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* bpo-44258: support PEP 515 for Fraction's initialization from string * regexps's version * A different regexps version, which doesn't suffer from catastrophic backtracking * revert denom -> den * strip "_" from the decimal str, add few tests * drop redundant tests * Add versionchanged & whatsnew entry * Amend Fraction constructor docs * Change .. versionchanged:...
750 lines
28 KiB
Python
750 lines
28 KiB
Python
# Originally contributed by Sjoerd Mullender.
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# Significantly modified by Jeffrey Yasskin <jyasskin at gmail.com>.
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"""Fraction, infinite-precision, rational numbers."""
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from decimal import Decimal
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import math
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import numbers
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import operator
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import re
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import sys
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__all__ = ['Fraction']
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# Constants related to the hash implementation; hash(x) is based
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# on the reduction of x modulo the prime _PyHASH_MODULUS.
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_PyHASH_MODULUS = sys.hash_info.modulus
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# Value to be used for rationals that reduce to infinity modulo
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# _PyHASH_MODULUS.
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_PyHASH_INF = sys.hash_info.inf
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_RATIONAL_FORMAT = re.compile(r"""
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\A\s* # optional whitespace at the start,
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(?P<sign>[-+]?) # an optional sign, then
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(?=\d|\.\d) # lookahead for digit or .digit
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(?P<num>\d*|\d+(_\d+)*) # numerator (possibly empty)
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(?: # followed by
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(?:/(?P<denom>\d+(_\d+)*))? # an optional denominator
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| # or
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(?:\.(?P<decimal>d*|\d+(_\d+)*))? # an optional fractional part
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(?:E(?P<exp>[-+]?\d+(_\d+)*))? # and optional exponent
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)
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\s*\Z # and optional whitespace to finish
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""", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
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class Fraction(numbers.Rational):
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"""This class implements rational numbers.
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In the two-argument form of the constructor, Fraction(8, 6) will
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produce a rational number equivalent to 4/3. Both arguments must
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be Rational. The numerator defaults to 0 and the denominator
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defaults to 1 so that Fraction(3) == 3 and Fraction() == 0.
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Fractions can also be constructed from:
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- numeric strings similar to those accepted by the
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float constructor (for example, '-2.3' or '1e10')
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- strings of the form '123/456'
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- float and Decimal instances
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- other Rational instances (including integers)
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"""
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__slots__ = ('_numerator', '_denominator')
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# We're immutable, so use __new__ not __init__
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def __new__(cls, numerator=0, denominator=None, *, _normalize=True):
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"""Constructs a Rational.
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Takes a string like '3/2' or '1.5', another Rational instance, a
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numerator/denominator pair, or a float.
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Examples
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--------
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>>> Fraction(10, -8)
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Fraction(-5, 4)
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>>> Fraction(Fraction(1, 7), 5)
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Fraction(1, 35)
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>>> Fraction(Fraction(1, 7), Fraction(2, 3))
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Fraction(3, 14)
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>>> Fraction('314')
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Fraction(314, 1)
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>>> Fraction('-35/4')
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Fraction(-35, 4)
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>>> Fraction('3.1415') # conversion from numeric string
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Fraction(6283, 2000)
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>>> Fraction('-47e-2') # string may include a decimal exponent
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Fraction(-47, 100)
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>>> Fraction(1.47) # direct construction from float (exact conversion)
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Fraction(6620291452234629, 4503599627370496)
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>>> Fraction(2.25)
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Fraction(9, 4)
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>>> Fraction(Decimal('1.47'))
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Fraction(147, 100)
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"""
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self = super(Fraction, cls).__new__(cls)
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if denominator is None:
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if type(numerator) is int:
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self._numerator = numerator
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self._denominator = 1
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return self
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elif isinstance(numerator, numbers.Rational):
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self._numerator = numerator.numerator
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self._denominator = numerator.denominator
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return self
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elif isinstance(numerator, (float, Decimal)):
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# Exact conversion
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self._numerator, self._denominator = numerator.as_integer_ratio()
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return self
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elif isinstance(numerator, str):
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# Handle construction from strings.
