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812 lines
20 KiB
ReStructuredText
812 lines
20 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`dis` --- Disassembler for Python bytecode
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===============================================
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.. module:: dis
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:synopsis: Disassembler for Python bytecode.
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/dis.py`
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--------------
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The :mod:`dis` module supports the analysis of CPython :term:`bytecode` by
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disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an
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input is defined in the file :file:`Include/opcode.h` and used by the compiler
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and the interpreter.
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.. impl-detail::
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Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter. No
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guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed
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between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to
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work across Python VMs or Python releases.
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Example: Given the function :func:`myfunc`::
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def myfunc(alist):
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return len(alist)
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the following command can be used to get the disassembly of :func:`myfunc`::
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>>> dis.dis(myfunc)
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2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (len)
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3 LOAD_FAST 0 (alist)
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6 CALL_FUNCTION 1
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9 RETURN_VALUE
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(The "2" is a line number).
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The :mod:`dis` module defines the following functions and constants:
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.. function:: code_info(x)
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Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object information
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for the supplied function, method, source code string or code object.
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Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly implementation
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dependent and they may change arbitrarily across Python VMs or Python
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releases.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. function:: show_code(x)
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Print detailed code object information for the supplied function, method,
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source code string or code object to stdout.
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This is a convenient shorthand for ``print(code_info(x))``, intended for
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interactive exploration at the interpreter prompt.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. function:: dis(x=None)
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Disassemble the *x* object. *x* can denote either a module, a class, a
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method, a function, a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence
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of raw bytecode. For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class,
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it disassembles all methods. For a code object or sequence of raw bytecode,
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it prints one line per bytecode instruction. Strings are first compiled to
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code objects with the :func:`compile` built-in function before being
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disassembled. If no object is provided, this function disassembles the last
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traceback.
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.. function:: distb(tb=None)
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Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last
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traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is
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indicated.
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.. function:: disassemble(code, lasti=-1)
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disco(code, lasti=-1)
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Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if *lasti* was
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provided. The output is divided in the following columns:
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#. the line number, for the first instruction of each line
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#. the current instruction, indicated as ``-->``,
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#. a labelled instruction, indicated with ``>>``,
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#. the address of the instruction,
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#. the operation code name,
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#. operation parameters, and
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#. interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.
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The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,
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constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.
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.. function:: findlinestarts(code)
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This generator function uses the ``co_firstlineno`` and ``co_lnotab``
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attributes of the code object *code* to find the offsets which are starts of
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lines in the source code. They are generated as ``(offset, lineno)`` pairs.
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.. function:: findlabels(code)
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Detect all offsets in the code object *code* which are jump targets, and
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return a list of these offsets.
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.. data:: opname
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Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.
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.. data:: opmap
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Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.
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.. data:: cmp_op
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Sequence of all compare operation names.
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.. data:: hasconst
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Sequence of bytecodes that have a constant parameter.
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.. data:: hasfree
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Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable.
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.. data:: hasname
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Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.
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.. data:: hasjrel
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Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.
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.. data:: hasjabs
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Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.
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.. data:: haslocal
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Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.
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.. data:: hascompare
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Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.
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.. _bytecodes:
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Python Bytecode Instructions
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----------------------------
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The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.
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**General instructions**
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.. opcode:: STOP_CODE
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Indicates end-of-code to the compiler, not used by the interpreter.
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.. opcode:: NOP
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Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.
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.. opcode:: POP_TOP
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Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.
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.. opcode:: ROT_TWO
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Swaps the two top-most stack items.
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.. opcode:: ROT_THREE
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Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position
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three.
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.. opcode:: DUP_TOP
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Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.
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.. opcode:: DUP_TOP_TWO
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Duplicates the two references on top of the stack, leaving them in the
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same order.
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**Unary operations**
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Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the
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result back on the stack.
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.. opcode:: UNARY_POSITIVE
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Implements ``TOS = +TOS``.
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.. opcode:: UNARY_NEGATIVE
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Implements ``TOS = -TOS``.
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.. opcode:: UNARY_NOT
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Implements ``TOS = not TOS``.
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.. opcode:: UNARY_INVERT
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Implements ``TOS = ~TOS``.
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.. opcode:: GET_ITER
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Implements ``TOS = iter(TOS)``.
