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85424c9354
the Fraction type doesn't know how to handle the comparison without loss of accuracy. Also, make sure that comparisons between Fractions and float infinities or nans do the right thing.
573 lines
21 KiB
Python
573 lines
21 KiB
Python
# Originally contributed by Sjoerd Mullender.
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# Significantly modified by Jeffrey Yasskin <jyasskin at gmail.com>.
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"""Fraction, infinite-precision, real numbers."""
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import math
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import numbers
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import operator
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import re
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__all__ = ['Fraction', 'gcd']
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def gcd(a, b):
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"""Calculate the Greatest Common Divisor of a and b.
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Unless b==0, the result will have the same sign as b (so that when
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b is divided by it, the result comes out positive).
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"""
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while b:
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a, b = b, a%b
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return a
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_RATIONAL_FORMAT = re.compile(r"""
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\A\s* # optional whitespace at the start, then
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(?P<sign>[-+]?) # an optional sign, then
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(?=\d|\.\d) # lookahead for digit or .digit
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(?P<num>\d*) # numerator (possibly empty)
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(?: # followed by
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(?:/(?P<denom>\d+))? # an optional denominator
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| # or
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(?:\.(?P<decimal>\d*))? # an optional fractional part
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(?:E(?P<exp>[-+]?\d+))? # and optional exponent
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)
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\s*\Z # and optional whitespace to finish
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""", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
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class Fraction(numbers.Rational):
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"""This class implements rational numbers.
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Fraction(8, 6) will produce a rational number equivalent to
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4/3. Both arguments must be Integral. The numerator defaults to 0
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and the denominator defaults to 1 so that Fraction(3) == 3 and
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Fraction() == 0.
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Fraction can also be constructed from strings of the form
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'[-+]?[0-9]+((/|.)[0-9]+)?', optionally surrounded by spaces.
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"""
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__slots__ = ('_numerator', '_denominator')
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# We're immutable, so use __new__ not __init__
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def __new__(cls, numerator=0, denominator=None):
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"""Constructs a Rational.
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Takes a string like '3/2' or '1.5', another Rational, or a
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numerator/denominator pair.
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"""
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self = super(Fraction, cls).__new__(cls)
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if denominator is None:
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if isinstance(numerator, numbers.Rational):
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self._numerator = numerator.numerator
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self._denominator = numerator.denominator
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return self
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elif isinstance(numerator, str):
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# Handle construction from strings.
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m = _RATIONAL_FORMAT.match(numerator)
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if m is None:
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raise ValueError('Invalid literal for Fraction: %r' %
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numerator)
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numerator = int(m.group('num') or '0')
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denom = m.group('denom')
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if denom:
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denominator = int(denom)
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else:
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denominator = 1
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decimal = m.group('decimal')
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if decimal:
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scale = 10**len(decimal)
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numerator = numerator * scale + int(decimal)
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denominator *= scale
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exp = m.group('exp')
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if exp:
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exp = int(exp)
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if exp >= 0:
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numerator *= 10**exp
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else:
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denominator *= 10**-exp
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if m.group('sign') == '-':
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numerator = -numerator
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else:
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raise TypeError("argument should be a string "
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"or a Rational instance")
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elif (isinstance(numerator, numbers.Rational) and
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isinstance(denominator, numbers.Rational)):
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numerator, denominator = (
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numerator.numerator * denominator.denominator,
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denominator.numerator * numerator.denominator
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)
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else:
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raise TypeError("both arguments should be "
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"Rational instances")
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if denominator == 0:
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raise ZeroDivisionError('Fraction(%s, 0)' % numerator)
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g = gcd(numerator, denominator)
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self._numerator = numerator // g
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self._denominator = denominator // g
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return self
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@classmethod
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def from_float(cls, f):
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"""Converts a finite float to a rational number, exactly.
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Beware that Fraction.from_float(0.3) != Fraction(3, 10).
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"""
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if isinstance(f, numbers.Integral):
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return cls(f)
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elif not isinstance(f, float):
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raise TypeError("%s.from_float() only takes floats, not %r (%s)" %
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(cls.__name__, f, type(f).__name__))
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if math.isnan(f) or math.isinf(f):
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raise TypeError("Cannot convert %r to %s." % (f, cls.__name__))
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return cls(*f.as_integer_ratio())
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@classmethod
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def from_decimal(cls, dec):
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"""Converts a finite Decimal instance to a rational number, exactly."""
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from decimal import Decimal
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if isinstance(dec, numbers.Integral):
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dec = Decimal(int(dec))
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elif not isinstance(dec, Decimal):
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raise TypeError(
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"%s.from_decimal() only takes Decimals, not %r (%s)" %
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(cls.__name__, dec, type(dec).__name__))
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if not dec.is_finite():
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# Catches infinities and nans.
