mirror of
https://github.com/python/cpython.git
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b193fa996a
In some development setups it is inconvenient or impossible to write bytecode caches to the code tree, but the bytecode caches are still useful. The PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX environment variable allows specifying an alternate location for cached bytecode files, within which a directory tree mirroring the code tree will be created. This cache tree is then used (for both reading and writing) instead of the local `__pycache__` subdirectory within each source directory. Exposed at runtime as sys.pycache_prefix (defaulting to None), and can be set from the CLI as "-X pycache_prefix=path". Patch by Carl Meyer.
935 lines
33 KiB
ReStructuredText
935 lines
33 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. highlightlang:: sh
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.. ATTENTION: You probably should update Misc/python.man, too, if you modify
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this file.
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.. _using-on-general:
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Command line and environment
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============================
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The CPython interpreter scans the command line and the environment for various
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settings.
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.. impl-detail::
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Other implementations' command line schemes may differ. See
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:ref:`implementations` for further resources.
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.. _using-on-cmdline:
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Command line
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------------
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When invoking Python, you may specify any of these options::
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python [-bBdEhiIOqsSuvVWx?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]
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The most common use case is, of course, a simple invocation of a script::
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python myscript.py
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.. _using-on-interface-options:
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Interface options
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell, but provides some
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additional methods of invocation:
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* When called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for
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commands and executes them until an EOF (an end-of-file character, you can
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produce that with :kbd:`Ctrl-D` on UNIX or :kbd:`Ctrl-Z, Enter` on Windows) is read.
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* When called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it
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reads and executes a script from that file.
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* When called with a directory name argument, it reads and executes an
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appropriately named script from that directory.
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* When called with ``-c command``, it executes the Python statement(s) given as
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*command*. Here *command* may contain multiple statements separated by
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newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!
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* When called with ``-m module-name``, the given module is located on the
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Python module path and executed as a script.
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In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.
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An interface option terminates the list of options consumed by the interpreter,
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all consecutive arguments will end up in :data:`sys.argv` -- note that the first
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element, subscript zero (``sys.argv[0]``), is a string reflecting the program's
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source.
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.. cmdoption:: -c <command>
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Execute the Python code in *command*. *command* can be one or more
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statements separated by newlines, with significant leading whitespace as in
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normal module code.
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If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be
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``"-c"`` and the current directory will be added to the start of
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:data:`sys.path` (allowing modules in that directory to be imported as top
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level modules).
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.. cmdoption:: -m <module-name>
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Search :data:`sys.path` for the named module and execute its contents as
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the :mod:`__main__` module.
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Since the argument is a *module* name, you must not give a file extension
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(``.py``). The module name should be a valid absolute Python module name, but
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the implementation may not always enforce this (e.g. it may allow you to
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use a name that includes a hyphen).
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Package names (including namespace packages) are also permitted. When a
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package name is supplied instead
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of a normal module, the interpreter will execute ``<pkg>.__main__`` as
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the main module. This behaviour is deliberately similar to the handling
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of directories and zipfiles that are passed to the interpreter as the
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script argument.
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.. note::
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This option cannot be used with built-in modules and extension modules
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written in C, since they do not have Python module files. However, it
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can still be used for precompiled modules, even if the original source
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file is not available.
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If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be the
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full path to the module file (while the module file is being located, the
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first element will be set to ``"-m"``). As with the :option:`-c` option,
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the current directory will be added to the start of :data:`sys.path`.
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Many standard library modules contain code that is invoked on their execution
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as a script. An example is the :mod:`timeit` module::
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python -mtimeit -s 'setup here' 'benchmarked code here'
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python -mtimeit -h # for details
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.. seealso::
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:func:`runpy.run_module`
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Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code
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:pep:`338` -- Executing modules as scripts
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.. versionchanged:: 3.1
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Supply the package name to run a ``__main__`` submodule.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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namespace packages are also supported
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.. describe:: -
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Read commands from standard input (:data:`sys.stdin`). If standard input is
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a terminal, :option:`-i` is implied.
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If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be
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``"-"`` and the current directory will be added to the start of
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:data:`sys.path`.