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**Binary operations**
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Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
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stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the
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result back on the stack.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_POWER
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 ** TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_MULTIPLY
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 * TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 // TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 / TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_MODULO
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 % TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_ADD
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 + TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_SUBTRACT
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 - TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_SUBSCR
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1[TOS]``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_LSHIFT
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 << TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_RSHIFT
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 >> TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_AND
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 & TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_XOR
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS``.
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.. opcode:: BINARY_OR
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Implements ``TOS = TOS1 | TOS``.
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**In-place operations**
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In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and
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TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place
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when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be)
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the original TOS1.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_POWER
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 ** TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_MULTIPLY
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 * TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 // TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 / TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_MODULO
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 % TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_ADD
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 + TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_SUBTRACT
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 - TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_LSHIFT
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 << TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_RSHIFT
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 >> TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_AND
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 & TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_XOR
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS``.
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.. opcode:: INPLACE_OR
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Implements in-place ``TOS = TOS1 | TOS``.
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.. opcode:: STORE_SUBSCR
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Implements ``TOS1[TOS] = TOS2``.
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.. opcode:: DELETE_SUBSCR
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Implements ``del TOS1[TOS]``.
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**Miscellaneous opcodes**
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.. opcode:: PRINT_EXPR
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Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed
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from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement is
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terminated with ``POP_STACK``.
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.. opcode:: BREAK_LOOP
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Terminates a loop due to a :keyword:`break` statement.
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.. opcode:: CONTINUE_LOOP (target)
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Continues a loop due to a :keyword:`continue` statement. *target* is the
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address to jump to (which should be a ``FOR_ITER`` instruction).
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.. opcode:: SET_ADD (i)
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Calls ``set.add(TOS1[-i], TOS)``. Used to implement set comprehensions.
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.. opcode:: LIST_APPEND (i)
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Calls ``list.append(TOS[-i], TOS)``. Used to implement list comprehensions.
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.. opcode:: MAP_ADD (i)
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Calls ``dict.setitem(TOS1[-i], TOS, TOS1)``. Used to implement dict
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comprehensions.
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For all of the SET_ADD, LIST_APPEND and MAP_ADD instructions, while the
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added value or key/value pair is popped off, the container object remains on
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the stack so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.
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.. opcode:: RETURN_VALUE
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Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.
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.. opcode:: YIELD_VALUE
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Pops ``TOS`` and yields it from a :term:`generator`.
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.. opcode:: IMPORT_STAR
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Loads all symbols not starting with ``'_'`` directly from the module TOS to the
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local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This opcode
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implements ``from module import *``.
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.. opcode:: POP_BLOCK
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Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of blocks,
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denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.
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.. opcode:: POP_EXCEPT
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Removes one block from the block stack. The popped block must be an exception
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handler block, as implicitly created when entering an except handler.
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In addition to popping extraneous values from the frame stack, the
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last three popped values are used to restore the exception state.
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.. opcode:: END_FINALLY
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Terminates a :keyword:`finally` clause. The interpreter recalls whether the
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exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues
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with the outer-next block.
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.. opcode:: LOAD_BUILD_CLASS
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Pushes :func:`builtins.__build_class__` onto the stack. It is later called
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by ``CALL_FUNCTION`` to construct a class.
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.. opcode:: SETUP_WITH (delta)
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This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First,
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it loads :meth:`~object.__exit__` from the context manager and pushes it onto
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the stack for later use by :opcode:`WITH_CLEANUP`. Then,
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:meth:`~object.__enter__` is called, and a finally block pointing to *delta*
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is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto
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the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (:opcode:`POP_TOP`), or
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store it in (a) variable(s) (:opcode:`STORE_FAST`, :opcode:`STORE_NAME`, or
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:opcode:`UNPACK_SEQUENCE`).
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.. opcode:: WITH_CLEANUP
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Cleans up the stack when a :keyword:`with` statement block exits. TOS is
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the context manager's :meth:`__exit__` bound method. Below TOS are 1--3
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values indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:
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* SECOND = ``None``
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* (SECOND, THIRD) = (``WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}``), retval
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* SECOND = ``WHY_*``; no retval below it
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* (SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH) = exc_info()
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In the last case, ``TOS(SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH)`` is called, otherwise
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``TOS(None, None, None)``. In addition, TOS is removed from the stack.
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If the stack represents an exception, *and* the function call returns
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a 'true' value, this information is "zapped" and replaced with a single
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``WHY_SILENCED`` to prevent ``END_FINALLY`` from re-raising the exception.
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(But non-local gotos will still be resumed.)