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raise TypeError("Cannot convert %s to %s." % (dec, cls.__name__))
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sign, digits, exp = dec.as_tuple()
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digits = int(''.join(map(str, digits)))
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if sign:
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digits = -digits
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if exp >= 0:
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return cls(digits * 10 ** exp)
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else:
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return cls(digits, 10 ** -exp)
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def limit_denominator(self, max_denominator=1000000):
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"""Closest Fraction to self with denominator at most max_denominator.
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>>> Fraction('3.141592653589793').limit_denominator(10)
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Fraction(22, 7)
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>>> Fraction('3.141592653589793').limit_denominator(100)
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Fraction(311, 99)
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>>> Fraction(1234, 5678).limit_denominator(10000)
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Fraction(1234, 5678)
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"""
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# Algorithm notes: For any real number x, define a *best upper
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# approximation* to x to be a rational number p/q such that:
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#
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# (1) p/q >= x, and
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# (2) if p/q > r/s >= x then s > q, for any rational r/s.
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#
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# Define *best lower approximation* similarly. Then it can be
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# proved that a rational number is a best upper or lower
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# approximation to x if, and only if, it is a convergent or
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# semiconvergent of the (unique shortest) continued fraction
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# associated to x.
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#
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# To find a best rational approximation with denominator <= M,
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# we find the best upper and lower approximations with
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# denominator <= M and take whichever of these is closer to x.
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# In the event of a tie, the bound with smaller denominator is
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# chosen. If both denominators are equal (which can happen
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# only when max_denominator == 1 and self is midway between
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# two integers) the lower bound---i.e., the floor of self, is
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# taken.
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if max_denominator < 1:
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raise ValueError("max_denominator should be at least 1")
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if self._denominator <= max_denominator:
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return Fraction(self)
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p0, q0, p1, q1 = 0, 1, 1, 0
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n, d = self._numerator, self._denominator
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while True:
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a = n//d
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q2 = q0+a*q1
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if q2 > max_denominator:
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break
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p0, q0, p1, q1 = p1, q1, p0+a*p1, q2
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n, d = d, n-a*d
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k = (max_denominator-q0)//q1
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bound1 = Fraction(p0+k*p1, q0+k*q1)
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bound2 = Fraction(p1, q1)
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if abs(bound2 - self) <= abs(bound1-self):
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return bound2
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else:
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return bound1
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@property
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def numerator(a):
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return a._numerator
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@property
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def denominator(a):
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return a._denominator
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def __repr__(self):
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"""repr(self)"""
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return ('Fraction(%s, %s)' % (self._numerator, self._denominator))
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def __str__(self):
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"""str(self)"""
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if self._denominator == 1:
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return str(self._numerator)
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else:
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return '%s/%s' % (self._numerator, self._denominator)
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def _operator_fallbacks(monomorphic_operator, fallback_operator):
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"""Generates forward and reverse operators given a purely-rational
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operator and a function from the operator module.
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Use this like:
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__op__, __rop__ = _operator_fallbacks(just_rational_op, operator.op)
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In general, we want to implement the arithmetic operations so
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that mixed-mode operations either call an implementation whose
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author knew about the types of both arguments, or convert both
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to the nearest built in type and do the operation there. In
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Fraction, that means that we define __add__ and __radd__ as:
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def __add__(self, other):
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# Both types have numerators/denominator attributes,
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# so do the operation directly
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if isinstance(other, (int, Fraction)):
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return Fraction(self.numerator * other.denominator +
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other.numerator * self.denominator,
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self.denominator * other.denominator)
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# float and complex don't have those operations, but we
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# know about those types, so special case them.
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elif isinstance(other, float):
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return float(self) + other
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elif isinstance(other, complex):
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return complex(self) + other
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# Let the other type take over.
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return NotImplemented
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def __radd__(self, other):
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# radd handles more types than add because there's
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# nothing left to fall back to.
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if isinstance(other, numbers.Rational):
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return Fraction(self.numerator * other.denominator +
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other.numerator * self.denominator,
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self.denominator * other.denominator)
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elif isinstance(other, Real):
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return float(other) + float(self)
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elif isinstance(other, Complex):
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return complex(other) + complex(self)
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return NotImplemented
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There are 5 different cases for a mixed-type addition on
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Fraction. I'll refer to all of the above code that doesn't
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refer to Fraction, float, or complex as "boilerplate". 'r'
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will be an instance of Fraction, which is a subtype of
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Rational (r : Fraction <: Rational), and b : B <:
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Complex. The first three involve 'r + b':
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1. If B <: Fraction, int, float, or complex, we handle
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that specially, and all is well.
