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svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r73077 | r.david.murray | 2009-05-31 15:15:57 -0400 (Sun, 31 May 2009) | 4 lines Issue 3848: document the fact that epoll register raises an IOError if an fd is registered twice, and add some additional epoll tests. Patch by Christian Heimes. ........
437 lines
20 KiB
ReStructuredText
437 lines
20 KiB
ReStructuredText
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:mod:`select` --- Waiting for I/O completion
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============================================
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.. module:: select
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:synopsis: Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.
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This module provides access to the :cfunc:`select` and :cfunc:`poll` functions
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available in most operating systems, :cfunc:`epoll` available on Linux 2.5+ and
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:cfunc:`kqueue` available on most BSD.
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Note that on Windows, it only works for sockets; on other operating systems,
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it also works for other file types (in particular, on Unix, it works on pipes).
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It cannot be used on regular files to determine whether a file has grown since
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it was last read.
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The module defines the following:
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.. exception:: error
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The exception raised when an error occurs. The accompanying value is a pair
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containing the numeric error code from :cdata:`errno` and the corresponding
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string, as would be printed by the C function :cfunc:`perror`.
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.. function:: epoll([sizehint=-1])
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(Only supported on Linux 2.5.44 and newer.) Returns an edge polling object,
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which can be used as Edge or Level Triggered interface for I/O events; see
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section :ref:`epoll-objects` below for the methods supported by epolling
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objects.
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.. function:: poll()
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(Not supported by all operating systems.) Returns a polling object, which
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supports registering and unregistering file descriptors, and then polling them
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for I/O events; see section :ref:`poll-objects` below for the methods supported
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by polling objects.
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.. function:: kqueue()
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(Only supported on BSD.) Returns a kernel queue object object; see section
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:ref:`kqueue-objects` below for the methods supported by kqueue objects.
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.. function:: kevent(ident, filter=KQ_FILTER_READ, flags=KQ_ADD, fflags=0, data=0, udata=0)
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(Only supported on BSD.) Returns a kernel event object object; see section
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:ref:`kevent-objects` below for the methods supported by kqueue objects.
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.. function:: select(rlist, wlist, xlist[, timeout])
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This is a straightforward interface to the Unix :cfunc:`select` system call.
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The first three arguments are sequences of 'waitable objects': either
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integers representing file descriptors or objects with a parameterless method
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named :meth:`fileno` returning such an integer:
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* *rlist*: wait until ready for reading
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* *wlist*: wait until ready for writing
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* *xlist*: wait for an "exceptional condition" (see the manual page for what
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your system considers such a condition)
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Empty sequences are allowed, but acceptance of three empty sequences is
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platform-dependent. (It is known to work on Unix but not on Windows.) The
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optional *timeout* argument specifies a time-out as a floating point number
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in seconds. When the *timeout* argument is omitted the function blocks until
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at least one file descriptor is ready. A time-out value of zero specifies a
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poll and never blocks.
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The return value is a triple of lists of objects that are ready: subsets of the
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first three arguments. When the time-out is reached without a file descriptor
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becoming ready, three empty lists are returned.
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.. index::
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single: socket() (in module socket)
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single: popen() (in module os)
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Among the acceptable object types in the sequences are Python file objects (e.g.
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``sys.stdin``, or objects returned by :func:`open` or :func:`os.popen`), socket
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objects returned by :func:`socket.socket`. You may also define a :dfn:`wrapper`
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class yourself, as long as it has an appropriate :meth:`fileno` method (that
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really returns a file descriptor, not just a random integer).
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.. note::
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.. index:: single: WinSock
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File objects on Windows are not acceptable, but sockets are. On Windows,
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the underlying :cfunc:`select` function is provided by the WinSock
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library, and does not handle file descriptors that don't originate from
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WinSock.
