its diff.
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gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
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Show branches and their commits.
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gitlink:git-status[1]::
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Shows the working tree status.
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gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
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Check the GPG signature of tag.
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gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
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Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
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Ancillary Commands
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------------------
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Manipulators:
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gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
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Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
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gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
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Import an arch repository into git.
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gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
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Converts old-style git repository.
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gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
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Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
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gitlink:git-cvsexportcommit[1]::
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Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
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gitlink:git-lost-found[1]::
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Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
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gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
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The standard helper program to use with `git-merge-index`.
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gitlink:git-prune[1]::
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Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database.
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gitlink:git-relink[1]::
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Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
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gitlink:git-svnimport[1]::
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Import a SVN repository into git.
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gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
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Common git shell script setup code.
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gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
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Read and modify symbolic refs.
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gitlink:git-tag[1]::
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An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG.
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gitlink:git-update-ref[1]::
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Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
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Interrogators:
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gitlink:git-check-ref-format[1]::
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Make sure ref name is well formed.
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gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
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Find commits not merged upstream.
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gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
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Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
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gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
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A really simple server for git repositories.
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gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
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Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
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gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
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Extracts patch and authorship information from a single
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e-mail message, optionally transliterating the commit
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message into utf-8.
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gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
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A stupid program to split UNIX mbox format mailbox into
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individual pieces of e-mail.
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gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
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Compute unique ID for a patch.
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gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
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Routines to help parsing `$GIT_DIR/remotes/` files.
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gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
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git-request-pull.
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gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
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Pick out and massage parameters.
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gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
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Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
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gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
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Read and modify symbolic refs.
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gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
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Filter out empty lines.
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Commands not yet documented
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---------------------------
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gitlink:gitk[1]::
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The gitk repository browser.
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Configuration Mechanism
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-----------------------
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Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
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is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
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simple text file modelled after `.ini` format familiar to some
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people. Here is an example:
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------------
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#
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# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
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#
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; core variables
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[core]
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; Don't trust file modes
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filemode = false
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; user identity
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[user]
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name = "Junio C Hamano"
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email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
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------------
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Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
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their operation accordingly.
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Identifier Terminology
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----------------------
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<object>::
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Indicates the object name for any type of object.
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<blob>::
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Indicates a blob object name.
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<tree>::
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Indicates a tree object name.
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<commit>::
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Indicates a commit object name.
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<tree-ish>::
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Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
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command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
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operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
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<commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
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<type>::
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Indicates that an object type is required.
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Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
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<file>::
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Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
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root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
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Symbolic Identifiers
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--------------------
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Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
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symbolic notation:
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HEAD::
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indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
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contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
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<tag>::
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a valid tag 'name'
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(i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
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<head>::
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a valid head 'name'
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(i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
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<snap>::
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a valid snapshot 'name'
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(i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`).
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File/Directory Structure
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------------------------
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Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
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Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
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`$GIT_DIR`.
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Terminology
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-----------
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Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
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Environment Variables
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---------------------
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Various git commands use the following environment variables:
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The git Repository
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
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is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
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git so take care if using Cogito etc.
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'GIT_INDEX_FILE'::
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This environment allows the specification of an alternate
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index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
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is used.
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'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
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If the object storage directory is specified via this
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environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
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underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
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directory is used.
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'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
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Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
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archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
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specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
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can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
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written to these directories.
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'GIT_DIR'::
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If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
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specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
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for the base of the repository.
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git Commits
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME'::
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'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL'::
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'GIT_AUTHOR_DATE'::
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'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
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'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
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|
see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
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|
|
|
git Diffs
|
|
~~~~~~~~~
|
|
'GIT_DIFF_OPTS'::
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|
'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
|
|
see the "generating patches" section in :
|
|
gitlink:git-diff-index[1];
|
|
gitlink:git-diff-files[1];
|
|
gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]
|
|
|
|
Discussion[[Discussion]]
|
|
------------------------
|
|
include::README[]
|
|
|
|
Authors
|
|
-------
|
|
* git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
|
|
* The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
|
|
* The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
|
|
* General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
|
|
|
|
Documentation
|
|
--------------
|
|
The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
|
|
<david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
|
|
contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
|
|
|
|
GIT
|
|
---
|
|
Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite
|
|
|