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m = _RATIONAL_FORMAT.match(numerator)
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if m is None:
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raise ValueError('Invalid literal for Fraction: %r' %
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numerator)
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numerator = int(m.group('num') or '0')
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denom = m.group('denom')
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if denom:
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denominator = int(denom)
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else:
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denominator = 1
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decimal = m.group('decimal')
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if decimal:
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decimal = decimal.replace('_', '')
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scale = 10**len(decimal)
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numerator = numerator * scale + int(decimal)
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denominator *= scale
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exp = m.group('exp')
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if exp:
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exp = int(exp)
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if exp >= 0:
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numerator *= 10**exp
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else:
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denominator *= 10**-exp
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if m.group('sign') == '-':
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numerator = -numerator
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else:
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raise TypeError("argument should be a string "
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"or a Rational instance")
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elif type(numerator) is int is type(denominator):
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pass # *very* normal case
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elif (isinstance(numerator, numbers.Rational) and
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isinstance(denominator, numbers.Rational)):
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numerator, denominator = (
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numerator.numerator * denominator.denominator,
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denominator.numerator * numerator.denominator
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)
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else:
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raise TypeError("both arguments should be "
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"Rational instances")
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if denominator == 0:
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raise ZeroDivisionError('Fraction(%s, 0)' % numerator)
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if _normalize:
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g = math.gcd(numerator, denominator)
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if denominator < 0:
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g = -g
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numerator //= g
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denominator //= g
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self._numerator = numerator
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self._denominator = denominator
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return self
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@classmethod
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def from_float(cls, f):
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"""Converts a finite float to a rational number, exactly.
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Beware that Fraction.from_float(0.3) != Fraction(3, 10).
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"""
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if isinstance(f, numbers.Integral):
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return cls(f)
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elif not isinstance(f, float):
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raise TypeError("%s.from_float() only takes floats, not %r (%s)" %
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(cls.__name__, f, type(f).__name__))
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return cls(*f.as_integer_ratio())
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@classmethod
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def from_decimal(cls, dec):
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"""Converts a finite Decimal instance to a rational number, exactly."""
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from decimal import Decimal
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if isinstance(dec, numbers.Integral):
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dec = Decimal(int(dec))
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elif not isinstance(dec, Decimal):
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raise TypeError(
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"%s.from_decimal() only takes Decimals, not %r (%s)" %
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(cls.__name__, dec, type(dec).__name__))
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return cls(*dec.as_integer_ratio())
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def as_integer_ratio(self):
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"""Return the integer ratio as a tuple.
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Return a tuple of two integers, whose ratio is equal to the
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Fraction and with a positive denominator.
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"""
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return (self._numerator, self._denominator)
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def limit_denominator(self, max_denominator=1000000):
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"""Closest Fraction to self with denominator at most max_denominator.
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>>> Fraction('3.141592653589793').limit_denominator(10)
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Fraction(22, 7)
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>>> Fraction('3.141592653589793').limit_denominator(100)
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Fraction(311, 99)
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>>> Fraction(4321, 8765).limit_denominator(10000)
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Fraction(4321, 8765)
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"""
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# Algorithm notes: For any real number x, define a *best upper
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# approximation* to x to be a rational number p/q such that:
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#
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# (1) p/q >= x, and
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# (2) if p/q > r/s >= x then s > q, for any rational r/s.
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#
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# Define *best lower approximation* similarly. Then it can be
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# proved that a rational number is a best upper or lower
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# approximation to x if, and only if, it is a convergent or
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# semiconvergent of the (unique shortest) continued fraction
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# associated to x.
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#
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# To find a best rational approximation with denominator <= M,
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# we find the best upper and lower approximations with
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# denominator <= M and take whichever of these is closer to x.