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.. describe:: <script>
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Execute the Python code contained in *script*, which must be a filesystem
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path (absolute or relative) referring to either a Python file, a directory
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containing a ``__main__.py`` file, or a zipfile containing a
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``__main__.py`` file.
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If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be the
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script name as given on the command line.
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If the script name refers directly to a Python file, the directory
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containing that file is added to the start of :data:`sys.path`, and the
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file is executed as the :mod:`__main__` module.
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If the script name refers to a directory or zipfile, the script name is
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added to the start of :data:`sys.path` and the ``__main__.py`` file in
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that location is executed as the :mod:`__main__` module.
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.. seealso::
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:func:`runpy.run_path`
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Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code
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If no interface option is given, :option:`-i` is implied, ``sys.argv[0]`` is
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an empty string (``""``) and the current directory will be added to the
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start of :data:`sys.path`. Also, tab-completion and history editing is
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automatically enabled, if available on your platform (see
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:ref:`rlcompleter-config`).
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.. seealso:: :ref:`tut-invoking`
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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Automatic enabling of tab-completion and history editing.
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Generic options
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. cmdoption:: -?
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-h
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--help
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Print a short description of all command line options.
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.. cmdoption:: -V
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--version
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Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be:
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.. code-block:: none
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Python 3.6.0b2+
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When given twice, print more information about the build, like:
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.. code-block:: none
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Python 3.6.0b2+ (3.6:84a3c5003510+, Oct 26 2016, 02:33:55)
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[GCC 6.2.0 20161005]
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.. versionadded:: 3.6
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The ``-VV`` option.
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.. _using-on-misc-options:
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Miscellaneous options
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. cmdoption:: -b
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Issue a warning when comparing :class:`bytes` or :class:`bytearray` with
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:class:`str` or :class:`bytes` with :class:`int`. Issue an error when the
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option is given twice (:option:`!-bb`).
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Affects comparisons of :class:`bytes` with :class:`int`.
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.. cmdoption:: -B
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If given, Python won't try to write ``.pyc`` files on the
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import of source modules. See also :envvar:`PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE`.
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.. cmdoption:: --check-hash-based-pycs default|always|never
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Control the validation behavior of hash-based ``.pyc`` files. See
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:ref:`pyc-invalidation`. When set to ``default``, checked and unchecked
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hash-based bytecode cache files are validated according to their default
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semantics. When set to ``always``, all hash-based ``.pyc`` files, whether
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checked or unchecked, are validated against their corresponding source
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file. When set to ``never``, hash-based ``.pyc`` files are not validated
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against their corresponding source files.
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The semantics of timestamp-based ``.pyc`` files are unaffected by this
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option.
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.. cmdoption:: -d
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Turn on parser debugging output (for expert only, depending on compilation
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options). See also :envvar:`PYTHONDEBUG`.
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.. cmdoption:: -E
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Ignore all :envvar:`PYTHON*` environment variables, e.g.
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:envvar:`PYTHONPATH` and :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`, that might be set.
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.. cmdoption:: -i
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When a script is passed as first argument or the :option:`-c` option is used,
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enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command, even when
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:data:`sys.stdin` does not appear to be a terminal. The
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:envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` file is not read.
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This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script
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raises an exception. See also :envvar:`PYTHONINSPECT`.
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.. cmdoption:: -I
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Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies -E and -s.
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In isolated mode :data:`sys.path` contains neither the script's directory nor
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the user's site-packages directory. All :envvar:`PYTHON*` environment
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variables are ignored, too. Further restrictions may be imposed to prevent
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the user from injecting malicious code.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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.. cmdoption:: -O
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Remove assert statements and any code conditional on the value of
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:const:`__debug__`. Augment the filename for compiled
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(:term:`bytecode`) files by adding ``.opt-1`` before the ``.pyc``
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extension (see :pep:`488`). See also :envvar:`PYTHONOPTIMIZE`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Modify ``.pyc`` filenames according to :pep:`488`.
