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327 lines
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ReStructuredText
327 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. highlightlang:: c
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.. _bufferobjects:
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Buffer Protocol
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---------------
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.. sectionauthor:: Greg Stein <gstein@lyra.org>
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.. sectionauthor:: Benjamin Peterson
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.. index::
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single: buffer interface
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Certain objects available in Python wrap access to an underlying memory
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array or *buffer*. Such objects include the built-in :class:`bytes` and
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:class:`bytearray`, and some extension types like :class:`array.array`.
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Third-party libraries may define their own types for special purposes, such
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as image processing or numeric analysis.
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While each of these types have their own semantics, they share the common
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characteristic of being backed by a possibly large memory buffer. It is
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then desireable, in some situations, to access that buffer directly and
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without intermediate copying.
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Python provides such a facility at the C level in the form of the *buffer
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protocol*. This protocol has two sides:
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.. index:: single: PyBufferProcs
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- on the producer side, a type can export a "buffer interface" which allows
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objects of that type to expose information about their underlying buffer.
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This interface is described in the section :ref:`buffer-structs`;
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- on the consumer side, several means are available to obtain a pointer to
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the raw underlying data of an object (for example a method parameter).
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Simple objects such as :class:`bytes` and :class:`bytearray` expose their
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underlying buffer in byte-oriented form. Other forms are possible; for example,
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the elements exposed by a :class:`array.array` can be multi-byte values.
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An example consumer of the buffer interface is the :meth:`~io.BufferedIOBase.write`
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method of file objects: any object that can export a series of bytes through
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the buffer interface can be written to a file. While :meth:`write` only
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needs read-only access to the internal contents of the object passed to it,
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other methods such as :meth:`~io.BufferedIOBase.readinto` need write access
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to the contents of their argument. The buffer interface allows objects to
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selectively allow or reject exporting of read-write and read-only buffers.
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There are two ways for a consumer of the buffer interface to acquire a buffer
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over a target object:
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* call :c:func:`PyObject_GetBuffer` with the right parameters;
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* call :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` (or one of its siblings) with one of the
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``y*``, ``w*`` or ``s*`` :ref:`format codes <arg-parsing>`.
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In both cases, :c:func:`PyBuffer_Release` must be called when the buffer
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isn't needed anymore. Failure to do so could lead to various issues such as
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resource leaks.
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The buffer structure
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====================
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Buffer structures (or simply "buffers") are useful as a way to expose the
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binary data from another object to the Python programmer. They can also be
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used as a zero-copy slicing mechanism. Using their ability to reference a
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block of memory, it is possible to expose any data to the Python programmer
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quite easily. The memory could be a large, constant array in a C extension,
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it could be a raw block of memory for manipulation before passing to an
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operating system library, or it could be used to pass around structured data
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in its native, in-memory format.
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Contrary to most data types exposed by the Python interpreter, buffers
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are not :c:type:`PyObject` pointers but rather simple C structures. This
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allows them to be created and copied very simply. When a generic wrapper
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around a buffer is needed, a :ref:`memoryview <memoryview-objects>` object
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can be created.
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.. c:type:: Py_buffer
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.. c:member:: void *buf
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A pointer to the start of the memory for the object.
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.. c:member:: Py_ssize_t len
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:noindex:
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The total length of the memory in bytes.
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.. c:member:: int readonly
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An indicator of whether the buffer is read only.
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.. c:member:: const char *format
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:noindex:
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A *NULL* terminated string in :mod:`struct` module style syntax giving
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the contents of the elements available through the buffer. If this is
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*NULL*, ``"B"`` (unsigned bytes) is assumed.
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.. c:member:: int ndim
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The number of dimensions the memory represents as a multi-dimensional
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array. If it is 0, :c:data:`strides` and :c:data:`suboffsets` must be
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*NULL*.
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.. c:member:: Py_ssize_t *shape
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An array of :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`\s the length of :c:data:`ndim` giving the
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shape of the memory as a multi-dimensional array. Note that
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``((*shape)[0] * ... * (*shape)[ndims-1])*itemsize`` should be equal to
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:c:data:`len`.
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.. c:member:: Py_ssize_t *strides
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An array of :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`\s the length of :c:data:`ndim` giving the
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number of bytes to skip to get to a new element in each dimension.
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.. c:member:: Py_ssize_t *suboffsets
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An array of :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`\s the length of :c:data:`ndim`. If these
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suboffset numbers are greater than or equal to 0, then the value stored
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along the indicated dimension is a pointer and the suboffset value
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dictates how many bytes to add to the pointer after de-referencing. A
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suboffset value that it negative indicates that no de-referencing should
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occur (striding in a contiguous memory block).
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Here is a function that returns a pointer to the element in an N-D array
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pointed to by an N-dimensional index when there are both non-NULL strides
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and suboffsets::
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void *get_item_pointer(int ndim, void *buf, Py_ssize_t *strides,
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Py_ssize_t *suboffsets, Py_ssize_t *indices) {
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char *pointer = (char*)buf;
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int i;
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for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) {
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pointer += strides[i] * indices[i];
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if (suboffsets[i] >=0 ) {
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pointer = *((char**)pointer) + suboffsets[i];
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}
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}
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return (void*)pointer;
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}
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.. c:member:: Py_ssize_t itemsize
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This is a storage for the itemsize (in bytes) of each element of the
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shared memory. It is technically un-necessary as it can be obtained
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using :c:func:`PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat`, however an exporter may know
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this information without parsing the format string and it is necessary
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to know the itemsize for proper interpretation of striding. Therefore,
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storing it is more convenient and faster.
