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485 lines
19 KiB
HTML
<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Building Mac Python from source</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<H1>Building Mac Python from source</H1>
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<HR>
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This document explains how to build MacPython from source. This is
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necessary if you want to make modifications to the Python core. Building
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Python is not something to be undertaken lightly, you need a reasonable
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working knowledge of the CodeWarrior development environment, a good net
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connection and probably quite some time too. <p>
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The information density in this file is high, so you should probably
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print it and read it at your leasure. Most things are explained only
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once (and probably in the wrong place:-). <p>
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<blockquote>
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First a warning: this information may become outdated if a new CodeWarrior is
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released after MacPython. The
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<a href="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython.html">MacPython homepage</a> will
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hopefully have updated instructions in that case.
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</blockquote>
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I am very interested in feedback on this document, send your
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comments to the <A
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HREF="http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/">Mac Python Special
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Interest Group</A>.
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<H2>What you need.</H2>
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The following things you definitely need:
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<UL>
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<LI> You need a MacPython source distribution, of course. You can
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obtain one via <A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython.html">
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http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython.html</A> (which has up-to-date links
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to the other packages needed too) and possibly also from the standard
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<A HREF="ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/mac">python.org ftp
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site</A>. <BR>
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A better alternative is to check the sources straight out of the CVS
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repository, see below. Most of the packages mentioned here are also
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available through CVS. Check the section on <a href="#cvs">CVS
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repository use</a> below.
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<LI> You need MetroWerks CodeWarrior. The current distribution has
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been built with CodeWarrior Pro 6.1. Ordering information is
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available on the <A HREF="http://www.metrowerks.com/">MetroWerks
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homepage</A>. Building Python with MPW, Think/Symantec C or the OSX
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developer tools is impossible without major surgery.
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<LI> You need GUSI version 2, the Grand Unified Socket Interface, by
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Matthias Neeracher. The original GUSI is obtainable from <A
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HREF="ftp://gusi.sourceforge.net/pub/gusi/">
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ftp://gusi.sourceforge.net/pub/gusi/</A>. At
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the moment Python is built with a slightly modified version of GUSI
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2.1.1, so it may be better to check the <A
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HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython.html">MacPython homepage</A>
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for a GUSI that is most easily used for building Python.
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</UL>
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<A NAME="optional">The MacPython project files are configured to
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include a plethora of optional modules</A>, and these modules need a
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number of extra packages. To use the project files as-is you have to
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download these packages too. Python has all such modules as
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dynamically loaded modules, so if you don't need a certain package it
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suffices to just refrain from builing the extension module.
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Here are the locations for the various things
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you need:
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<UL>
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<LI> Tcl and Tk are in a sad state on the Mac, the standard source distributions
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simply don't compile, so I have created a distribution especially for use
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with MacPython.
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See the section on <A HREF="#tcltk">building Tcl/Tk Python</A>
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below.
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<LI> Waste, a TextEdit replacement written by Marco Piovanelli, <A
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HREF="mailto:piovanel@kagi.com"><piovanel@kagi.com></A>. Python
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was built using version 2.0, which is included in the CodeWarrior
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package. You can also obtain it from <A
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HREF="http://www.merzwaren.com/waste"><http://www.merzwaren.com/waste></A>
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and various other places.
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<LI> Gdbm library for the Mac. Available from Jack's Mac software page at
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<A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macsoftware.html">
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http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macsoftware.html</A> and <A HREF="ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/mac">
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ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/mac</A>.
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<LI> JPEG library by the Independent JPEG Group. A version including
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Mac projects can be found at Jack's page mentioned above.
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The most recent JPEG library can always be obtained from <A
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HREF="ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/">ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/</A>.
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<LI> The netpbm/pbmplus, libtiff, zlib and png libraries. The netpbm distribution
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(which includes libtiff) is generally available on Internet ftp
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servers. For Python pbmplus, an older incarnation of netpbm, is
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functionally identical to netpbm, since Python only uses the library
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and not the complete applications. A distribution with correct
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projects and library source only is available from, you guessed it, Jack's Mac software
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page mentioned above.
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</UL>
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<H2>Setting Up</H2>
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Now that you have collected everything you should start with building
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the various parts. If you don't want to fix
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access paths try to set things up as follows:
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<PRE>
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Top-level-folder:
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GUSI2
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GUSI2Carbon
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imglibs
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jpeg
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netpbm
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libtiff
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zlib
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png
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gdbm
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Python
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Modules
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...
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Mac
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Modules
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Build
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...
