cpython/Lib/inspect.py
Tim Peters 13b49d3374 New function classify_class_attrs(). As a number of SF bug reports
point out, pydoc doesn't tell you where class attributes were defined,
gets several new 2.2 features wrong, and isn't aware of some new features
checked in on Thursday <wink>.  pydoc is hampered in part because
inspect.py has the same limitations.  Alas, I can't think of a way to
fix this within the current architecture of inspect/pydoc:  it's simply
not possible in 2.2 to figure out everything needed just from examining
the object you get back from class.attr.  You also need the class
context, and the method resolution order, and tests against various things
that simply didn't exist before.  OTOH, knowledge of how to do that is
getting quite complex, so doesn't belong in pydoc.

classify_class_attrs takes a different approach, analyzing all
the class attrs "at once", and returning the most interesting stuff for
each, all in one gulp.  pydoc needs to be reworked to use this for
classes (instead of the current "filter dir(class) umpteen times against
assorted predicates" approach).
2001-09-23 02:00:29 +00:00

785 lines
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"""Get useful information from live Python objects.
This module encapsulates the interface provided by the internal special
attributes (func_*, co_*, im_*, tb_*, etc.) in a friendlier fashion.
It also provides some help for examining source code and class layout.
Here are some of the useful functions provided by this module:
ismodule(), isclass(), ismethod(), isfunction(), istraceback(),
isframe(), iscode(), isbuiltin(), isroutine() - check object types
getmembers() - get members of an object that satisfy a given condition
getfile(), getsourcefile(), getsource() - find an object's source code
getdoc(), getcomments() - get documentation on an object
getmodule() - determine the module that an object came from
getclasstree() - arrange classes so as to represent their hierarchy
getargspec(), getargvalues() - get info about function arguments
formatargspec(), formatargvalues() - format an argument spec
getouterframes(), getinnerframes() - get info about frames
currentframe() - get the current stack frame
stack(), trace() - get info about frames on the stack or in a traceback
"""
# This module is in the public domain. No warranties.
__author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>'
__date__ = '1 Jan 2001'
import sys, os, types, string, re, dis, imp, tokenize
# ----------------------------------------------------------- type-checking
def ismodule(object):
"""Return true if the object is a module.
Module objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__file__ filename (missing for built-in modules)"""
return isinstance(object, types.ModuleType)
def isclass(object):
"""Return true if the object is a class.
Class objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__module__ name of module in which this class was defined"""
return isinstance(object, types.ClassType) or hasattr(object, '__bases__')
def ismethod(object):
"""Return true if the object is an instance method.
Instance method objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ name with which this method was defined
im_class class object in which this method belongs
im_func function object containing implementation of method
im_self instance to which this method is bound, or None"""
return isinstance(object, types.MethodType)
def ismethoddescriptor(object):
"""Return true if the object is a method descriptor.
But not if ismethod() or isclass() or isfunction() are true.
This is new in Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of int.__add__.
An object passing this test has a __get__ attribute but not a __set__
attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes varies. __name__ is
usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.
Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other
tests return false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because
the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the
im_func attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod()."""
return (hasattr(object, "__get__")
and not hasattr(object, "__set__") # else it's a data descriptor
and not ismethod(object) # mutual exclusion
and not isfunction(object)
and not isclass(object))
def isfunction(object):
"""Return true if the object is a user-defined function.
Function objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ name with which this function was defined
func_code code object containing compiled function bytecode
func_defaults tuple of any default values for arguments
func_doc (same as __doc__)
func_globals global namespace in which this function was defined
func_name (same as __name__)"""
return isinstance(object, types.FunctionType)
def istraceback(object):
"""Return true if the object is a traceback.
Traceback objects provide these attributes:
tb_frame frame object at this level
tb_lasti index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
tb_lineno current line number in Python source code
tb_next next inner traceback object (called by this level)"""
return isinstance(object, types.TracebackType)
def isframe(object):
"""Return true if the object is a frame object.