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.. _epoll-objects:
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Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
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----------------------------------------------
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http://linux.die.net/man/4/epoll
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*eventmask*
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Meaning |
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+=======================+===============================================+
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| :const:`EPOLLIN` | Available for read |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLOUT` | Available for write |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLPRI` | Urgent data for read |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLERR` | Error condition happened on the assoc. fd |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLHUP` | Hang up happened on the assoc. fd |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLET` | Set Edge Trigger behavior, the default is |
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| | Level Trigger behavior |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLONESHOT` | Set one-shot behavior. After one event is |
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| | pulled out, the fd is internally disabled |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLRDNORM` | ??? |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLRDBAND` | ??? |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLWRNORM` | ??? |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLWRBAND` | ??? |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EPOLLMSG` | ??? |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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.. method:: epoll.close()
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Close the control file descriptor of the epoll object.
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.. method:: epoll.fileno()
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Return the file descriptor number of the control fd.
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.. method:: epoll.fromfd(fd)
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Create an epoll object from a given file descriptor.
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.. method:: epoll.register(fd[, eventmask])
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Register a fd descriptor with the epoll object.
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.. note::
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Registering a file descriptor that's already registered raises an
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IOError -- contrary to :ref:`poll-objects`'s register.
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.. method:: epoll.modify(fd, eventmask)
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Modify a register file descriptor.
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.. method:: epoll.unregister(fd)
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Remove a registered file descriptor from the epoll object.
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.. method:: epoll.poll([timeout=-1[, maxevents=-1]])
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Wait for events. timeout in seconds (float)
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.. _poll-objects:
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Polling Objects
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---------------
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The :cfunc:`poll` system call, supported on most Unix systems, provides better
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scalability for network servers that service many, many clients at the same
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time. :cfunc:`poll` scales better because the system call only requires listing
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the file descriptors of interest, while :cfunc:`select` builds a bitmap, turns
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on bits for the fds of interest, and then afterward the whole bitmap has to be
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linearly scanned again. :cfunc:`select` is O(highest file descriptor), while
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:cfunc:`poll` is O(number of file descriptors).
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.. method:: poll.register(fd[, eventmask])
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Register a file descriptor with the polling object. Future calls to the
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:meth:`poll` method will then check whether the file descriptor has any pending
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I/O events. *fd* can be either an integer, or an object with a :meth:`fileno`
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method that returns an integer. File objects implement :meth:`fileno`, so they
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can also be used as the argument.
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*eventmask* is an optional bitmask describing the type of events you want to
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check for, and can be a combination of the constants :const:`POLLIN`,
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:const:`POLLPRI`, and :const:`POLLOUT`, described in the table below. If not
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specified, the default value used will check for all 3 types of events.
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+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Meaning |
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+===================+==========================================+
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| :const:`POLLIN` | There is data to read |
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+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`POLLPRI` | There is urgent data to read |
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+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`POLLOUT` | Ready for output: writing will not block |
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+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`POLLERR` | Error condition of some sort |
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+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`POLLHUP` | Hung up |
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+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`POLLNVAL` | Invalid request: descriptor not open |
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+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
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Registering a file descriptor that's already registered is not an error, and has
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the same effect as registering the descriptor exactly once.
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.. method:: poll.modify(fd, eventmask)
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Modifies an already registered fd. This has the same effect as
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:meth:`register(fd, eventmask)`. Attempting to modify a file descriptor
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that was never registered causes an :exc:`IOError` exception with errno
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:const:`ENOENT` to be raised.
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.. method:: poll.unregister(fd)
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Remove a file descriptor being tracked by a polling object. Just like the
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:meth:`register` method, *fd* can be an integer or an object with a
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:meth:`fileno` method that returns an integer.
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Attempting to remove a file descriptor that was never registered causes a
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:exc:`KeyError` exception to be raised.
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.. method:: poll.poll([timeout])
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Polls the set of registered file descriptors, and returns a possibly-empty list
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containing ``(fd, event)`` 2-tuples for the descriptors that have events or
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errors to report. *fd* is the file descriptor, and *event* is a bitmask with
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bits set for the reported events for that descriptor --- :const:`POLLIN` for
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waiting input, :const:`POLLOUT` to indicate that the descriptor can be written
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to, and so forth. An empty list indicates that the call timed out and no file
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descriptors had any events to report. If *timeout* is given, it specifies the
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length of time in milliseconds which the system will wait for events before
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returning. If *timeout* is omitted, negative, or :const:`None`, the call will
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block until there is an event for this poll object.