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2. If Fraction falls back to the boilerplate code, and it
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were to return a value from __add__, we'd miss the
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possibility that B defines a more intelligent __radd__,
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so the boilerplate should return NotImplemented from
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__add__. In particular, we don't handle Rational
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here, even though we could get an exact answer, in case
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the other type wants to do something special.
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3. If B <: Fraction, Python tries B.__radd__ before
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Fraction.__add__. This is ok, because it was
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implemented with knowledge of Fraction, so it can
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handle those instances before delegating to Real or
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Complex.
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The next two situations describe 'b + r'. We assume that b
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didn't know about Fraction in its implementation, and that it
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uses similar boilerplate code:
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4. If B <: Rational, then __radd_ converts both to the
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builtin rational type (hey look, that's us) and
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proceeds.
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5. Otherwise, __radd__ tries to find the nearest common
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base ABC, and fall back to its builtin type. Since this
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class doesn't subclass a concrete type, there's no
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implementation to fall back to, so we need to try as
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hard as possible to return an actual value, or the user
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will get a TypeError.
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"""
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def forward(a, b):
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if isinstance(b, (int, Fraction)):
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return monomorphic_operator(a, b)
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elif isinstance(b, float):
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return fallback_operator(float(a), b)
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elif isinstance(b, complex):
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return fallback_operator(complex(a), b)
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else:
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return NotImplemented
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forward.__name__ = '__' + fallback_operator.__name__ + '__'
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forward.__doc__ = monomorphic_operator.__doc__
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def reverse(b, a):
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if isinstance(a, numbers.Rational):
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# Includes ints.
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return monomorphic_operator(a, b)
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elif isinstance(a, numbers.Real):
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return fallback_operator(float(a), float(b))
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elif isinstance(a, numbers.Complex):
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return fallback_operator(complex(a), complex(b))
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else:
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return NotImplemented
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reverse.__name__ = '__r' + fallback_operator.__name__ + '__'
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reverse.__doc__ = monomorphic_operator.__doc__
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return forward, reverse
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def _add(a, b):
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"""a + b"""
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return Fraction(a.numerator * b.denominator +
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b.numerator * a.denominator,
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a.denominator * b.denominator)
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__add__, __radd__ = _operator_fallbacks(_add, operator.add)
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def _sub(a, b):
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"""a - b"""
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return Fraction(a.numerator * b.denominator -
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b.numerator * a.denominator,
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a.denominator * b.denominator)
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__sub__, __rsub__ = _operator_fallbacks(_sub, operator.sub)
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def _mul(a, b):
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"""a * b"""
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return Fraction(a.numerator * b.numerator, a.denominator * b.denominator)
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__mul__, __rmul__ = _operator_fallbacks(_mul, operator.mul)
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def _div(a, b):
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"""a / b"""
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return Fraction(a.numerator * b.denominator,
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a.denominator * b.numerator)
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__truediv__, __rtruediv__ = _operator_fallbacks(_div, operator.truediv)
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def __floordiv__(a, b):
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"""a // b"""
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return math.floor(a / b)
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def __rfloordiv__(b, a):
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"""a // b"""
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return math.floor(a / b)
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def __mod__(a, b):
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"""a % b"""
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div = a // b
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return a - b * div
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def __rmod__(b, a):
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"""a % b"""
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div = a // b
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return a - b * div
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def __pow__(a, b):
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"""a ** b
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If b is not an integer, the result will be a float or complex
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since roots are generally irrational. If b is an integer, the
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result will be rational.
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"""
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if isinstance(b, numbers.Rational):
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if b.denominator == 1:
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power = b.numerator
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if power >= 0:
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return Fraction(a._numerator ** power,
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a._denominator ** power)
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else:
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return Fraction(a._denominator ** -power,
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a._numerator ** -power)
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else:
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# A fractional power will generally produce an
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# irrational number.
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return float(a) ** float(b)
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else:
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return float(a) ** b
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def __rpow__(b, a):
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"""a ** b"""
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if b._denominator == 1 and b._numerator >= 0:
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# If a is an int, keep it that way if possible.