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.. cmdoption:: -OO
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Do :option:`-O` and also discard docstrings. Augment the filename
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for compiled (:term:`bytecode`) files by adding ``.opt-2`` before the
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``.pyc`` extension (see :pep:`488`).
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Modify ``.pyc`` filenames according to :pep:`488`.
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.. cmdoption:: -q
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Don't display the copyright and version messages even in interactive mode.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. cmdoption:: -R
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Turn on hash randomization. This option only has an effect if the
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:envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` environment variable is set to ``0``, since hash
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randomization is enabled by default.
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On previous versions of Python, this option turns on hash randomization,
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so that the :meth:`__hash__` values of str, bytes and datetime
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are "salted" with an unpredictable random value. Although they remain
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constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable
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between repeated invocations of Python.
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Hash randomization is intended to provide protection against a
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denial-of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst
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case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity. See
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http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
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:envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` allows you to set a fixed value for the hash
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seed secret.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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The option is no longer ignored.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2.3
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.. cmdoption:: -s
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Don't add the :data:`user site-packages directory <site.USER_SITE>` to
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:data:`sys.path`.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
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.. cmdoption:: -S
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Disable the import of the module :mod:`site` and the site-dependent
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manipulations of :data:`sys.path` that it entails. Also disable these
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manipulations if :mod:`site` is explicitly imported later (call
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:func:`site.main` if you want them to be triggered).
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.. cmdoption:: -u
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Force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered. This option has no
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effect on the stdin stream.
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See also :envvar:`PYTHONUNBUFFERED`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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The text layer of the stdout and stderr streams now is unbuffered.
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.. cmdoption:: -v
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Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place
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(filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice
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(:option:`!-vv`), print a message for each file that is checked for when
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searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit.
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See also :envvar:`PYTHONVERBOSE`.
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.. _using-on-warnings:
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.. cmdoption:: -W arg
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Warning control. Python's warning machinery by default prints warning
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messages to :data:`sys.stderr`. A typical warning message has the following
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form:
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.. code-block:: none
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file:line: category: message
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By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it
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occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.
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Multiple :option:`-W` options may be given; when a warning matches more than
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one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid
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:option:`-W` options are ignored (though, a warning message is printed about
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invalid options when the first warning is issued).
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Warnings can also be controlled using the :envvar:`PYTHONWARNINGS`
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environment variable and from within a Python program using the
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:mod:`warnings` module.
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The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all
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warnings emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by
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default)::
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-Wdefault # Warn once per call location
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-Werror # Convert to exceptions
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-Walways # Warn every time
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-Wmodule # Warn once per calling module
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-Wonce # Warn once per Python process
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-Wignore # Never warn
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The action names can be abbreviated as desired (e.g. ``-Wi``, ``-Wd``,
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``-Wa``, ``-We``) and the interpreter will resolve them to the appropriate
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action name.
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See :ref:`warning-filter` and :ref:`describing-warning-filters` for more
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details.
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.. cmdoption:: -x
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Skip the first line of the source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of
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``#!cmd``. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only.
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.. cmdoption:: -X
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Reserved for various implementation-specific options. CPython currently
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defines the following possible values:
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* ``-X faulthandler`` to enable :mod:`faulthandler`;
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* ``-X showrefcount`` to output the total reference count and number of used
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memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the
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interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds.
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* ``-X tracemalloc`` to start tracing Python memory allocations using the
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:mod:`tracemalloc` module. By default, only the most recent frame is
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stored in a traceback of a trace. Use ``-X tracemalloc=NFRAME`` to start
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tracing with a traceback limit of *NFRAME* frames. See the
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:func:`tracemalloc.start` for more information.
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* ``-X showalloccount`` to output the total count of allocated objects for
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each type when the program finishes. This only works when Python was built with
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``COUNT_ALLOCS`` defined.
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* ``-X importtime`` to show how long each import takes. It shows module
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name, cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding
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nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded
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application. Typical usage is ``python3 -X importtime -c 'import
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asyncio'``. See also :envvar:`PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME`.
