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297 lines
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297 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
THE FREEZE SCRIPT
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=================
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(Directions for Windows are at the end of this file.)
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What is Freeze?
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---------------
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Freeze make it possible to ship arbitrary Python programs to people
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who don't have Python. The shipped file (called a "frozen" version of
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your Python program) is an executable, so this only works if your
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platform is compatible with that on the receiving end (this is usually
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a matter of having the same major operating system revision and CPU
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type).
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The shipped file contains a Python interpreter and large portions of
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the Python run-time. Some measures have been taken to avoid linking
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unneeded modules, but the resulting binary is usually not small.
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The Python source code of your program (and of the library modules
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written in Python that it uses) is not included in the binary --
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instead, the compiled byte-code (the instruction stream used
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internally by the interpreter) is incorporated. This gives some
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protection of your Python source code, though not much -- a
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disassembler for Python byte-code is available in the standard Python
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library. At least someone running "strings" on your binary won't see
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the source.
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How does Freeze know which modules to include?
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----------------------------------------------
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Previous versions of Freeze used a pretty simple-minded algorithm to
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find the modules that your program uses, essentially searching for
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lines starting with the word "import". It was pretty easy to trick it
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into making mistakes, either missing valid import statements, or
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mistaking string literals (e.g. doc strings) for import statements.
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This has been remedied: Freeze now uses the regular Python parser to
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parse the program (and all its modules) and scans the generated byte
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code for IMPORT instructions. It may still be confused -- it will not
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know about calls to the __import__ built-in function, or about import
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statements constructed on the fly and executed using the 'exec'
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statement, and it will consider import statements even when they are
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unreachable (e.g. "if 0: import foobar").
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This new version of Freeze also knows about Python's new package
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import mechanism, and uses exactly the same rules to find imported
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modules and packages. One exception: if you write 'from package
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import *', Python will look into the __all__ variable of the package
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to determine which modules are to be imported, while Freeze will do a
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directory listing.
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One tricky issue: Freeze assumes that the Python interpreter and
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environment you're using to run Freeze is the same one that would be
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used to run your program, which should also be the same whose sources
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and installed files you will learn about in the next section. In
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particular, your PYTHONPATH setting should be the same as for running
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your program locally. (Tip: if the program doesn't run when you type
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"python hello.py" there's little chance of getting the frozen version
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to run.)
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How do I use Freeze?
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--------------------
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Normally, you should be able to use it as follows:
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python freeze.py hello.py
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where hello.py is your program and freeze.py is the main file of
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Freeze (in actuality, you'll probably specify an absolute pathname
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such as /usr/joe/python/Tools/freeze/freeze.py).
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What do I do next?
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------------------
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Freeze creates a number of files: frozen.c, config.c and Makefile,
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plus one file for each Python module that gets included named
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M_<module>.c. To produce the frozen version of your program, you can
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simply type "make". This should produce a binary file. If the
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filename argument to Freeze was "hello.py", the binary will be called
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"hello".
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Note: you can use the -o option to freeze to specify an alternative
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directory where these files are created. This makes it easier to
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clean up after you've shipped the frozen binary. You should invoke
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"make" in the given directory.
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Freezing Tkinter programs
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-------------------------
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Unfortunately, it is currently not possible to freeze programs that
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use Tkinter without a Tcl/Tk installation. The best way to ship a
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frozen Tkinter program is to decide in advance where you are going
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to place the Tcl and Tk library files in the distributed setup, and
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then declare these directories in your frozen Python program using
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the TCL_LIBRARY, TK_LIBRARY and TIX_LIBRARY environment variables.
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For example, assume you will ship your frozen program in the directory
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<root>/bin/windows-x86 and will place your Tcl library files
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in <root>/lib/tcl8.2 and your Tk library files in <root>/lib/tk8.2. Then
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placing the following lines in your frozen Python script before importing
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Tkinter or Tix would set the environment correctly for Tcl/Tk/Tix:
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import os
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import os.path
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RootDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.getcwd()))
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import sys
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if sys.platform == "win32":
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sys.path = ['', '..\\..\\lib\\python-2.0']
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os.environ['TCL_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '\\lib\\tcl8.2'
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os.environ['TK_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '\\lib\\tk8.2'
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os.environ['TIX_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '\\lib\\tix8.1'
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elif sys.platform == "linux2":
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sys.path = ['', '../../lib/python-2.0']
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os.environ['TCL_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '/lib/tcl8.2'
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os.environ['TK_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '/lib/tk8.2'
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os.environ['TIX_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '/lib/tix8.1'
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elif sys.platform == "solaris":
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sys.path = ['', '../../lib/python-2.0']
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os.environ['TCL_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '/lib/tcl8.2'
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os.environ['TK_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '/lib/tk8.2'
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os.environ['TIX_LIBRARY'] = RootDir + '/lib/tix8.1'
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This also adds <root>/lib/python-2.0 to your Python path
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for any Python files such as _tkinter.pyd you may need.
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Note that the dynamic libraries (such as tcl82.dll tk82.dll python20.dll
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under Windows, or libtcl8.2.so and libtcl8.2.so under Unix) are required
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at program load time, and are searched by the operating system loader
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before Python can be started. Under Windows, the environment
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variable PATH is consulted, and under Unix, it may be the
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environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH and/or the system
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shared library cache (ld.so). An additional preferred directory for
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finding the dynamic libraries is built into the .dll or .so files at
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compile time - see the LIB_RUNTIME_DIR variable in the Tcl makefile.