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return a ** b._numerator
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if isinstance(a, numbers.Rational):
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return Fraction(a.numerator, a.denominator) ** b
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if b._denominator == 1:
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return a ** b._numerator
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return a ** float(b)
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def __pos__(a):
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"""+a: Coerces a subclass instance to Fraction"""
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return Fraction(a._numerator, a._denominator)
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def __neg__(a):
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"""-a"""
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return Fraction(-a._numerator, a._denominator)
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def __abs__(a):
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"""abs(a)"""
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return Fraction(abs(a._numerator), a._denominator)
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def __trunc__(a):
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"""trunc(a)"""
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if a._numerator < 0:
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return -(-a._numerator // a._denominator)
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else:
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return a._numerator // a._denominator
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def __floor__(a):
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"""Will be math.floor(a) in 3.0."""
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return a.numerator // a.denominator
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def __ceil__(a):
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"""Will be math.ceil(a) in 3.0."""
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# The negations cleverly convince floordiv to return the ceiling.
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return -(-a.numerator // a.denominator)
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def __round__(self, ndigits=None):
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"""Will be round(self, ndigits) in 3.0.
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Rounds half toward even.
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"""
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if ndigits is None:
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floor, remainder = divmod(self.numerator, self.denominator)
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if remainder * 2 < self.denominator:
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return floor
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elif remainder * 2 > self.denominator:
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return floor + 1
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# Deal with the half case:
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elif floor % 2 == 0:
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return floor
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else:
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return floor + 1
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shift = 10**abs(ndigits)
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# See _operator_fallbacks.forward to check that the results of
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# these operations will always be Fraction and therefore have
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# round().
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if ndigits > 0:
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return Fraction(round(self * shift), shift)
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else:
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return Fraction(round(self / shift) * shift)
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def __hash__(self):
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"""hash(self)
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Tricky because values that are exactly representable as a
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float must have the same hash as that float.
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"""
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# XXX since this method is expensive, consider caching the result
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if self._denominator == 1:
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# Get integers right.
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return hash(self._numerator)
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# Expensive check, but definitely correct.
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if self == float(self):
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return hash(float(self))
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else:
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# Use tuple's hash to avoid a high collision rate on
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# simple fractions.
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return hash((self._numerator, self._denominator))
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def __eq__(a, b):
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"""a == b"""
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if isinstance(b, numbers.Rational):
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return (a._numerator == b.numerator and
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a._denominator == b.denominator)
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if isinstance(b, numbers.Complex) and b.imag == 0:
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b = b.real
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if isinstance(b, float):
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if math.isnan(b) or math.isinf(b):
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# comparisons with an infinity or nan should behave in
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# the same way for any finite a, so treat a as zero.
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return 0.0 == b
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else:
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return a == a.from_float(b)
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else:
|
|
# Since a doesn't know how to compare with b, let's give b
|
|
# a chance to compare itself with a.
|
|
return NotImplemented
|
|
|
|
def _richcmp(self, other, op):
|
|
"""Helper for comparison operators, for internal use only.
|
|
|
|
Implement comparison between a Rational instance `self`, and
|
|
either another Rational instance or a float `other`. If
|
|
`other` is not a Rational instance or a float, return
|
|
NotImplemented. `op` should be one of the six standard
|
|
comparison operators.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
# convert other to a Rational instance where reasonable.
|
|
if isinstance(other, numbers.Rational):
|
|
return op(self._numerator * other.denominator,
|
|
self._denominator * other.numerator)
|
|
if isinstance(other, numbers.Complex) and other.imag == 0:
|
|
other = other.real
|
|
if isinstance(other, float):
|
|
if math.isnan(other) or math.isinf(other):
|
|
return op(0.0, other)
|
|
else:
|
|
return op(self, self.from_float(other))
|
|
else:
|
|
return NotImplemented
|
|
|
|
def __lt__(a, b):
|
|
"""a < b"""
|
|
return a._richcmp(b, operator.lt)
|
|
|
|
def __gt__(a, b):
|
|
"""a > b"""
|
|
return a._richcmp(b, operator.gt)
|
|
|
|
def __le__(a, b):
|
|
"""a <= b"""
|
|
return a._richcmp(b, operator.le)
|
|
|
|
def __ge__(a, b):
|
|
"""a >= b"""
|
|
return a._richcmp(b, operator.ge)
|
|
|
|
def __bool__(a):
|
|
"""a != 0"""
|
|
return a._numerator != 0
|
|
|
|
# support for pickling, copy, and deepcopy
|
|
|
|
def __reduce__(self):
|
|
return (self.__class__, (str(self),))
|
|
|
|
def __copy__(self):
|
|
if type(self) == Fraction:
|
|
return self # I'm immutable; therefore I am my own clone
|
|
return self.__class__(self._numerator, self._denominator)
|
|
|
|
def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
|
|
if type(self) == Fraction:
|
|
return self # My components are also immutable
|
|
return self.__class__(self._numerator, self._denominator)
|