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Tcl/Tk Folder
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tcl8.0
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tk8.0
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MoreFiles 1.4.3
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</PRE>
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If your setup of the libraries is exactly the same as mine (which is
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not very likely, unless you happen to work from the same CVS
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repository) you can use the project <code>buildlibs.prj</code> in the
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<code>:Mac:Build</code> folder to build all needed libraries in one
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fell swoop, otherwise you will have to build the libraries one by
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one. <p>
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First build GUSI, both the norla one and the Carbon variant.
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<p>
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Next, in
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<code>libjpeg</code>, <code>pbmplus</code>,
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<code>zlib</code>, <code>libpng</code>, <code>gdbm</code>,
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and<code>libtiff</code> you build all projects. Usually the projects are in "mac"
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subfolders, sometimes they are in the main folder. Tcl/tk is a special
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case, see below.
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<H2><A NAME="tcltk">Building Tcl/Tk</H2>
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The Tcl/Tk 8.3.0 source distribution does not work on the Mac. I have created
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an archive of the sources that I used to build _tkinter for MacPython,
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you can obtain this from <a
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href="ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/python/mac/tcltk830src-for-python.sit">
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ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/python/mac/tcltk830src-for-python.sit</a>. Only the
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libraries needed to build _tkinter for PPC have been fixed. <P>
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Note that if you use a different release of Tcl and Tk than the ones
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I have used you may have to adapt the Python <code>tkresources.rsrc</code> file.
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This is easiest done by building <code>SimpleTk</code> and copying the TEXT, ICON
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and CRSR resources from it to <code>tkresources.rsrc</code>. This allows
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the <code>_tkinter</code> module to work without an installed Tk/Tcl on your
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machine. <P>
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Also note that the <code>_tkinter.ppc.slb</code> that is normally distributed
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in the <code>PlugIns</code> folder is the one from the Imaging extension,
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which has some extra features needed by PIL (and which features should not
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hinder normal operation).
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</UL>
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Build first the Tcl library, then
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SimpleTcl (test it by typing <code>ls -l</code> in the window you get)
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then the Tk library, then SimpleTk (which can again be tested with
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<code>ls -l</code>). If this all worked you are all set to try
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building Python.
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<H2>Building Waste</H2>
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You do not need to build the Waste libraries, as Python includes the
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source modules themselves.
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<H2>The organization of the Python source tree</H2>
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Time for a short break, while we have a look at the organization of
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the Python source tree. At the top level, we find the following
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folders:
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<DL>
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<DT> Demo
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<DD> Demo programs that are not Mac-specific. Some of these may not
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work.
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<DT> Extensions
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<DD> Extensions to the interpreter that are not Mac-specific. Contains
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the <code>img</code>, <code>Imaging</code> and <code>Numerical</code> extensions
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in this distribution.
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<DT> Grammar
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<DD> The Python grammar. Included for reference only, you cannot build
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the parser on a Mac.
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<DT> Include
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<DD> Machine-independent header files.
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<DT> Modules
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<DD> Machine-independent optional modules. Not all of these will work
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on the Mac.
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<DT> Objects
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<DD> Machine-independent code for various object types. Most of these are
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not really optional: the interpreter will not function without them.
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<DT> Parser
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<DD> The Python parser (machine-independent).
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<DT> Python
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<DD> The core interpreter. Most files are machine-independent, some
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are unix-specific and not used on the Mac.
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<DT> Tools
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<DD> Tools for python developers. Contains <code>modulator</code> which
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builds skeleton C extension modules, <code>bgen</code> which generates
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complete interface modules from information in C header files and
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<code>freeze</code> which is used to turn Python scripts into real
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applications (used by MacFreeze and BuildApplication) There are some
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readme files, but more documentation is sorely needed.
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</DL>
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All the mac-specific stuff lives in the <code>Mac</code> folder:
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<DL>
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<DT> Build
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<DD> This is where the project files live and where you build the
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libraries, shared libraries, executables and plugin modules. All the
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resulting binaries, except for intermedeate results, are deposited in
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the toplevel folder or the Mac:PlugIns folder (for plugin modules).
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<DT> Compat
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<DD> Unix-compatability routines. Most of these are not used anymore,
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since GUSI provides a rather complete emulation, but you may need
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these if you are trying to build a non-GUSI python.
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<DT> Demo
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<DD> Mac-specific demo programs, some of them annotated.
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<DT> Include
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<DD> Mac-specific but compiler-independent include files.
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<DT> Lib
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<DD> Mac-specific standard modules. The <code>toolbox</code> folder
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contains modules specifically needed with various MacOS toolbox
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interface modules.
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<DT> Modules
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<DD> Mac-specific builtin modules. Theoretically these are all
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optional, but some are rather essential (like
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<code>macosmodule</code>). A lot of these modules are generated with
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<code>bgen</code>, in which case the bgen input files are included so
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you can attempt to regenerate them or extend them.