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# In the event of a tie, the bound with smaller denominator is
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# chosen. If both denominators are equal (which can happen
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# only when max_denominator == 1 and self is midway between
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# two integers) the lower bound---i.e., the floor of self, is
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# taken.
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if max_denominator < 1:
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raise ValueError("max_denominator should be at least 1")
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if self._denominator <= max_denominator:
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return Fraction(self)
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p0, q0, p1, q1 = 0, 1, 1, 0
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n, d = self._numerator, self._denominator
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while True:
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a = n//d
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q2 = q0+a*q1
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if q2 > max_denominator:
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break
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p0, q0, p1, q1 = p1, q1, p0+a*p1, q2
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n, d = d, n-a*d
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k = (max_denominator-q0)//q1
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bound1 = Fraction(p0+k*p1, q0+k*q1)
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bound2 = Fraction(p1, q1)
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if abs(bound2 - self) <= abs(bound1-self):
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return bound2
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else:
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return bound1
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@property
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def numerator(a):
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return a._numerator
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@property
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def denominator(a):
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return a._denominator
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def __repr__(self):
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"""repr(self)"""
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return '%s(%s, %s)' % (self.__class__.__name__,
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self._numerator, self._denominator)
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def __str__(self):
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"""str(self)"""
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if self._denominator == 1:
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return str(self._numerator)
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else:
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return '%s/%s' % (self._numerator, self._denominator)
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def _operator_fallbacks(monomorphic_operator, fallback_operator):
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"""Generates forward and reverse operators given a purely-rational
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operator and a function from the operator module.
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Use this like:
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__op__, __rop__ = _operator_fallbacks(just_rational_op, operator.op)
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In general, we want to implement the arithmetic operations so
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that mixed-mode operations either call an implementation whose
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author knew about the types of both arguments, or convert both
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to the nearest built in type and do the operation there. In
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Fraction, that means that we define __add__ and __radd__ as:
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def __add__(self, other):
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# Both types have numerators/denominator attributes,
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# so do the operation directly
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if isinstance(other, (int, Fraction)):
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return Fraction(self.numerator * other.denominator +
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other.numerator * self.denominator,
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self.denominator * other.denominator)
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# float and complex don't have those operations, but we
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# know about those types, so special case them.
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elif isinstance(other, float):
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return float(self) + other
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elif isinstance(other, complex):
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return complex(self) + other
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# Let the other type take over.
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return NotImplemented
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def __radd__(self, other):
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# radd handles more types than add because there's
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# nothing left to fall back to.
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if isinstance(other, numbers.Rational):
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return Fraction(self.numerator * other.denominator +
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other.numerator * self.denominator,
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self.denominator * other.denominator)
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elif isinstance(other, Real):
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return float(other) + float(self)
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elif isinstance(other, Complex):
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return complex(other) + complex(self)
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return NotImplemented
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There are 5 different cases for a mixed-type addition on
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Fraction. I'll refer to all of the above code that doesn't
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refer to Fraction, float, or complex as "boilerplate". 'r'
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will be an instance of Fraction, which is a subtype of
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Rational (r : Fraction <: Rational), and b : B <:
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Complex. The first three involve 'r + b':
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1. If B <: Fraction, int, float, or complex, we handle
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that specially, and all is well.
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2. If Fraction falls back to the boilerplate code, and it
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were to return a value from __add__, we'd miss the
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possibility that B defines a more intelligent __radd__,
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so the boilerplate should return NotImplemented from
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__add__. In particular, we don't handle Rational
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here, even though we could get an exact answer, in case
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the other type wants to do something special.
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3. If B <: Fraction, Python tries B.__radd__ before
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Fraction.__add__. This is ok, because it was
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implemented with knowledge of Fraction, so it can
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handle those instances before delegating to Real or
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Complex.
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The next two situations describe 'b + r'. We assume that b
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didn't know about Fraction in its implementation, and that it
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uses similar boilerplate code:
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4. If B <: Rational, then __radd_ converts both to the
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builtin rational type (hey look, that's us) and
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proceeds.