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.. c:member:: void *internal
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This is for use internally by the exporting object. For example, this
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might be re-cast as an integer by the exporter and used to store flags
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about whether or not the shape, strides, and suboffsets arrays must be
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freed when the buffer is released. The consumer should never alter this
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value.
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Buffer-related functions
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========================
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_CheckBuffer(PyObject *obj)
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Return 1 if *obj* supports the buffer interface otherwise 0. When 1 is
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returned, it doesn't guarantee that :c:func:`PyObject_GetBuffer` will
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succeed.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
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Export a view over some internal data from the target object *obj*.
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*obj* must not be NULL, and *view* must point to an existing
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:c:type:`Py_buffer` structure allocated by the caller (most uses of
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this function will simply declare a local variable of type
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:c:type:`Py_buffer`). The *flags* argument is a bit field indicating
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what kind of buffer is requested. The buffer interface allows
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for complicated memory layout possibilities; however, some callers
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won't want to handle all the complexity and instead request a simple
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view of the target object (using :c:macro:`PyBUF_SIMPLE` for a read-only
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view and :c:macro:`PyBUF_WRITABLE` for a read-write view).
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Some exporters may not be able to share memory in every possible way and
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may need to raise errors to signal to some consumers that something is
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just not possible. These errors should be a :exc:`BufferError` unless
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there is another error that is actually causing the problem. The
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exporter can use flags information to simplify how much of the
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:c:data:`Py_buffer` structure is filled in with non-default values and/or
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raise an error if the object can't support a simpler view of its memory.
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On success, 0 is returned and the *view* structure is filled with useful
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values. On error, -1 is returned and an exception is raised; the *view*
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is left in an undefined state.
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The following are the possible values to the *flags* arguments.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_SIMPLE
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This is the default flag. The returned buffer exposes a read-only
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memory area. The format of data is assumed to be raw unsigned bytes,
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without any particular structure. This is a "stand-alone" flag
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constant. It never needs to be '|'d to the others. The exporter will
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raise an error if it cannot provide such a contiguous buffer of bytes.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_WRITABLE
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Like :c:macro:`PyBUF_SIMPLE`, but the returned buffer is writable. If
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the exporter doesn't support writable buffers, an error is raised.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_STRIDES
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This implies :c:macro:`PyBUF_ND`. The returned buffer must provide
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strides information (i.e. the strides cannot be NULL). This would be
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used when the consumer can handle strided, discontiguous arrays.
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Handling strides automatically assumes you can handle shape. The
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exporter can raise an error if a strided representation of the data is
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not possible (i.e. without the suboffsets).
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_ND
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The returned buffer must provide shape information. The memory will be
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assumed C-style contiguous (last dimension varies the fastest). The
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exporter may raise an error if it cannot provide this kind of
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contiguous buffer. If this is not given then shape will be *NULL*.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS
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PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS
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PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS
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These flags indicate that the contiguity returned buffer must be
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respectively, C-contiguous (last dimension varies the fastest), Fortran
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contiguous (first dimension varies the fastest) or either one. All of
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these flags imply :c:macro:`PyBUF_STRIDES` and guarantee that the
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strides buffer info structure will be filled in correctly.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_INDIRECT
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This flag indicates the returned buffer must have suboffsets
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information (which can be NULL if no suboffsets are needed). This can
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be used when the consumer can handle indirect array referencing implied
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by these suboffsets. This implies :c:macro:`PyBUF_STRIDES`.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_FORMAT
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The returned buffer must have true format information if this flag is
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provided. This would be used when the consumer is going to be checking
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for what 'kind' of data is actually stored. An exporter should always
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be able to provide this information if requested. If format is not
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explicitly requested then the format must be returned as *NULL* (which
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means ``'B'``, or unsigned bytes).
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_STRIDED
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This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_WRITABLE)``.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_STRIDED_RO
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This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_STRIDES)``.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_RECORDS
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This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT |
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PyBUF_WRITABLE)``.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_RECORDS_RO
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This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT)``.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_FULL
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This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_FORMAT |
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PyBUF_WRITABLE)``.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_FULL_RO
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This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_FORMAT)``.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_CONTIG
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This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_ND | PyBUF_WRITABLE)``.
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.. c:macro:: PyBUF_CONTIG_RO
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This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_ND)``.
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.. c:function:: void PyBuffer_Release(Py_buffer *view)
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Release the buffer *view*. This should be called when the buffer is no
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longer being used as it may free memory from it.
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.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat(const char *)
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Return the implied :c:data:`~Py_buffer.itemsize` from the struct-stype
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:c:data:`~Py_buffer.format`.
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.. c:function:: int PyBuffer_IsContiguous(Py_buffer *view, char fortran)
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Return 1 if the memory defined by the *view* is C-style (*fortran* is
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``'C'``) or Fortran-style (*fortran* is ``'F'``) contiguous or either one
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(*fortran* is ``'A'``). Return 0 otherwise.
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.. c:function:: void PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides(int ndim, Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t itemsize, char fortran)
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Fill the *strides* array with byte-strides of a contiguous (C-style if
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*fortran* is ``'C'`` or Fortran-style if *fortran* is ``'F'``) array of the
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given shape with the given number of bytes per element.
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.. c:function:: int PyBuffer_FillInfo(Py_buffer *view, PyObject *obj, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len, int readonly, int infoflags)
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Fill in a buffer-info structure, *view*, correctly for an exporter that can
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only share a contiguous chunk of memory of "unsigned bytes" of the given
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length. Return 0 on success and -1 (with raising an error) on error.
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