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<DT> MPW
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<DD> MPW-specific files. These have not been used or kept up-to-date
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for a long time, so use at your own risk.
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<DT> mwerks
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<DD> Mwerks-specific sources and headers. Contains glue code for
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Pythons shared-library architecture, a replacement for
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<code>malloc</code> and a directory with various projects for building
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variations on the Python interpreter. The <code>mwerks_*.h</code>
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files here are the option-setting files for the various interpreters
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and such, comparable to the unix command-line <code>-D</code> options
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to the compiler. Each project uses the correct option file as its
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"prefix file" in the "C/C++ language" settings. Disabling optional
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modules (for the 68K interpreter), building non-GUSI interpreters and
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various other things are accomplished by modifying these files (and
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possibly changing the list of files included in the project window, of
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course).
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<DT> PlugIns
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<DD> This is where the Classic and Carbon dynamically-loaded plugin modules live.
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<DT> Python
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<DD> Mac-specific parts of the core interpreter.
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<DT> Resources
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<DD> Resource files needed to build the interpreter.
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<DT> Scripts
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<DD> A collection of various mac-specific Python scripts. Some are
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essential, some are useful but few are documented, so you will have to
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use your imagination to work them out.
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<DT> Tools
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<DD> A collection of tools, usually bigger than those in the scripts
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folder. The important ones here are the IDE and macfreeze. The IDE is built
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with the buildIDE.py script, which puts the resulting applet in the toplevel
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folder. Macfreeze is usually invoked through the BuildApplication script,
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but for more control over the freezing process you can run the main script here.
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<DT> Unsupported
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<DD> Modules that are not supported any longer but may still work with a little effort.
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</DL>
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<H2>Building the PPC interpreter</H2>
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<em>This is different under 2.1. You are best off using the fullbuild.py
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script, see <a href="#fullbuild">below</a>. </em><p>
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First you optionally build the external libraries with buildlibs.prj. Next,
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the projects for
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interpreter and core library are linked together, so
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building the PythonInterpreterClassic and/or PythonInterpreterCarbon target
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in <code>PythonInterpreter.prj</code>
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will result in everything being built. The result, however, is an "Application
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template", (filetype Atmp). If you don't use fullbuild you can manually
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turn either of these into an interpreter by copying it to PythonInterpreter
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and setting the filetype to APPL (with ResEdit or some such). <p>
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Fullbuild does this for you, and the Atmp files is also how ConfigurePythonCarbon
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and ConfigurePythonClassic work their magic. <p>
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For completeness sake here is a breakdown of the projects:
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<DL>
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<DT> PythonCore
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<DD> The shared library that contains the bulk of the interpreter and
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its resources. It has targets for PythonCore and PythonCoreCarbon.
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It is a good idea to immedeately put an alias to this
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shared library in the <code>Extensions</code> folder of your system
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folder. Do exactly that: put an <em>alias</em> there, copying or
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moving the file will cause you grief later if you rebuild the library and
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forget to copy it to the extensions folder again. The ConfigurePythonXXX applets
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will also do this. <br>
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<DT> PythonInterpeter
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<DD> The interpreter. This is basically a routine to call out to the
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shared library. Unlike in previous releases the same program is used for
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creating applets (for which formerly PythonApplet was used). <p>
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<DT> Plugin projects
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<DD> Each plugin module has a separate project, and these can be rebuilt on
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the fly. Fullbuild (or actually it's little helper genpluginprojects) takes
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care of this.
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</DL>
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After creating the alias to <code>PythonCore</code> you remove any old
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<code>Python XXXX Preferences</code> file from the <code>Preferences</code> folder
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(if you had python installed on your system before) and run the interpreter once
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to create the correct preferences file. <p>
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Next, you have to build the extension modules.
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If you don't use fullbuild simply open each project and build it.
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<p>
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Finally, you must build the standard applets:
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<code>EditPythonPrefs</code>, <code>BuildApplet</code>, etc. For the N-th time:
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fullbuild does this for you, but you can also manually drag/drop them onto
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BuildApplet. <p>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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<a name="fullbuild"></a>
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The <code>fullbuild</code> script can be used to build
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everything, but you need a fully-functional interpreter before you can
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use it (and one that isn't rebuilt in the process: you cannot rebuild
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a running program). You could copy the interpreter to a different
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place and use that to run fullbuild. The <code>PythonStandSmall.prj</code>
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project builds an interpreter that is suited to this, and it can also come
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in handy if you need to debug things (which is easier in a static program). <p>
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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You are all set now, and should read the release notes and
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<code>ReadMe</code> file from the <code>Mac</code> folder.