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5. Otherwise, __radd__ tries to find the nearest common
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base ABC, and fall back to its builtin type. Since this
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class doesn't subclass a concrete type, there's no
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implementation to fall back to, so we need to try as
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hard as possible to return an actual value, or the user
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will get a TypeError.
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"""
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def forward(a, b):
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if isinstance(b, (int, Fraction)):
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return monomorphic_operator(a, b)
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elif isinstance(b, float):
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return fallback_operator(float(a), b)
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elif isinstance(b, complex):
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return fallback_operator(complex(a), b)
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else:
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return NotImplemented
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forward.__name__ = '__' + fallback_operator.__name__ + '__'
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forward.__doc__ = monomorphic_operator.__doc__
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def reverse(b, a):
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if isinstance(a, numbers.Rational):
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# Includes ints.
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return monomorphic_operator(a, b)
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elif isinstance(a, numbers.Real):
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return fallback_operator(float(a), float(b))
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elif isinstance(a, numbers.Complex):
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return fallback_operator(complex(a), complex(b))
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else:
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return NotImplemented
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reverse.__name__ = '__r' + fallback_operator.__name__ + '__'
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reverse.__doc__ = monomorphic_operator.__doc__
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return forward, reverse
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# Rational arithmetic algorithms: Knuth, TAOCP, Volume 2, 4.5.1.
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#
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# Assume input fractions a and b are normalized.
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#
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# 1) Consider addition/subtraction.
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#
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# Let g = gcd(da, db). Then
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#
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# na nb na*db ± nb*da
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# a ± b == -- ± -- == ------------- ==
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# da db da*db
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#
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# na*(db//g) ± nb*(da//g) t
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# == ----------------------- == -
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# (da*db)//g d
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#
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# Now, if g > 1, we're working with smaller integers.
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#
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# Note, that t, (da//g) and (db//g) are pairwise coprime.
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#
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# Indeed, (da//g) and (db//g) share no common factors (they were
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# removed) and da is coprime with na (since input fractions are
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# normalized), hence (da//g) and na are coprime. By symmetry,
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# (db//g) and nb are coprime too. Then,
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#
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# gcd(t, da//g) == gcd(na*(db//g), da//g) == 1
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# gcd(t, db//g) == gcd(nb*(da//g), db//g) == 1
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#
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# Above allows us optimize reduction of the result to lowest
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# terms. Indeed,
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#
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# g2 = gcd(t, d) == gcd(t, (da//g)*(db//g)*g) == gcd(t, g)
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#
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# t//g2 t//g2
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# a ± b == ----------------------- == ----------------
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# (da//g)*(db//g)*(g//g2) (da//g)*(db//g2)
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#
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# is a normalized fraction. This is useful because the unnormalized
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# denominator d could be much larger than g.
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#
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# We should special-case g == 1 (and g2 == 1), since 60.8% of
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# randomly-chosen integers are coprime:
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# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime_integers#Probability_of_coprimality
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# Note, that g2 == 1 always for fractions, obtained from floats: here
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# g is a power of 2 and the unnormalized numerator t is an odd integer.
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#
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# 2) Consider multiplication
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#
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# Let g1 = gcd(na, db) and g2 = gcd(nb, da), then
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#
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# na*nb na*nb (na//g1)*(nb//g2)
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# a*b == ----- == ----- == -----------------
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# da*db db*da (db//g1)*(da//g2)
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#
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# Note, that after divisions we're multiplying smaller integers.
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#
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# Also, the resulting fraction is normalized, because each of
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# two factors in the numerator is coprime to each of the two factors
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# in the denominator.
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#
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# Indeed, pick (na//g1). It's coprime with (da//g2), because input
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# fractions are normalized. It's also coprime with (db//g1), because
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# common factors are removed by g1 == gcd(na, db).