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.. _kqueue-objects:
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Kqueue Objects
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--------------
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.. method:: kqueue.close()
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Close the control file descriptor of the kqueue object.
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.. method:: kqueue.fileno()
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Return the file descriptor number of the control fd.
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.. method:: kqueue.fromfd(fd)
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Create a kqueue object from a given file descriptor.
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.. method:: kqueue.control(changelist, max_events[, timeout=None]) -> eventlist
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Low level interface to kevent
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- changelist must be an iterable of kevent object or None
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- max_events must be 0 or a positive integer
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- timeout in seconds (floats possible)
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.. _kevent-objects:
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Kevent Objects
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--------------
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http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2
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.. attribute:: kevent.ident
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Value used to identify the event. The interpretation depends on the filter
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but it's usually the file descriptor. In the constructor ident can either
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be an int or an object with a fileno() function. kevent stores the integer
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internally.
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.. attribute:: kevent.filter
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Name of the kernel filter
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Meaning |
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+===========================+=============================================+
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| :const:`KQ_FILTER_READ` | Takes a descriptor and returns whenever |
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| | there is data available to read |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_FILTER_WRITE` | Takes a descriptor and returns whenever |
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| | there is data available to read |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_FILTER_AIO` | AIO requests |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_FILTER_VNODE` | Returns when one or more of the requested |
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| | events watched in *fflag* occurs |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_FILTER_PROC` | Watch for events on a process id |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_FILTER_NETDEV` | Watch for events on a network device |
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| | [not available on Mac OS X] |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_FILTER_SIGNAL` | Returns whenever the watched signal is |
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| | delivered to the process |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_FILTER_TIMER` | Establishes an arbitrary timer |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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.. attribute:: kevent.flags
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Filter action
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Meaning |
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+===========================+=============================================+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_ADD` | Adds or modifies an event |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_DELETE` | Removes an event from the queue |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_ENABLE` | Permitscontrol() to returns the event |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_DISABLE` | Disablesevent |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_ONESHOT` | Removes event after first occurrence |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_CLEAR` | Reset the state after an event is retrieved |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_SYSFLAGS` | internal event |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_FLAG1` | internal event |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_EOF` | Filter specific EOF condition |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_EV_ERROR` | See return values |
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+---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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.. attribute:: kevent.fflags
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Filter specific flags
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:const:`KQ_FILTER_READ` and :const:`KQ_FILTER_WRITE` filter flags
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Meaning |
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+============================+============================================+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_LOWAT` | low water mark of a socket buffer |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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:const:`KQ_FILTER_VNODE` filter flags
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Meaning |
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+============================+============================================+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_DELETE` | *unlink()* was called |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_WRITE` | a write occurred |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXTEND` | the file was extended |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_ATTRIB` | an attribute was changed |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINK` | the link count has changed |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_RENAME` | the file was renamed |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_REVOKE` | access to the file was revoked |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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:const:`KQ_FILTER_PROC` filter flags
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Meaning |
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+============================+============================================+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXIT` | the process has exited |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_FORK` | the process has called *fork()* |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXEC` | the process has executed a new process |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_PCTRLMASK` | internal filter flag |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_PDATAMASK` | internal filter flag |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_TRACK` | follow a process across *fork()* |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_CHILD` | returned on the child process for |
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| | *NOTE_TRACK* |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_TRACKERR` | unable to attach to a child |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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:const:`KQ_FILTER_NETDEV` filter flags [not available on Mac OS X]
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Meaning |
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+============================+============================================+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKUP` | link is up |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKDOWN` | link is down |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKINV` | link state is invalid |
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+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
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.. attribute:: kevent.data
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Filter specific data
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.. attribute:: kevent.udata
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User defined value
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