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* ``-X dev``: enable CPython's "development mode", introducing additional
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runtime checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. It should
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not be more verbose than the default if the code is correct: new warnings
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are only emitted when an issue is detected. Effect of the developer mode:
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* Add ``default`` warning filter, as :option:`-W` ``default``.
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* Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the
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:c:func:`PyMem_SetupDebugHooks` C function.
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* Enable the :mod:`faulthandler` module to dump the Python traceback
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on a crash.
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* Enable :ref:`asyncio debug mode <asyncio-debug-mode>`.
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* Set the :attr:`~sys.flags.dev_mode` attribute of :attr:`sys.flags` to
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``True``
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* ``-X utf8`` enables UTF-8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding
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the default locale-aware mode. ``-X utf8=0`` explicitly disables UTF-8
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mode (even when it would otherwise activate automatically).
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See :envvar:`PYTHONUTF8` for more details.
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* ``-X pycache_prefix=PATH`` enables writing ``.pyc`` files to a parallel
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tree rooted at the given directory instead of to the code tree. See also
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:envvar:`PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX`.
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It also allows passing arbitrary values and retrieving them through the
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:data:`sys._xoptions` dictionary.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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The :option:`-X` option was added.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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The ``-X faulthandler`` option.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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The ``-X showrefcount`` and ``-X tracemalloc`` options.
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.. versionadded:: 3.6
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The ``-X showalloccount`` option.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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The ``-X importtime``, ``-X dev`` and ``-X utf8`` options.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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The ``-X pycache_prefix`` option.
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Options you shouldn't use
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. cmdoption:: -J
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Reserved for use by Jython_.
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.. _Jython: http://www.jython.org/
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.. _using-on-envvars:
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Environment variables
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---------------------
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These environment variables influence Python's behavior, they are processed
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before the command-line switches other than -E or -I. It is customary that
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command-line switches override environmental variables where there is a
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conflict.
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.. envvar:: PYTHONHOME
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Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the
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libraries are searched in :file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}` and
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:file:`{exec_prefix}/lib/python{version}`, where :file:`{prefix}` and
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:file:`{exec_prefix}` are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting
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to :file:`/usr/local`.
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When :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` is set to a single directory, its value replaces
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both :file:`{prefix}` and :file:`{exec_prefix}`. To specify different values
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for these, set :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` to :file:`{prefix}:{exec_prefix}`.
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.. envvar:: PYTHONPATH
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Augment the default search path for module files. The format is the same as
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the shell's :envvar:`PATH`: one or more directory pathnames separated by
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:data:`os.pathsep` (e.g. colons on Unix or semicolons on Windows).
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Non-existent directories are silently ignored.
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In addition to normal directories, individual :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` entries
|
|
may refer to zipfiles containing pure Python modules (in either source or
|
|
compiled form). Extension modules cannot be imported from zipfiles.
|
|
|
|
The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with
|
|
:file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}` (see :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` above). It
|
|
is *always* appended to :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`.
|
|
|
|
An additional directory will be inserted in the search path in front of
|
|
:envvar:`PYTHONPATH` as described above under
|
|
:ref:`using-on-interface-options`. The search path can be manipulated from
|
|
within a Python program as the variable :data:`sys.path`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONSTARTUP
|
|
|
|
If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are
|
|
executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file
|
|
is executed in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed so
|
|
that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in
|
|
the interactive session. You can also change the prompts :data:`sys.ps1` and
|
|
:data:`sys.ps2` and the hook :data:`sys.__interactivehook__` in this file.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONOPTIMIZE
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-O` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
|
|
:option:`-O` multiple times.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONBREAKPOINT
|
|
|
|
If this is set, it names a callable using dotted-path notation. The module
|
|
containing the callable will be imported and then the callable will be run
|
|
by the default implementation of :func:`sys.breakpointhook` which itself is
|
|
called by built-in :func:`breakpoint`. If not set, or set to the empty
|
|
string, it is equivalent to the value "pdb.set_trace". Setting this to the
|
|
string "0" causes the default implementation of :func:`sys.breakpointhook`
|
|
to do nothing but return immediately.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONDEBUG
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-d` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
|
|
:option:`-d` multiple times.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONINSPECT
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-i` option.