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#
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# As for addition/subtraction, we should special-case g1 == 1
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# and g2 == 1 for same reason. That happens also for multiplying
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# rationals, obtained from floats.
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def _add(a, b):
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"""a + b"""
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na, da = a.numerator, a.denominator
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nb, db = b.numerator, b.denominator
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g = math.gcd(da, db)
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if g == 1:
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return Fraction(na * db + da * nb, da * db, _normalize=False)
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s = da // g
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t = na * (db // g) + nb * s
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g2 = math.gcd(t, g)
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if g2 == 1:
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return Fraction(t, s * db, _normalize=False)
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return Fraction(t // g2, s * (db // g2), _normalize=False)
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__add__, __radd__ = _operator_fallbacks(_add, operator.add)
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def _sub(a, b):
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"""a - b"""
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na, da = a.numerator, a.denominator
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nb, db = b.numerator, b.denominator
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g = math.gcd(da, db)
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if g == 1:
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return Fraction(na * db - da * nb, da * db, _normalize=False)
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s = da // g
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t = na * (db // g) - nb * s
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g2 = math.gcd(t, g)
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if g2 == 1:
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return Fraction(t, s * db, _normalize=False)
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return Fraction(t // g2, s * (db // g2), _normalize=False)
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__sub__, __rsub__ = _operator_fallbacks(_sub, operator.sub)
|
|
|
|
def _mul(a, b):
|
|
"""a * b"""
|
|
na, da = a.numerator, a.denominator
|
|
nb, db = b.numerator, b.denominator
|
|
g1 = math.gcd(na, db)
|
|
if g1 > 1:
|
|
na //= g1
|
|
db //= g1
|
|
g2 = math.gcd(nb, da)
|
|
if g2 > 1:
|
|
nb //= g2
|
|
da //= g2
|
|
return Fraction(na * nb, db * da, _normalize=False)
|
|
|
|
__mul__, __rmul__ = _operator_fallbacks(_mul, operator.mul)
|
|
|
|
def _div(a, b):
|
|
"""a / b"""
|
|
# Same as _mul(), with inversed b.
|
|
na, da = a.numerator, a.denominator
|
|
nb, db = b.numerator, b.denominator
|
|
g1 = math.gcd(na, nb)
|
|
if g1 > 1:
|
|
na //= g1
|
|
nb //= g1
|
|
g2 = math.gcd(db, da)
|
|
if g2 > 1:
|
|
da //= g2
|
|
db //= g2
|
|
n, d = na * db, nb * da
|
|
if d < 0:
|
|
n, d = -n, -d
|
|
return Fraction(n, d, _normalize=False)
|
|
|
|
__truediv__, __rtruediv__ = _operator_fallbacks(_div, operator.truediv)
|
|
|
|
def _floordiv(a, b):
|
|
"""a // b"""
|
|
return (a.numerator * b.denominator) // (a.denominator * b.numerator)
|
|
|
|
__floordiv__, __rfloordiv__ = _operator_fallbacks(_floordiv, operator.floordiv)
|
|
|
|
def _divmod(a, b):
|
|
"""(a // b, a % b)"""
|
|
da, db = a.denominator, b.denominator
|
|
div, n_mod = divmod(a.numerator * db, da * b.numerator)
|
|
return div, Fraction(n_mod, da * db)
|
|
|
|
__divmod__, __rdivmod__ = _operator_fallbacks(_divmod, divmod)
|
|
|
|
def _mod(a, b):
|
|
"""a % b"""
|
|
da, db = a.denominator, b.denominator
|
|
return Fraction((a.numerator * db) % (b.numerator * da), da * db)
|
|
|
|
__mod__, __rmod__ = _operator_fallbacks(_mod, operator.mod)
|
|
|
|
def __pow__(a, b):
|
|
"""a ** b
|
|
|
|
If b is not an integer, the result will be a float or complex
|
|
since roots are generally irrational. If b is an integer, the
|
|
result will be rational.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
if isinstance(b, numbers.Rational):
|
|
if b.denominator == 1:
|
|
power = b.numerator
|
|
if power >= 0:
|
|
return Fraction(a._numerator ** power,
|
|
a._denominator ** power,
|
|
_normalize=False)
|
|
elif a._numerator >= 0:
|
|
return Fraction(a._denominator ** -power,
|
|
a._numerator ** -power,
|
|
_normalize=False)
|
|
else:
|
|
return Fraction((-a._denominator) ** -power,
|
|
(-a._numerator) ** -power,
|
|
_normalize=False)
|
|
else:
