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132 lines
5.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
132 lines
5.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _xml:
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XML Processing Modules
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======================
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.. module:: xml
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:synopsis: Package containing XML processing modules
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.. sectionauthor:: Christian Heimes <christian@python.org>
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.. sectionauthor:: Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/xml/`
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--------------
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Python's interfaces for processing XML are grouped in the ``xml`` package.
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.. warning::
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The XML modules are not secure against erroneous or maliciously
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constructed data. If you need to parse untrusted or
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unauthenticated data see the :ref:`xml-vulnerabilities` and
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:ref:`defusedxml-package` sections.
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It is important to note that modules in the :mod:`xml` package require that
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there be at least one SAX-compliant XML parser available. The Expat parser is
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included with Python, so the :mod:`xml.parsers.expat` module will always be
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available.
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The documentation for the :mod:`xml.dom` and :mod:`xml.sax` packages are the
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definition of the Python bindings for the DOM and SAX interfaces.
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The XML handling submodules are:
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* :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree`: the ElementTree API, a simple and lightweight
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XML processor
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..
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* :mod:`xml.dom`: the DOM API definition
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* :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`: a minimal DOM implementation
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* :mod:`xml.dom.pulldom`: support for building partial DOM trees
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..
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* :mod:`xml.sax`: SAX2 base classes and convenience functions
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* :mod:`xml.parsers.expat`: the Expat parser binding
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.. _xml-vulnerabilities:
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XML vulnerabilities
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-------------------
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The XML processing modules are not secure against maliciously constructed data.
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An attacker can abuse XML features to carry out denial of service attacks,
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access local files, generate network connections to other machines, or
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circumvent firewalls.
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The following table gives an overview of the known attacks and whether
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the various modules are vulnerable to them.
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========================= ============== =============== ============== ============== ==============
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kind sax etree minidom pulldom xmlrpc
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========================= ============== =============== ============== ============== ==============
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billion laughs **Vulnerable** **Vulnerable** **Vulnerable** **Vulnerable** **Vulnerable**
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quadratic blowup **Vulnerable** **Vulnerable** **Vulnerable** **Vulnerable** **Vulnerable**
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external entity expansion Safe (4) Safe (1) Safe (2) Safe (4) Safe (3)
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`DTD`_ retrieval Safe (4) Safe Safe Safe (4) Safe
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decompression bomb Safe Safe Safe Safe **Vulnerable**
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========================= ============== =============== ============== ============== ==============
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1. :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` doesn't expand external entities and raises a
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:exc:`ParserError` when an entity occurs.
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2. :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` doesn't expand external entities and simply returns
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the unexpanded entity verbatim.
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3. :mod:`xmlrpclib` doesn't expand external entities and omits them.
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4. Since Python 3.7.1, external general entities are no longer processed by
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default.
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billion laughs / exponential entity expansion
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The `Billion Laughs`_ attack -- also known as exponential entity expansion --
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uses multiple levels of nested entities. Each entity refers to another entity
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several times, and the final entity definition contains a small string.
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The exponential expansion results in several gigabytes of text and
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consumes lots of memory and CPU time.
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quadratic blowup entity expansion
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A quadratic blowup attack is similar to a `Billion Laughs`_ attack; it abuses
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entity expansion, too. Instead of nested entities it repeats one large entity
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with a couple of thousand chars over and over again. The attack isn't as
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efficient as the exponential case but it avoids triggering parser countermeasures
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that forbid deeply-nested entities.
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external entity expansion
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Entity declarations can contain more than just text for replacement. They can
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also point to external resources or local files. The XML
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parser accesses the resource and embeds the content into the XML document.
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`DTD`_ retrieval
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Some XML libraries like Python's :mod:`xml.dom.pulldom` retrieve document type
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definitions from remote or local locations. The feature has similar
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implications as the external entity expansion issue.
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decompression bomb
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Decompression bombs (aka `ZIP bomb`_) apply to all XML libraries
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that can parse compressed XML streams such as gzipped HTTP streams or
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LZMA-compressed
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files. For an attacker it can reduce the amount of transmitted data by three
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magnitudes or more.
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The documentation for `defusedxml`_ on PyPI has further information about
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all known attack vectors with examples and references.
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.. _defusedxml-package:
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The :mod:`defusedxml` Package
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------------------------------------------------------
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`defusedxml`_ is a pure Python package with modified subclasses of all stdlib
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XML parsers that prevent any potentially malicious operation. Use of this
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package is recommended for any server code that parses untrusted XML data. The
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package also ships with example exploits and extended documentation on more
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XML exploits such as XPath injection.
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.. _defusedxml: https://pypi.org/project/defusedxml/
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.. _Billion Laughs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs
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.. _ZIP bomb: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb
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.. _DTD: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition
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