|
|
|
|
This variable can also be modified by Python code using :data:`os.environ`
|
|
to force inspect mode on program termination.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONUNBUFFERED
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-u` option.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONVERBOSE
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-v` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
|
|
:option:`-v` multiple times.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONCASEOK
|
|
|
|
If this is set, Python ignores case in :keyword:`import` statements. This
|
|
only works on Windows and OS X.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string, Python won't try to write ``.pyc``
|
|
files on the import of source modules. This is equivalent to
|
|
specifying the :option:`-B` option.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX
|
|
|
|
If this is set, Python will write ``.pyc`` files in a mirror directory tree
|
|
at this path, instead of in ``__pycache__`` directories within the source
|
|
tree. This is equivalent to specifying the :option:`-X`
|
|
``pycache_prefix=PATH`` option.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONHASHSEED
|
|
|
|
If this variable is not set or set to ``random``, a random value is used
|
|
to seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects.
|
|
|
|
If :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed
|
|
seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash
|
|
randomization.
|
|
|
|
Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the
|
|
interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash
|
|
values.
|
|
|
|
The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying
|
|
the value 0 will disable hash randomization.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.2.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONIOENCODING
|
|
|
|
If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used
|
|
for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax ``encodingname:errorhandler``. Both
|
|
the ``encodingname`` and the ``:errorhandler`` parts are optional and have
|
|
the same meaning as in :func:`str.encode`.
|
|
|
|
For stderr, the ``:errorhandler`` part is ignored; the handler will always be
|
|
``'backslashreplace'``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
The ``encodingname`` part is now optional.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
On Windows, the encoding specified by this variable is ignored for interactive
|
|
console buffers unless :envvar:`PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO` is also specified.
|
|
Files and pipes redirected through the standard streams are not affected.
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONNOUSERSITE
|
|
|
|
If this is set, Python won't add the :data:`user site-packages directory
|
|
<site.USER_SITE>` to :data:`sys.path`.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONUSERBASE
|
|
|
|
Defines the :data:`user base directory <site.USER_BASE>`, which is used to
|
|
compute the path of the :data:`user site-packages directory <site.USER_SITE>`
|
|
and :ref:`Distutils installation paths <inst-alt-install-user>` for
|
|
``python setup.py install --user``.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONEXECUTABLE
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set, ``sys.argv[0]`` will be set to its
|
|
value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on
|
|
Mac OS X.
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONWARNINGS
|
|
|
|
This is equivalent to the :option:`-W` option. If set to a comma
|
|
separated string, it is equivalent to specifying :option:`-W` multiple
|
|
times, with filters later in the list taking precedence over those earlier
|
|
in the list.
|
|
|
|
The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all
|
|
warnings emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by
|
|
default)::
|
|
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=default # Warn once per call location
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=error # Convert to exceptions
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=always # Warn every time
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=module # Warn once per calling module
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=once # Warn once per Python process
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore # Never warn
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`warning-filter` and :ref:`describing-warning-filters` for more
|
|
details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONFAULTHANDLER
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string,
|
|
:func:`faulthandler.enable` is called at startup: install a handler for
|
|
:const:`SIGSEGV`, :const:`SIGFPE`, :const:`SIGABRT`, :const:`SIGBUS` and
|
|
:const:`SIGILL` signals to dump the Python traceback. This is equivalent to
|
|
:option:`-X` ``faulthandler`` option.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONTRACEMALLOC
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, start tracing
|
|
Python memory allocations using the :mod:`tracemalloc` module. The value of
|
|
the variable is the maximum number of frames stored in a traceback of a
|
|
trace. For example, ``PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=1`` stores only the most recent
|
|
frame. See the :func:`tracemalloc.start` for more information.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, Python will
|
|
show how long each import takes. This is exactly equivalent to setting
|
|
``-X importtime`` on the command line.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the
|
|
:ref:`debug mode <asyncio-debug-mode>` of the :mod:`asyncio` module.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONMALLOC
|
|
|
|
Set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks.