|
|
# A fractional power will generally produce an
|
|
# irrational number.
|
|
return float(a) ** float(b)
|
|
else:
|
|
return float(a) ** b
|
|
|
|
def __rpow__(b, a):
|
|
"""a ** b"""
|
|
if b._denominator == 1 and b._numerator >= 0:
|
|
# If a is an int, keep it that way if possible.
|
|
return a ** b._numerator
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(a, numbers.Rational):
|
|
return Fraction(a.numerator, a.denominator) ** b
|
|
|
|
if b._denominator == 1:
|
|
return a ** b._numerator
|
|
|
|
return a ** float(b)
|
|
|
|
def __pos__(a):
|
|
"""+a: Coerces a subclass instance to Fraction"""
|
|
return Fraction(a._numerator, a._denominator, _normalize=False)
|
|
|
|
def __neg__(a):
|
|
"""-a"""
|
|
return Fraction(-a._numerator, a._denominator, _normalize=False)
|
|
|
|
def __abs__(a):
|
|
"""abs(a)"""
|
|
return Fraction(abs(a._numerator), a._denominator, _normalize=False)
|
|
|
|
def __trunc__(a):
|
|
"""trunc(a)"""
|
|
if a._numerator < 0:
|
|
return -(-a._numerator // a._denominator)
|
|
else:
|
|
return a._numerator // a._denominator
|
|
|
|
def __floor__(a):
|
|
"""math.floor(a)"""
|
|
return a.numerator // a.denominator
|
|
|
|
def __ceil__(a):
|
|
"""math.ceil(a)"""
|
|
# The negations cleverly convince floordiv to return the ceiling.
|
|
return -(-a.numerator // a.denominator)
|
|
|
|
def __round__(self, ndigits=None):
|
|
"""round(self, ndigits)
|
|
|
|
Rounds half toward even.
|
|
"""
|
|
if ndigits is None:
|
|
floor, remainder = divmod(self.numerator, self.denominator)
|
|
if remainder * 2 < self.denominator:
|
|
return floor
|
|
elif remainder * 2 > self.denominator:
|
|
return floor + 1
|
|
# Deal with the half case:
|
|
elif floor % 2 == 0:
|
|
return floor
|
|
else:
|
|
return floor + 1
|
|
shift = 10**abs(ndigits)
|
|
# See _operator_fallbacks.forward to check that the results of
|
|
# these operations will always be Fraction and therefore have
|
|
# round().
|
|
if ndigits > 0:
|
|
return Fraction(round(self * shift), shift)
|
|
else:
|
|
return Fraction(round(self / shift) * shift)
|
|
|
|
def __hash__(self):
|
|
"""hash(self)"""
