analyzer: handle repeated accesses after init of unknown size [PR105285]

PR analyzer/105285 reports a false positive from
-Wanalyzer-null-dereference on git.git's reftable/reader.c.

A reduced version of the problem can be seen in test_1a of
gcc.dg/analyzer/symbolic-12.c in the following:

void test_1a (void *p, unsigned next_off)
{
  struct st_1 *r = p;

  external_fn();

  if (next_off >= r->size)
    return;

  if (next_off >= r->size)
    /* We should have already returned if this is the case.  */
    __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
}

where the analyzer erroneously considers this path, where
(next_off >= r->size) is both false and then true:

symbolic-12.c: In function ‘test_1a’:
symbolic-12.c:22:5: note: path
   22 |     __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
      |     ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  ‘test_1a’: events 1-5
    |
    |   17 |   if (next_off >= r->size)
    |      |      ^
    |      |      |
    |      |      (1) following ‘false’ branch...
    |......
    |   20 |   if (next_off >= r->size)
    |      |      ~            ~~~~~~~
    |      |      |             |
    |      |      |             (2) ...to here
    |      |      (3) following ‘true’ branch...
    |   21 |     /* We should have already returned if this is the case.  */
    |   22 |     __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
    |      |     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    |      |     |
    |      |     (4) ...to here
    |      |     (5) here
    |

The root cause is that, at the call to the external function, the
analyzer considers the cluster for *p to have been touched, binding it
to a conjured_svalue, but because p is void * no particular size is
known for the write, and so the cluster is bound using a symbolic key
covering the base region.  Later, the accesses to r->size are handled by
binding_cluster::get_any_binding, but binding_cluster::get_binding fails
to find a match for the concrete field lookup, due to the key for the
binding being symbolic, and reaching this code:

1522  /* If this cluster has been touched by a symbolic write, then the content
1523     of any subregion not currently specifically bound is "UNKNOWN".  */
1524  if (m_touched)
1525    {
1526      region_model_manager *rmm_mgr = mgr->get_svalue_manager ();
1527      return rmm_mgr->get_or_create_unknown_svalue (reg->get_type ());
1528    }

Hence each access to r->size is an unknown svalue, and thus the
condition (next_off >= r->size) isn't tracked, leading to the path with
contradictory conditions being treated as satisfiable.

In the original reproducer in git's reftable/reader.c, the call to the
external fn is:
  reftable_record_type(rec)
which is considered to possibly write to *rec, which is *tab, where tab
is the void * argument to reftable_reader_seek_void, and thus after the
call to reftable_record_type some arbitrary amount of *rec could have
been written to.

This patch fixes things by detecting the "this cluster has been 'filled'
with a conjured value of unknown size" case, and handling
get_any_binding on it by returning a sub_svalue of the conjured_svalue,
so that repeated accesses to r->size give the same symbolic value, so
that the constraint manager rejects the bogus execution path, fixing the
false positive.

gcc/analyzer/ChangeLog:
	PR analyzer/105285
	* store.cc (binding_cluster::get_any_binding): Handle accessing
	sub_svalues of clusters where the base region has a symbolic
	binding.

gcc/testsuite/ChangeLog:
	PR analyzer/105285
	* gcc.dg/analyzer/symbolic-12.c: New test.

Signed-off-by: David Malcolm <dmalcolm@redhat.com>

gcc/analyzer/store.cc

@@ -1519,6 +1519,18 @@ binding_cluster::get_any_binding (store_manager *mgr,
       = get_binding_recursive (mgr, reg))
     return direct_sval;
 
+  /* If we had a write to a cluster of unknown size, we might
+     have a self-binding of the whole base region with an svalue,
+     where the base region is symbolic.
+     Handle such cases by returning sub_svalue instances.  */
+  if (const svalue *cluster_sval = maybe_get_simple_value (mgr))
+    {
+      /* Extract child svalue from parent svalue.  */
+      region_model_manager *rmm_mgr = mgr->get_svalue_manager ();
+      return rmm_mgr->get_or_create_sub_svalue (reg->get_type (),
+						cluster_sval, reg);
+    }
+
   /* If this cluster has been touched by a symbolic write, then the content
      of any subregion not currently specifically bound is "UNKNOWN".  */
   if (m_touched)

gcc/testsuite/gcc.dg/analyzer/symbolic-12.c

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#include "analyzer-decls.h"
+
+void external_fn(void);
+
+struct st_1
+{
+  char *name;
+  unsigned size;
+};
+
+void test_1a (void *p, unsigned next_off)
+{
+  struct st_1 *r = p;
+
+  external_fn();
+
+  if (next_off >= r->size)
+    return;
+
+  if (next_off >= r->size)
+    /* We should have already returned if this is the case.  */
+    __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
+}
+
+void test_1b (void *p, unsigned next_off)
+{
+  struct st_1 *r = p;
+
+  if (next_off >= r->size)
+    return;
+
+  if (next_off >= r->size)
+    /* We should have already returned if this is the case.  */
+    __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
+}
+
+void test_1c (struct st_1 *r, unsigned next_off)
+{
+  if (next_off >= r->size)
+    return;
+
+  if (next_off >= r->size)
+    /* We should have already returned if this is the case.  */
+    __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
+}
+
+void test_1d (struct st_1 *r, unsigned next_off)
+{
+  external_fn();
+
+  if (next_off >= r->size)
+    return;
+
+  if (next_off >= r->size)
+    /* We should have already returned if this is the case.  */
+    __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
+}
+
+void test_1e (void *p, unsigned next_off)
+{
+  struct st_1 *r = p;
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      external_fn();
+
+      if (next_off >= r->size)
+	return;
+
+      __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-message "path" } */
+    }
+}
+
+struct st_2
+{
+  char *name;
+  unsigned arr[10];
+};
+
+void test_2a (void *p, unsigned next_off)
+{
+  struct st_2 *r = p;
+
+  external_fn();
+
+  if (next_off >= r->arr[5])
+    return;
+
+  if (next_off >= r->arr[5])
+    /* We should have already returned if this is the case.  */
+    __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
+}
+
+void test_2b (void *p, unsigned next_off, int idx)
+{
+  struct st_2 *r = p;
+
+  external_fn();
+
+  if (next_off >= r->arr[idx])
+    return;
+
+  if (next_off >= r->arr[idx])
+    /* We should have already returned if this is the case.  */
+    __analyzer_dump_path (); /* { dg-bogus "path" } */
+}