Frame objects provide these attributes:
f_back next outer frame object (this frame's caller)
f_builtins built-in namespace seen by this frame
f_code code object being executed in this frame
f_exc_traceback traceback if raised in this frame, or None
f_exc_type exception type if raised in this frame, or None
f_exc_value exception value if raised in this frame, or None
f_globals global namespace seen by this frame
f_lasti index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
f_lineno current line number in Python source code
f_locals local namespace seen by this frame
f_restricted 0 or 1 if frame is in restricted execution mode
f_trace tracing function for this frame, or None"""
return isinstance(object, types.FrameType)
def iscode(object):
"""Return true if the object is a code object.
Code objects provide these attributes:
co_argcount number of arguments (not including * or ** args)
co_code string of raw compiled bytecode
co_consts tuple of constants used in the bytecode
co_filename name of file in which this code object was created
co_firstlineno number of first line in Python source code
co_flags bitmap: 1=optimized | 2=newlocals | 4=*arg | 8=**arg
co_lnotab encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices
co_name name with which this code object was defined
co_names tuple of names of local variables
co_nlocals number of local variables
co_stacksize virtual machine stack space required
co_varnames tuple of names of arguments and local variables"""
return isinstance(object, types.CodeType)
def isbuiltin(object):
"""Return true if the object is a built-in function or method.
Built-in functions and methods provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ original name of this function or method
__self__ instance to which a method is bound, or None"""
return isinstance(object, types.BuiltinFunctionType)
def isroutine(object):
"""Return true if the object is any kind of function or method."""
return (isbuiltin(object)
or isfunction(object)
or ismethod(object)
or ismethoddescriptor(object))
def getmembers(object, predicate=None):
"""Return all members of an object as (name, value) pairs sorted by name.
Optionally, only return members that satisfy a given predicate."""
results = []
for key in dir(object):
value = getattr(object, key)
if not predicate or predicate(value):
results.append((key, value))
results.sort()
return results
def classify_class_attrs(cls):
"""Return list of attribute-descriptor tuples.
For each name in dir(cls), the return list contains a 4-tuple
with these elements:
0. The name (a string).
1. The kind of attribute this is, one of these strings:
'class method' created via classmethod()
'static method' created via staticmethod()
'property' created via property()
'method' any other flavor of method
'data' not a method
2. The class which defined this attribute (a class).
3. The object as obtained directly from the defining class's
__dict__, not via getattr. This is especially important for
data attributes: C.data is just a data object, but
C.__dict__['data'] may be a data descriptor with additional
info, like a __doc__ string.
"""
mro = getmro(cls)
names = dir(cls)
result = []
for name in names:
# Get the object associated with the name.
# Getting an obj from the __dict__ sometimes reveals more than
# using getattr. Static and class methods are dramatic examples.
if name in cls.__dict__:
obj = cls.__dict__[name]
else:
obj = getattr(cls, name)
# Figure out where it was defined.
# A complication: static classes in 2.2 copy dict entries from
# bases into derived classes, so it's not enough just to look for
# "the first" class with the name in its dict. OTOH:
# 1. Some-- but not all --methods in 2.2 come with an __objclass__
# attr that answers the question directly.
# 2. Some-- but not all --classes in 2.2 have a __defined__ dict
# saying which names were defined by the class.
homecls = getattr(obj, "__objclass__", None)
if homecls is None:
# Try __defined__.
for base in mro:
if hasattr(base, "__defined__"):
if name in base.__defined__:
homecls = base
break
if homecls is None:
# Last chance (and first chance for classic classes): search
# the dicts.
for base in mro:
if name in base.__dict__:
homecls = base
break
# Get the object again, in order to get it from the defining
# __dict__ instead of via getattr (if possible).
if homecls is not None and name in homecls.__dict__:
obj = homecls.__dict__[name]
# Also get the object via getattr.
obj_via_getattr = getattr(cls, name)
# Classify the object.
if isinstance(obj, staticmethod):
kind = "static method"
elif isinstance(obj, classmethod):
kind = "class method"
elif isinstance(obj, property):
kind = "property"
elif (ismethod(obj_via_getattr) or
ismethoddescriptor(obj_via_getattr)):
kind = "method"
else:
kind = "data"
result.append((name, kind, homecls, obj))
return result
# ----------------------------------------------------------- class helpers
def _searchbases(cls, accum):
# Simulate the "classic class" search order.
if cls in accum:
return
accum.append(cls)
for base in cls.__bases__:
_searchbases(base, accum)
def getmro(cls):
"Return tuple of base classes (including cls) in method resolution order."