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The OS must find the dynamic libraries or your frozen program won't start.
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Usually I make sure that the .so or .dll files are in the same directory
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as the executable, but this may not be foolproof.
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A workaround to installing your Tcl library files with your frozen
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executable would be possible, in which the Tcl/Tk library files are
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incorporated in a frozen Python module as string literals and written
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to a temporary location when the program runs; this is currently left
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as an exercise for the reader. An easier approach is to freeze the
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Tcl/Tk/Tix code into the dynamic libraries using the Tcl ET code,
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or the Tix Stand-Alone-Module code. Of course, you can also simply
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require that Tcl/Tk is required on the target installation, but be
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careful that the version corresponds.
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There are some caveats using frozen Tkinter applications:
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Under Windows if you use the -s windows option, writing
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to stdout or stderr is an error.
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The Tcl [info nameofexecutable] will be set to where the
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program was frozen, not where it is run from.
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The global variables argc and argv do not exist.
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A warning about shared library modules
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--------------------------------------
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When your Python installation uses shared library modules such as
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_tkinter.pyd, these will not be incorporated in the frozen program.
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Again, the frozen program will work when you test it, but it won't
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work when you ship it to a site without a Python installation.
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Freeze prints a warning when this is the case at the end of the
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freezing process:
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Warning: unknown modules remain: ...
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When this occurs, the best thing to do is usually to rebuild Python
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using static linking only. Or use the approach described in the previous
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section to declare a library path using sys.path, and place the modules
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such as _tkinter.pyd there.
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Troubleshooting
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---------------
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If you have trouble using Freeze for a large program, it's probably
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best to start playing with a really simple program first (like the file
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hello.py). If you can't get that to work there's something
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fundamentally wrong -- perhaps you haven't installed Python. To do a
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proper install, you should do "make install" in the Python root
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directory.
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Usage under Windows 95 or NT
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----------------------------
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Under Windows 95 or NT, you *must* use the -p option and point it to
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the top of the Python source tree.
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WARNING: the resulting executable is not self-contained; it requires
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the Python DLL, currently PYTHON20.DLL (it does not require the
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standard library of .py files though). It may also require one or
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more extension modules loaded from .DLL or .PYD files; the module
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names are printed in the warning message about remaining unknown
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modules.
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The driver script generates a Makefile that works with the Microsoft
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command line C compiler (CL). To compile, run "nmake"; this will
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build a target "hello.exe" if the source was "hello.py". Only the
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files frozenmain.c and frozen.c are used; no config.c is generated or
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used, since the standard DLL is used.
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In order for this to work, you must have built Python using the VC++
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(Developer Studio) 5.0 compiler. The provided project builds
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python20.lib in the subdirectory pcbuild\Release of thje Python source
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tree, and this is where the generated Makefile expects it to be. If
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this is not the case, you can edit the Makefile or (probably better)
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winmakemakefile.py (e.g., if you are using the 4.2 compiler, the
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python20.lib file is generated in the subdirectory vc40 of the Python
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source tree).
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It is possible to create frozen programs that don't have a console
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window, by specifying the option '-s windows'. See the Usage below.
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Usage
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-----
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Here is a list of all of the options (taken from freeze.__doc__):
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usage: freeze [options...] script [module]...
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Options:
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-p prefix: This is the prefix used when you ran ``make install''
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in the Python build directory.
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(If you never ran this, freeze won't work.)
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The default is whatever sys.prefix evaluates to.
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It can also be the top directory of the Python source
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tree; then -P must point to the build tree.
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-P exec_prefix: Like -p but this is the 'exec_prefix', used to
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install objects etc. The default is whatever sys.exec_prefix
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evaluates to, or the -p argument if given.
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If -p points to the Python source tree, -P must point
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to the build tree, if different.
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-e extension: A directory containing additional .o files that
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may be used to resolve modules. This directory
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should also have a Setup file describing the .o files.
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On Windows, the name of a .INI file describing one
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or more extensions is passed.
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More than one -e option may be given.
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-o dir: Directory where the output files are created; default '.'.
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-m: Additional arguments are module names instead of filenames.
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-a package=dir: Additional directories to be added to the package's
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__path__. Used to simulate directories added by the
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package at runtime (eg, by OpenGL and win32com).
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More than one -a option may be given for each package.
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-l file: Pass the file to the linker (windows only)
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-d: Debugging mode for the module finder.
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-q: Make the module finder totally quiet.
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-h: Print this help message.
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-x module Exclude the specified module.
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-i filename: Include a file with additional command line options. Used
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to prevent command lines growing beyond the capabilities of
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the shell/OS. All arguments specified in filename
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are read and the -i option replaced with the parsed
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params (note - quoting args in this file is NOT supported)
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-s subsystem: Specify the subsystem (For Windows only.);
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'console' (default), 'windows', 'service' or 'com_dll'
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-w: Toggle Windows (NT or 95) behavior.
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(For debugging only -- on a win32 platform, win32 behavior
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is automatic.)
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Arguments:
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script: The Python script to be executed by the resulting binary.
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module ...: Additional Python modules (referenced by pathname)
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that will be included in the resulting binary. These
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may be .py or .pyc files. If -m is specified, these are
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module names that are search in the path instead.
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--Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)
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