|
|
|
|
Set the family of memory allocators used by Python:
|
|
|
|
* ``default``: use the :ref:`default memory allocators
|
|
<default-memory-allocators>`.
|
|
* ``malloc``: use the :c:func:`malloc` function of the C library
|
|
for all domains (:c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW`, :c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM`,
|
|
:c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ`).
|
|
* ``pymalloc``: use the :ref:`pymalloc allocator <pymalloc>` for
|
|
:c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM` and :c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ` domains and use
|
|
the :c:func:`malloc` function for the :c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW` domain.
|
|
|
|
Install debug hooks:
|
|
|
|
* ``debug``: install debug hooks on top of the :ref:`default memory
|
|
allocators <default-memory-allocators>`.
|
|
* ``malloc_debug``: same as ``malloc`` but also install debug hooks
|
|
* ``pymalloc_debug``: same as ``pymalloc`` but also install debug hooks
|
|
|
|
See the :ref:`default memory allocators <default-memory-allocators>` and the
|
|
:c:func:`PyMem_SetupDebugHooks` function (install debug hooks on Python
|
|
memory allocators).
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
Added the ``"default"`` allocator.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONMALLOCSTATS
|
|
|
|
If set to a non-empty string, Python will print statistics of the
|
|
:ref:`pymalloc memory allocator <pymalloc>` every time a new pymalloc object
|
|
arena is created, and on shutdown.
|
|
|
|
This variable is ignored if the :envvar:`PYTHONMALLOC` environment variable
|
|
is used to force the :c:func:`malloc` allocator of the C library, or if
|
|
Python is configured without ``pymalloc`` support.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
This variable can now also be used on Python compiled in release mode.
|
|
It now has no effect if set to an empty string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING
|
|
|
|
If set to a non-empty string, the default filesystem encoding and errors mode
|
|
will revert to their pre-3.6 values of 'mbcs' and 'replace', respectively.
|
|
Otherwise, the new defaults 'utf-8' and 'surrogatepass' are used.
|
|
|
|
This may also be enabled at runtime with
|
|
:func:`sys._enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()`.
|
|
|
|
Availability: Windows
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.6
|
|
See :pep:`529` for more details.
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO
|
|
|
|
If set to a non-empty string, does not use the new console reader and
|
|
writer. This means that Unicode characters will be encoded according to
|
|
the active console code page, rather than using utf-8.
|
|
|
|
This variable is ignored if the standard streams are redirected (to files
|
|
or pipes) rather than referring to console buffers.
|
|
|
|
Availability: Windows
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE
|
|
|
|
If set to the value ``0``, causes the main Python command line application
|
|
to skip coercing the legacy ASCII-based C and POSIX locales to a more
|
|
capable UTF-8 based alternative.
|
|
|
|
If this variable is *not* set (or is set to a value other than ``0``), the
|
|
``LC_ALL`` locale override environment variable is also not set, and the
|
|
current locale reported for the ``LC_CTYPE`` category is either the default
|
|
``C`` locale, or else the explicitly ASCII-based ``POSIX`` locale, then the
|
|
Python CLI will attempt to configure the following locales for the
|
|
``LC_CTYPE`` category in the order listed before loading the interpreter
|
|
runtime:
|
|
|
|
* ``C.UTF-8``
|
|
* ``C.utf8``
|
|
* ``UTF-8``
|
|
|
|
If setting one of these locale categories succeeds, then the ``LC_CTYPE``
|
|
environment variable will also be set accordingly in the current process
|
|
environment before the Python runtime is initialized. This ensures that in
|
|
addition to being seen by both the interpreter itself and other locale-aware
|
|
components running in the same process (such as the GNU ``readline``
|
|
library), the updated setting is also seen in subprocesses (regardless of
|
|
whether or not those processes are running a Python interpreter), as well as
|
|
in operations that query the environment rather than the current C locale
|
|
(such as Python's own :func:`locale.getdefaultlocale`).