if hasattr(cls, "__mro__"):
return cls.__mro__
else:
result = []
_searchbases(cls, result)
return tuple(result)
# -------------------------------------------------- source code extraction
def indentsize(line):
"""Return the indent size, in spaces, at the start of a line of text."""
expline = string.expandtabs(line)
return len(expline) - len(string.lstrip(expline))
def getdoc(object):
"""Get the documentation string for an object.
All tabs are expanded to spaces. To clean up docstrings that are
indented to line up with blocks of code, any whitespace than can be
uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed."""
if hasattr(object, '__doc__') and object.__doc__:
lines = string.split(string.expandtabs(object.__doc__), '\n')
margin = None
for line in lines[1:]:
content = len(string.lstrip(line))
if not content: continue
indent = len(line) - content
if margin is None: margin = indent
else: margin = min(margin, indent)
if margin is not None:
for i in range(1, len(lines)): lines[i] = lines[i][margin:]
return string.join(lines, '\n')
def getfile(object):
"""Work out which source or compiled file an object was defined in."""
if ismodule(object):
if hasattr(object, '__file__'):
return object.__file__
raise TypeError, 'arg is a built-in module'
if isclass(object):
object = sys.modules.get(object.__module__)
if hasattr(object, '__file__'):
return object.__file__
raise TypeError, 'arg is a built-in class'
if ismethod(object):
object = object.im_func
if isfunction(object):
object = object.func_code
if istraceback(object):
object = object.tb_frame
if isframe(object):
object = object.f_code
if iscode(object):
return object.co_filename
raise TypeError, 'arg is not a module, class, method, ' \
'function, traceback, frame, or code object'
def getmoduleinfo(path):
"""Get the module name, suffix, mode, and module type for a given file."""
filename = os.path.basename(path)
suffixes = map(lambda (suffix, mode, mtype):
(-len(suffix), suffix, mode, mtype), imp.get_suffixes())
suffixes.sort() # try longest suffixes first, in case they overlap
for neglen, suffix, mode, mtype in suffixes:
if filename[neglen:] == suffix:
return filename[:neglen], suffix, mode, mtype
def getmodulename(path):
"""Return the module name for a given file, or None."""
info = getmoduleinfo(path)
if info: return info[0]
def getsourcefile(object):
"""Return the Python source file an object was defined in, if it exists."""
filename = getfile(object)
if string.lower(filename[-4:]) in ['.pyc', '.pyo']:
filename = filename[:-4] + '.py'
for suffix, mode, kind in imp.get_suffixes():
if 'b' in mode and string.lower(filename[-len(suffix):]) == suffix:
# Looks like a binary file. We want to only return a text file.
return None
if os.path.exists(filename):
return filename
def getabsfile(object):
"""Return an absolute path to the source or compiled file for an object.
The idea is for each object to have a unique origin, so this routine
normalizes the result as much as possible."""
return os.path.normcase(
os.path.abspath(getsourcefile(object) or getfile(object)))
modulesbyfile = {}
def getmodule(object):
"""Return the module an object was defined in, or None if not found."""
if ismodule(object):
return object
if isclass(object):
return sys.modules.get(object.__module__)
try:
file = getabsfile(object)
except TypeError:
return None
if modulesbyfile.has_key(file):
return sys.modules[modulesbyfile[file]]
for module in sys.modules.values():
if hasattr(module, '__file__'):
modulesbyfile[getabsfile(module)] = module.__name__
if modulesbyfile.has_key(file):
return sys.modules[modulesbyfile[file]]
main = sys.modules['__main__']
if hasattr(main, object.__name__):
mainobject = getattr(main, object.__name__)
if mainobject is object:
return main
builtin = sys.modules['__builtin__']
if hasattr(builtin, object.__name__):
builtinobject = getattr(builtin, object.__name__)
if builtinobject is object:
return builtin
def findsource(object):
"""Return the entire source file and starting line number for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a list of all the lines
in the file and the line number indexes a line in that list. An IOError
is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved."""