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<H2>Rebuilding <code>.exp</code> files</H2>
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Occasionally it may be necessary to rebuild your PythonCore <code>.exp</code>
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file, a file that controls which symbols are exported by your PythonCore
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shared library. Rebuild it if you get unexpected undefined symbols when you
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are building a plugin module. <p>
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Rebuilding the .exp file is done by first both removing the file and removing the
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reference to it in the project (in the "config" section). Next, build PythonCore or
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PythonCoreCarbon.
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This will create a new .exp file, with the name <code>PythonCore.mcp.exp</code>.
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Rename this file to either <code>PythonCore.exp</code> or <code>PythonCoreCarbon.exp</code>
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and add this file back to the project. Next, edit ot to remove the references to
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the symbols <code>__initialize</code>, <code>__terminate</code>, <code>setjmp</code>,
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<code>longjmp</code>, <code>vec_longjmp</code>, <code>main</code> and <code>__ptmf_null</code>.
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They are all close together about halfway the file.
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Finally rebuild again. <p>
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This rather convoluted procedure is needed to ensure that plugin modules don't
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accidentally link with those entrypoints from PythonCore, which will not work because
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those routines have to be in the same code fragment as they are used from.
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<H2><a name="cvs">Using the CVS source archive</a></H2>
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It is possible (and probably best) to access the Python sources through remote CVS. The
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advantage of this is that you get the very latest sources, so any bug
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fixed or new features will be immedeately available. This is also the
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disadvantage, of course: as this is the same tree as is used for
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development it may sometimes be a little less stable. <p>
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The CVS client of choice is Alexandre Parenteau's MacCVS. It can be
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obtained through the <a href="http://www.wincvs.org">WinCVS
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homepage</a>. MacCVS uses Internet Config to set file types correctly
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based on the filename extension. In the maccvs preferences you should
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also set (in the "binary files" section) "use mac encoding:
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applesingle" and (in the "text files" section) "use ISO latin 1
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conversion". <p>
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<blockquote>
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There is one group of people for whom MacCVS is not the best choice: people with
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checkin rights to the Python repository. You will have to use MacCVS Pro
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(completely unrelated) from www.maccvs.org, because it has working SSH support.
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</blockquote>
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It is a good idea to disable Quicktime Exchange in the Quicktime
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control panel. Quicktime Exchange will magically map some extensions to
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filetypes, and this can seriously hinder you if, for instance, <code>.bmp</code>
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is not a Windows bitmap file. <p>
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The Python sources are checked out from the main
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Python CVS archive on sourceforge.net, see the <a
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href="http://www.python.org/download/cvs.html">Source access via
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CVS</a> page for details. When you check the sources out you will get
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something like <code>Python:dist:src</code>, and under that the
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<code>Modules</code>, <code>Lib</code>, <code>Mac</code> etc hierarchy. The
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<code>src</code> folder can be renamed to <code>Python</code>, and
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is what this document refers to as the "toplevel Python folder". <P>
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The CVS repository does not contain all the projects for the plugin modules,
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these are built with <code>fullbuild.py</code> normally. For this reason
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it is probably a good idea to first build <code>PythonStandSmall.prj</code>,
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which builds a fairly minimal interpreter, and then follow the
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<a href="#fullbuild">fullbuild instructions</a>.
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<H2>Odds and ends</H2>
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Some remarks that I could not fit in elsewhere:
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<UL>
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<LI> It may be possible to use the <code>PythonCore</code> shared
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library to embed Python in another program, if your program can live
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with using GUSI for I/O. Use PythonCore in stead of your MSL C library
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(or, at the very least, link it before the normal C library).
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<LI> It is possible to build PPC extension modules without building a
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complete Python. The binary distribution installer can optionally install
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all the needed folders (the develop option). A template for a dynamic module can be found in
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<code>xx.prj</code>.
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<LI> The Python shared library architecture is a variant of the architecture
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described as "application with shared libraries and dropins" in the MetroWerks
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"Targeting MacOS" documentation. The Python Application and applet-template use
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the <code>MSL AppRuntime.Lib</code> runtime library (with properly set CFM
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initialization and termination routines). PythonCore uses <code>MSL Runtime.Lib</code>,
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which is really intended for standalone programs but which we fool into working by
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providing a dummy main program.
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It is linked statically into PythonCore (and exported to the applications and plugins)
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so we do not have to distribute yet another shared library. Plugin modules use
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<code>MSL ShlibRuntime.Lib</code> (not the dropin runtime: modules are never unloaded)
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and obtain the rest from PythonCore. PythonCore uses a
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non-standard initialization entry point, <code>__initialize_with_resources</code>, to
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be able to obtain resources from the library file later on. Plugins can do the same
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(_tkinter does) or use the standard <code>__initialize</code> entry point.
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</UL>
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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