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.. XXX explain the WHY stuff!
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.. opcode:: STORE_LOCALS
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Pops TOS from the stack and stores it as the current frame's ``f_locals``.
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This is used in class construction.
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All of the following opcodes expect arguments. An argument is two bytes, with
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the more significant byte last.
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.. opcode:: STORE_NAME (namei)
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Implements ``name = TOS``. *namei* is the index of *name* in the attribute
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:attr:`co_names` of the code object. The compiler tries to use ``STORE_FAST``
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or ``STORE_GLOBAL`` if possible.
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.. opcode:: DELETE_NAME (namei)
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Implements ``del name``, where *namei* is the index into :attr:`co_names`
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attribute of the code object.
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.. opcode:: UNPACK_SEQUENCE (count)
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Unpacks TOS into *count* individual values, which are put onto the stack
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right-to-left.
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.. opcode:: UNPACK_EX (counts)
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Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in TOS into
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individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the
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number of items in the iterable: one the new values will be a list of all
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leftover items.
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The low byte of *counts* is the number of values before the list value, the
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high byte of *counts* the number of values after it. The resulting values
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are put onto the stack right-to-left.
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.. opcode:: STORE_ATTR (namei)
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Implements ``TOS.name = TOS1``, where *namei* is the index of name in
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:attr:`co_names`.
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.. opcode:: DELETE_ATTR (namei)
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Implements ``del TOS.name``, using *namei* as index into :attr:`co_names`.
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.. opcode:: STORE_GLOBAL (namei)
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Works as ``STORE_NAME``, but stores the name as a global.
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.. opcode:: DELETE_GLOBAL (namei)
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Works as ``DELETE_NAME``, but deletes a global name.
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.. opcode:: LOAD_CONST (consti)
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Pushes ``co_consts[consti]`` onto the stack.
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.. opcode:: LOAD_NAME (namei)
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Pushes the value associated with ``co_names[namei]`` onto the stack.
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.. opcode:: BUILD_TUPLE (count)
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Creates a tuple consuming *count* items from the stack, and pushes the resulting
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tuple onto the stack.
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.. opcode:: BUILD_LIST (count)
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Works as ``BUILD_TUPLE``, but creates a list.
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.. opcode:: BUILD_SET (count)
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Works as ``BUILD_TUPLE``, but creates a set.
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.. opcode:: BUILD_MAP (count)
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Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. The dictionary is pre-sized
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to hold *count* entries.
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.. opcode:: LOAD_ATTR (namei)
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Replaces TOS with ``getattr(TOS, co_names[namei])``.
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.. opcode:: COMPARE_OP (opname)
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Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in
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``cmp_op[opname]``.
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.. opcode:: IMPORT_NAME (namei)
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Imports the module ``co_names[namei]``. TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide
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the *fromlist* and *level* arguments of :func:`__import__`. The module
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object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected:
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for a proper import statement, a subsequent ``STORE_FAST`` instruction
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modifies the namespace.
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.. opcode:: IMPORT_FROM (namei)
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Loads the attribute ``co_names[namei]`` from the module found in TOS. The
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resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a
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``STORE_FAST`` instruction.
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.. opcode:: JUMP_FORWARD (delta)
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Increments bytecode counter by *delta*.
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.. opcode:: POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE (target)
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If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to *target*. TOS is popped.
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.. opcode:: POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE (target)
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If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to *target*. TOS is popped.
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.. opcode:: JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP (target)
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If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to *target* and leaves TOS
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on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.
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.. opcode:: JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP (target)
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If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to *target* and leaves
|
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TOS on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.
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.. opcode:: JUMP_ABSOLUTE (target)
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Set bytecode counter to *target*.
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.. opcode:: FOR_ITER (delta)
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``TOS`` is an :term:`iterator`. Call its :meth:`~iterator.__next__` method.
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If this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below
|
|
it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted ``TOS`` is popped, and the
|
|
byte code counter is incremented by *delta*.
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.. opcode:: LOAD_GLOBAL (namei)
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|
Loads the global named ``co_names[namei]`` onto the stack.
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.. opcode:: SETUP_LOOP (delta)
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|
Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack. The block spans from the
|
|
current instruction with a size of *delta* bytes.
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.. opcode:: SETUP_EXCEPT (delta)
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|
Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. *delta* points
|
|
to the first except block.
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.. opcode:: SETUP_FINALLY (delta)
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|
Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. *delta* points
|
|
to the finally block.