|
|
|
|
Configuring one of these locales (either explicitly or via the above
|
|
implicit locale coercion) automatically enables the ``surrogateescape``
|
|
:ref:`error handler <error-handlers>` for :data:`sys.stdin` and
|
|
:data:`sys.stdout` (:data:`sys.stderr` continues to use ``backslashreplace``
|
|
as it does in any other locale). This stream handling behavior can be
|
|
overridden using :envvar:`PYTHONIOENCODING` as usual.
|
|
|
|
For debugging purposes, setting ``PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=warn`` will cause
|
|
Python to emit warning messages on ``stderr`` if either the locale coercion
|
|
activates, or else if a locale that *would* have triggered coercion is
|
|
still active when the Python runtime is initialized.
|
|
|
|
Also note that even when locale coercion is disabled, or when it fails to
|
|
find a suitable target locale, :envvar:`PYTHONUTF8` will still activate by
|
|
default in legacy ASCII-based locales. Both features must be disabled in
|
|
order to force the interpreter to use ``ASCII`` instead of ``UTF-8`` for
|
|
system interfaces.
|
|
|
|
Availability: \*nix
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
See :pep:`538` for more details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONDEVMODE
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the
|
|
CPython "development mode". See the :option:`-X` ``dev`` option.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONUTF8
|
|
|
|
If set to ``1``, enables the interpreter's UTF-8 mode, where ``UTF-8`` is
|
|
used as the text encoding for system interfaces, regardless of the
|
|
current locale setting.
|
|
|
|
This means that:
|
|
|
|
* :func:`sys.getfilesystemencoding()` returns ``'UTF-8'`` (the locale
|
|
encoding is ignored).
|
|
* :func:`locale.getpreferredencoding()` returns ``'UTF-8'`` (the locale
|
|
encoding is ignored, and the function's ``do_setlocale`` parameter has no
|
|
effect).
|
|
* :data:`sys.stdin`, :data:`sys.stdout`, and :data:`sys.stderr` all use
|
|
UTF-8 as their text encoding, with the ``surrogateescape``
|
|
:ref:`error handler <error-handlers>` being enabled for :data:`sys.stdin`
|
|
and :data:`sys.stdout` (:data:`sys.stderr` continues to use
|
|
``backslashreplace`` as it does in the default locale-aware mode)
|
|
|
|
As a consequence of the changes in those lower level APIs, other higher
|
|
level APIs also exhibit different default behaviours:
|
|
|
|
* Command line arguments, environment variables and filenames are decoded
|
|
to text using the UTF-8 encoding.
|
|
* :func:`os.fsdecode()` and :func:`os.fsencode()` use the UTF-8 encoding.
|
|
* :func:`open()`, :func:`io.open()`, and :func:`codecs.open()` use the UTF-8
|
|
encoding by default. However, they still use the strict error handler by
|
|
default so that attempting to open a binary file in text mode is likely
|
|
to raise an exception rather than producing nonsense data.
|
|
|
|
Note that the standard stream settings in UTF-8 mode can be overridden by
|
|
:envvar:`PYTHONIOENCODING` (just as they can be in the default locale-aware
|
|
mode).
|
|
|
|
If set to ``0``, the interpreter runs in its default locale-aware mode.
|
|
|
|
Setting any other non-empty string causes an error during interpreter
|
|
initialisation.
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is not set at all, then the interpreter defaults
|
|
to using the current locale settings, *unless* the current locale is
|
|
identified as a legacy ASCII-based locale
|
|
(as descibed for :envvar:`PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE`), and locale coercion is
|
|
either disabled or fails. In such legacy locales, the interpreter will
|
|
default to enabling UTF-8 mode unless explicitly instructed not to do so.
|
|
|
|
Also available as the :option:`-X` ``utf8`` option.
|
|
|
|
Availability: \*nix
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
See :pep:`540` for more details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debug-mode variables
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python, that is,
|
|
if Python was configured with the ``--with-pydebug`` build option.
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONTHREADDEBUG
|
|
|
|
If set, Python will print threading debug info.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONDUMPREFS
|
|
|
|
If set, Python will dump objects and reference counts still alive after
|
|
shutting down the interpreter.
|