try:
file = open(getsourcefile(object))
except (TypeError, IOError):
raise IOError, 'could not get source code'
lines = file.readlines()
file.close()
if ismodule(object):
return lines, 0
if isclass(object):
name = object.__name__
pat = re.compile(r'^\s*class\s*' + name + r'\b')
for i in range(len(lines)):
if pat.match(lines[i]): return lines, i
else: raise IOError, 'could not find class definition'
if ismethod(object):
object = object.im_func
if isfunction(object):
object = object.func_code
if istraceback(object):
object = object.tb_frame
if isframe(object):
object = object.f_code
if iscode(object):
if not hasattr(object, 'co_firstlineno'):
raise IOError, 'could not find function definition'
lnum = object.co_firstlineno - 1
pat = re.compile(r'^\s*def\s')
while lnum > 0:
if pat.match(lines[lnum]): break
lnum = lnum - 1
return lines, lnum
def getcomments(object):
"""Get lines of comments immediately preceding an object's source code."""
try: lines, lnum = findsource(object)
except IOError: return None
if ismodule(object):
# Look for a comment block at the top of the file.
start = 0
if lines and lines[0][:2] == '#!': start = 1
while start < len(lines) and string.strip(lines[start]) in ['', '#']:
start = start + 1
if start < len(lines) and lines[start][:1] == '#':
comments = []
end = start
while end < len(lines) and lines[end][:1] == '#':
comments.append(string.expandtabs(lines[end]))
end = end + 1
return string.join(comments, '')
# Look for a preceding block of comments at the same indentation.
elif lnum > 0:
indent = indentsize(lines[lnum])
end = lnum - 1
if end >= 0 and string.lstrip(lines[end])[:1] == '#' and \
indentsize(lines[end]) == indent:
comments = [string.lstrip(string.expandtabs(lines[end]))]
if end > 0:
end = end - 1
comment = string.lstrip(string.expandtabs(lines[end]))
while comment[:1] == '#' and indentsize(lines[end]) == indent:
comments[:0] = [comment]
end = end - 1
if end < 0: break
comment = string.lstrip(string.expandtabs(lines[end]))
while comments and string.strip(comments[0]) == '#':
comments[:1] = []
while comments and string.strip(comments[-1]) == '#':
comments[-1:] = []
return string.join(comments, '')
class ListReader:
"""Provide a readline() method to return lines from a list of strings."""
def __init__(self, lines):
self.lines = lines
self.index = 0
def readline(self):
i = self.index
if i < len(self.lines):
self.index = i + 1
return self.lines[i]
else: return ''
class EndOfBlock(Exception): pass
class BlockFinder:
"""Provide a tokeneater() method to detect the end of a code block."""
def __init__(self):
self.indent = 0
self.started = 0
self.last = 0
def tokeneater(self, type, token, (srow, scol), (erow, ecol), line):
if not self.started:
if type == tokenize.NAME: self.started = 1
elif type == tokenize.NEWLINE:
self.last = srow
elif type == tokenize.INDENT:
self.indent = self.indent + 1
elif type == tokenize.DEDENT:
self.indent = self.indent - 1
if self.indent == 0: raise EndOfBlock, self.last
def getblock(lines):
"""Extract the block of code at the top of the given list of lines."""
try:
tokenize.tokenize(ListReader(lines).readline, BlockFinder().tokeneater)
except EndOfBlock, eob:
return lines[:eob.args[0]]
def getsourcelines(object):
"""Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines
corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the
original source file the first line of code was found. An IOError is
raised if the source code cannot be retrieved."""
lines, lnum = findsource(object)
if ismodule(object): return lines, 0
else: return getblock(lines[lnum:]), lnum + 1
def getsource(object):
"""Return the text of the source code for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An
IOError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved."""
lines, lnum = getsourcelines(object)
return string.join(lines, '')
# --------------------------------------------------- class tree extraction
def walktree(classes, children, parent):
"""Recursive helper function for getclasstree()."""
results = []
classes.sort(lambda a, b: cmp(a.__name__, b.__name__))
for c in classes:
results.append((c, c.__bases__))
if children.has_key(c):
results.append(walktree(children[c], children, c))
return results
def getclasstree(classes, unique=0):
"""Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists.
Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class
whose entry immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple
containing a class and a tuple of its base classes. If the 'unique'
argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure
for each class in the given list. Otherwise, classes using multiple
inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times."""
children = {}
roots = []
for c in classes:
if c.__bases__:
for parent in c.__bases__:
if not children.has_key(parent):
children[parent] = []
children[parent].append(c)
if unique and parent in classes: break
elif c not in roots:
roots.append(c)
for parent in children.keys():
if parent not in classes:
roots.append(parent)
return walktree(roots, children, None)
# ------------------------------------------------ argument list extraction
# These constants are from Python's compile.h.
CO_OPTIMIZED, CO_NEWLOCALS, CO_VARARGS, CO_VARKEYWORDS = 1, 2, 4, 8
def getargs(co):
"""Get information about the arguments accepted by a code object.
Three things are returned: (args, varargs, varkw), where 'args' is
a list of argument names (possibly containing nested lists), and
'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None."""
if not iscode(co): raise TypeError, 'arg is not a code object'
code = co.co_code
nargs = co.co_argcount
names = co.co_varnames
args = list(names[:nargs])
step = 0
# The following acrobatics are for anonymous (tuple) arguments.
for i in range(nargs):
if args[i][:1] in ['', '.']:
stack, remain, count = [], [], []
while step < len(code):
op = ord(code[step])
step = step + 1
if op >= dis.HAVE_ARGUMENT:
opname = dis.opname[op]
value = ord(code[step]) + ord(code[step+1])*256
step = step + 2
if opname in ['UNPACK_TUPLE', 'UNPACK_SEQUENCE']:
remain.append(value)
count.append(value)
elif opname == 'STORE_FAST':
stack.append(names[value])
remain[-1] = remain[-1] - 1
while remain[-1] == 0:
remain.pop()
size = count.pop()
stack[-size:] = [stack[-size:]]
if not remain: break
remain[-1] = remain[-1] - 1
if not remain: break
args[i] = stack[0]
varargs = None
if co.co_flags & CO_VARARGS:
varargs = co.co_varnames[nargs]
nargs = nargs + 1
varkw = None
if co.co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS:
varkw = co.co_varnames[nargs]
return args, varargs, varkw
def getargspec(func):
"""Get the names and default values of a function's arguments.
A tuple of four things is returned: (args, varargs, varkw, defaults).
'args' is a list of the argument names (it may contain nested lists).
'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None.
'defaults' is an n-tuple of the default values of the last n arguments."""
if not isfunction(func): raise TypeError, 'arg is not a Python function'
args, varargs, varkw = getargs(func.func_code)
return args, varargs, varkw, func.func_defaults
def getargvalues(frame):
"""Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame.
A tuple of four things is returned: (args, varargs, varkw, locals).
'args' is a list of the argument names (it may contain nested lists).
'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None.
'locals' is the locals dictionary of the given frame."""
args, varargs, varkw = getargs(frame.f_code)
return args, varargs, varkw, frame.f_locals
def joinseq(seq):
if len(seq) == 1:
return '(' + seq[0] + ',)'
else:
return '(' + string.join(seq, ', ') + ')'
def strseq(object, convert, join=joinseq):
"""Recursively walk a sequence, stringifying each element."""
if type(object) in [types.ListType, types.TupleType]:
return join(map(lambda o, c=convert, j=join: strseq(o, c, j), object))
else:
return convert(object)
def formatargspec(args, varargs=None, varkw=None, defaults=None,
formatarg=str,
formatvarargs=lambda name: '*' + name,
formatvarkw=lambda name: '**' + name,
formatvalue=lambda value: '=' + repr(value),
join=joinseq):
"""Format an argument spec from the 4 values returned by getargspec.