|
|
|
|
# To make sure that the hash of a Fraction agrees with the hash
|
|
# of a numerically equal integer, float or Decimal instance, we
|
|
# follow the rules for numeric hashes outlined in the
|
|
# documentation. (See library docs, 'Built-in Types').
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
dinv = pow(self._denominator, -1, _PyHASH_MODULUS)
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
# ValueError means there is no modular inverse.
|
|
hash_ = _PyHASH_INF
|
|
else:
|
|
# The general algorithm now specifies that the absolute value of
|
|
# the hash is
|
|
# (|N| * dinv) % P
|
|
# where N is self._numerator and P is _PyHASH_MODULUS. That's
|
|
# optimized here in two ways: first, for a non-negative int i,
|
|
# hash(i) == i % P, but the int hash implementation doesn't need
|
|
# to divide, and is faster than doing % P explicitly. So we do
|
|
# hash(|N| * dinv)
|
|
# instead. Second, N is unbounded, so its product with dinv may
|
|
# be arbitrarily expensive to compute. The final answer is the
|
|
# same if we use the bounded |N| % P instead, which can again
|
|
# be done with an int hash() call. If 0 <= i < P, hash(i) == i,
|
|
# so this nested hash() call wastes a bit of time making a
|
|
# redundant copy when |N| < P, but can save an arbitrarily large
|
|
# amount of computation for large |N|.
|
|
hash_ = hash(hash(abs(self._numerator)) * dinv)
|
|
result = hash_ if self._numerator >= 0 else -hash_
|
|
return -2 if result == -1 else result
|
|
|
|
def __eq__(a, b):
|
|
"""a == b"""
|
|
if type(b) is int:
|
|
return a._numerator == b and a._denominator == 1
|
|
if isinstance(b, numbers.Rational):
|
|
return (a._numerator == b.numerator and
|
|
a._denominator == b.denominator)
|
|
if isinstance(b, numbers.Complex) and b.imag == 0:
|
|
b = b.real
|
|
if isinstance(b, float):
|
|
if math.isnan(b) or math.isinf(b):
|
|
# comparisons with an infinity or nan should behave in
|
|
# the same way for any finite a, so treat a as zero.
|
|
return 0.0 == b
|
|
else:
|
|
return a == a.from_float(b)
|
|
else:
|
|
# Since a doesn't know how to compare with b, let's give b
|
|
# a chance to compare itself with a.
|
|
return NotImplemented
|
|
|
|
def _richcmp(self, other, op):
|
|
"""Helper for comparison operators, for internal use only.
|
|
|
|
Implement comparison between a Rational instance `self`, and
|
|
either another Rational instance or a float `other`. If
|
|
`other` is not a Rational instance or a float, return
|
|
NotImplemented. `op` should be one of the six standard
|
|
comparison operators.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
# convert other to a Rational instance where reasonable.
|
|
if isinstance(other, numbers.Rational):
|
|
return op(self._numerator * other.denominator,
|
|
self._denominator * other.numerator)
|
|
if isinstance(other, float):
|
|
if math.isnan(other) or math.isinf(other):
|
|
return op(0.0, other)
|
|
else:
|
|
return op(self, self.from_float(other))
|
|
else:
|
|
return NotImplemented
|
|
|
|
def __lt__(a, b):
|
|
"""a < b"""
|
|
return a._richcmp(b, operator.lt)
|
|
|
|
def __gt__(a, b):
|
|
"""a > b"""
|
|
return a._richcmp(b, operator.gt)
|
|
|
|
def __le__(a, b):
|
|
"""a <= b"""
|
|
return a._richcmp(b, operator.le)
|
|
|
|
def __ge__(a, b):
|
|
"""a >= b"""
|
|
return a._richcmp(b, operator.ge)
|
|
|
|
def __bool__(a):
|
|
"""a != 0"""
|
|
# bpo-39274: Use bool() because (a._numerator != 0) can return an
|
|
# object which is not a bool.
|
|
return bool(a._numerator)
|
|
|
|
# support for pickling, copy, and deepcopy
|
|
|
|
def __reduce__(self):
|
|
return (self.__class__, (self._numerator, self._denominator))
|
|
|
|
def __copy__(self):
|
|
if type(self) == Fraction:
|
|
return self # I'm immutable; therefore I am my own clone
|
|
return self.__class__(self._numerator, self._denominator)
|
|
|
|
def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
|
|
if type(self) == Fraction:
|
|
return self # My components are also immutable
|
|
return self.__class__(self._numerator, self._denominator)
|