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|
.. opcode:: STORE_MAP
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|
Store a key and value pair in a dictionary. Pops the key and value while leaving
|
|
the dictionary on the stack.
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|
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|
.. opcode:: LOAD_FAST (var_num)
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|
Pushes a reference to the local ``co_varnames[var_num]`` onto the stack.
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.. opcode:: STORE_FAST (var_num)
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|
Stores TOS into the local ``co_varnames[var_num]``.
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.. opcode:: DELETE_FAST (var_num)
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|
Deletes local ``co_varnames[var_num]``.
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.. opcode:: LOAD_CLOSURE (i)
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|
|
Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot *i* of the cell and free
|
|
variable storage. The name of the variable is ``co_cellvars[i]`` if *i* is
|
|
less than the length of *co_cellvars*. Otherwise it is ``co_freevars[i -
|
|
len(co_cellvars)]``.
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|
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|
.. opcode:: LOAD_DEREF (i)
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|
|
Loads the cell contained in slot *i* of the cell and free variable storage.
|
|
Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.
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|
.. opcode:: STORE_DEREF (i)
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|
|
|
Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot *i* of the cell and free variable
|
|
storage.
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|
|
.. opcode:: DELETE_DEREF (i)
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|
|
|
Empties the cell contained in slot *i* of the cell and free variable storage.
|
|
Used by the :keyword:`del` statement.
|
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|
|
.. opcode:: RAISE_VARARGS (argc)
|
|
|
|
Raises an exception. *argc* indicates the number of parameters to the raise
|
|
statement, ranging from 0 to 3. The handler will find the traceback as TOS2,
|
|
the parameter as TOS1, and the exception as TOS.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: CALL_FUNCTION (argc)
|
|
|
|
Calls a function. The low byte of *argc* indicates the number of positional
|
|
parameters, the high byte the number of keyword parameters. On the stack, the
|
|
opcode finds the keyword parameters first. For each keyword argument, the value
|
|
is on top of the key. Below the keyword parameters, the positional parameters
|
|
are on the stack, with the right-most parameter on top. Below the parameters,
|
|
the function object to call is on the stack. Pops all function arguments, and
|
|
the function itself off the stack, and pushes the return value.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: MAKE_FUNCTION (argc)
|
|
|
|
Pushes a new function object on the stack. TOS is the code associated with the
|
|
function. The function object is defined to have *argc* default parameters,
|
|
which are found below TOS.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: MAKE_CLOSURE (argc)
|
|
|
|
Creates a new function object, sets its *__closure__* slot, and pushes it on
|
|
the stack. TOS is the code associated with the function, TOS1 the tuple
|
|
containing cells for the closure's free variables. The function also has
|
|
*argc* default parameters, which are found below the cells.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: BUILD_SLICE (argc)
|
|
|
|
.. index:: builtin: slice
|
|
|
|
Pushes a slice object on the stack. *argc* must be 2 or 3. If it is 2,
|
|
``slice(TOS1, TOS)`` is pushed; if it is 3, ``slice(TOS2, TOS1, TOS)`` is
|
|
pushed. See the :func:`slice` built-in function for more information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: EXTENDED_ARG (ext)
|
|
|
|
Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default two
|
|
bytes. *ext* holds two additional bytes which, taken together with the
|
|
subsequent opcode's argument, comprise a four-byte argument, *ext* being the two
|
|
most-significant bytes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: CALL_FUNCTION_VAR (argc)
|
|
|
|
Calls a function. *argc* is interpreted as in ``CALL_FUNCTION``. The top element
|
|
on the stack contains the variable argument list, followed by keyword and
|
|
positional arguments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: CALL_FUNCTION_KW (argc)
|
|
|
|
Calls a function. *argc* is interpreted as in ``CALL_FUNCTION``. The top element
|
|
on the stack contains the keyword arguments dictionary, followed by explicit
|
|
keyword and positional arguments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW (argc)
|
|
|
|
Calls a function. *argc* is interpreted as in ``CALL_FUNCTION``. The top
|
|
element on the stack contains the keyword arguments dictionary, followed by the
|
|
variable-arguments tuple, followed by explicit keyword and positional arguments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. opcode:: HAVE_ARGUMENT
|
|
|
|
This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between opcodes
|
|
which don't take arguments ``< HAVE_ARGUMENT`` and those which do ``>=
|
|
HAVE_ARGUMENT``.
|
|
|