The first four arguments are (args, varargs, varkw, defaults). The
other four arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions
that are called to turn names and values into strings. The ninth
argument is an optional function to format the sequence of arguments."""
specs = []
if defaults:
firstdefault = len(args) - len(defaults)
for i in range(len(args)):
spec = strseq(args[i], formatarg, join)
if defaults and i >= firstdefault:
spec = spec + formatvalue(defaults[i - firstdefault])
specs.append(spec)
if varargs:
specs.append(formatvarargs(varargs))
if varkw:
specs.append(formatvarkw(varkw))
return '(' + string.join(specs, ', ') + ')'
def formatargvalues(args, varargs, varkw, locals,
formatarg=str,
formatvarargs=lambda name: '*' + name,
formatvarkw=lambda name: '**' + name,
formatvalue=lambda value: '=' + repr(value),
join=joinseq):
"""Format an argument spec from the 4 values returned by getargvalues.
The first four arguments are (args, varargs, varkw, locals). The
next four arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions
that are called to turn names and values into strings. The ninth
argument is an optional function to format the sequence of arguments."""
def convert(name, locals=locals,
formatarg=formatarg, formatvalue=formatvalue):
return formatarg(name) + formatvalue(locals[name])
specs = []
for i in range(len(args)):
specs.append(strseq(args[i], convert, join))
if varargs:
specs.append(formatvarargs(varargs) + formatvalue(locals[varargs]))
if varkw:
specs.append(formatvarkw(varkw) + formatvalue(locals[varkw]))
return '(' + string.join(specs, ', ') + ')'
# -------------------------------------------------- stack frame extraction
def getframeinfo(frame, context=1):
"""Get information about a frame or traceback object.
A tuple of five things is returned: the filename, the line number of
the current line, the function name, a list of lines of context from
the source code, and the index of the current line within that list.
The optional second argument specifies the number of lines of context
to return, which are centered around the current line."""
if istraceback(frame):
frame = frame.tb_frame
if not isframe(frame):
raise TypeError, 'arg is not a frame or traceback object'
filename = getsourcefile(frame)
lineno = getlineno(frame)
if context > 0:
start = lineno - 1 - context//2
try:
lines, lnum = findsource(frame)
except IOError:
lines = index = None
else:
start = max(start, 1)
start = min(start, len(lines) - context)
lines = lines[start:start+context]
index = lineno - 1 - start
else:
lines = index = None
return (filename, lineno, frame.f_code.co_name, lines, index)
def getlineno(frame):
"""Get the line number from a frame object, allowing for optimization."""
# Written by Marc-Andr<64> Lemburg; revised by Jim Hugunin and Fredrik Lundh.
lineno = frame.f_lineno
code = frame.f_code
if hasattr(code, 'co_lnotab'):
table = code.co_lnotab
lineno = code.co_firstlineno
addr = 0
for i in range(0, len(table), 2):
addr = addr + ord(table[i])
if addr > frame.f_lasti: break
lineno = lineno + ord(table[i+1])
return lineno
def getouterframes(frame, context=1):
"""Get a list of records for a frame and all higher (calling) frames.
Each record contains a frame object, filename, line number, function
name, a list of lines of context, and index within the context."""
framelist = []
while frame:
framelist.append((frame,) + getframeinfo(frame, context))
frame = frame.f_back
return framelist
def getinnerframes(tb, context=1):
"""Get a list of records for a traceback's frame and all lower frames.
Each record contains a frame object, filename, line number, function
name, a list of lines of context, and index within the context."""
framelist = []
while tb:
framelist.append((tb.tb_frame,) + getframeinfo(tb, context))
tb = tb.tb_next
return framelist
def currentframe():
"""Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame."""
try:
raise 'catch me'
except:
return sys.exc_traceback.tb_frame.f_back
if hasattr(sys, '_getframe'): currentframe = sys._getframe
def stack(context=1):
"""Return a list of records for the stack above the caller's frame."""
return getouterframes(currentframe().f_back, context)
def trace(context=1):
"""Return a list of records for the stack below the current exception."""
return getinnerframes(sys.exc_traceback, context)