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176 lines
7.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
176 lines
7.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`email`: Internationalized headers
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---------------------------------------
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.. module:: email.header
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:synopsis: Representing non-ASCII headers
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:rfc:`2822` is the base standard that describes the format of email messages.
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It derives from the older :rfc:`822` standard which came into widespread use at
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a time when most email was composed of ASCII characters only. :rfc:`2822` is a
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specification written assuming email contains only 7-bit ASCII characters.
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Of course, as email has been deployed worldwide, it has become
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internationalized, such that language specific character sets can now be used in
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email messages. The base standard still requires email messages to be
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transferred using only 7-bit ASCII characters, so a slew of RFCs have been
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written describing how to encode email containing non-ASCII characters into
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:rfc:`2822`\ -compliant format. These RFCs include :rfc:`2045`, :rfc:`2046`,
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:rfc:`2047`, and :rfc:`2231`. The :mod:`email` package supports these standards
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in its :mod:`email.header` and :mod:`email.charset` modules.
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If you want to include non-ASCII characters in your email headers, say in the
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:mailheader:`Subject` or :mailheader:`To` fields, you should use the
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:class:`Header` class and assign the field in the :class:`~email.message.Message`
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object to an instance of :class:`Header` instead of using a string for the header
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value. Import the :class:`Header` class from the :mod:`email.header` module.
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For example::
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>>> from email.message import Message
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>>> from email.header import Header
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>>> msg = Message()
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>>> h = Header('p\xf6stal', 'iso-8859-1')
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>>> msg['Subject'] = h
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>>> print(msg.as_string())
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Subject: =?iso-8859-1?q?p=F6stal?=
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Notice here how we wanted the :mailheader:`Subject` field to contain a non-ASCII
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character? We did this by creating a :class:`Header` instance and passing in
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the character set that the byte string was encoded in. When the subsequent
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:class:`~email.message.Message` instance was flattened, the :mailheader:`Subject`
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field was properly :rfc:`2047` encoded. MIME-aware mail readers would show this
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header using the embedded ISO-8859-1 character.
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Here is the :class:`Header` class description:
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.. class:: Header(s=None, charset=None, maxlinelen=None, header_name=None, continuation_ws=' ', errors='strict')
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Create a MIME-compliant header that can contain strings in different character
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sets.
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Optional *s* is the initial header value. If ``None`` (the default), the
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initial header value is not set. You can later append to the header with
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:meth:`append` method calls. *s* may be an instance of :class:`bytes` or
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:class:`str`, but see the :meth:`append` documentation for semantics.
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Optional *charset* serves two purposes: it has the same meaning as the *charset*
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argument to the :meth:`append` method. It also sets the default character set
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for all subsequent :meth:`append` calls that omit the *charset* argument. If
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*charset* is not provided in the constructor (the default), the ``us-ascii``
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character set is used both as *s*'s initial charset and as the default for
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subsequent :meth:`append` calls.
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The maximum line length can be specified explicit via *maxlinelen*. For
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splitting the first line to a shorter value (to account for the field header
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which isn't included in *s*, e.g. :mailheader:`Subject`) pass in the name of the
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field in *header_name*. The default *maxlinelen* is 76, and the default value
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for *header_name* is ``None``, meaning it is not taken into account for the
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first line of a long, split header.
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Optional *continuation_ws* must be :rfc:`2822`\ -compliant folding
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whitespace, and is usually either a space or a hard tab character. This
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character will be prepended to continuation lines. *continuation_ws*
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defaults to a single space character.
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Optional *errors* is passed straight through to the :meth:`append` method.
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.. method:: append(s, charset=None, errors='strict')
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Append the string *s* to the MIME header.
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Optional *charset*, if given, should be a :class:`~email.charset.Charset`
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instance (see :mod:`email.charset`) or the name of a character set, which
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will be converted to a :class:`~email.charset.Charset` instance. A value
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of ``None`` (the default) means that the *charset* given in the constructor
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is used.
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*s* may be an instance of :class:`bytes` or :class:`str`. If it is an
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instance of :class:`bytes`, then *charset* is the encoding of that byte
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string, and a :exc:`UnicodeError` will be raised if the string cannot be
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decoded with that character set.
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If *s* is an instance of :class:`str`, then *charset* is a hint specifying
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the character set of the characters in the string. In this case, when
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producing an :rfc:`2822`\ -compliant header using :rfc:`2047` rules, the
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Unicode string will be encoded using the following charsets in order:
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``us-ascii``, the *charset* hint, ``utf-8``. The first character set to
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not provoke a :exc:`UnicodeError` is used.
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Optional *errors* is passed through to any :func:`encode` or
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:func:`ustr.encode` call, and defaults to "strict".
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.. method:: encode(splitchars=';, \\t', maxlinelen=None)
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Encode a message header into an RFC-compliant format, possibly wrapping
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long lines and encapsulating non-ASCII parts in base64 or quoted-printable
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encodings. Optional *splitchars* is a string containing characters to
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split long ASCII lines on, in rough support of :rfc:`2822`'s *highest
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level syntactic breaks*. This doesn't affect :rfc:`2047` encoded lines.
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*maxlinelen*, if given, overrides the instance's value for the maximum
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line length.
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The :class:`Header` class also provides a number of methods to support
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standard operators and built-in functions.
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.. method:: __str__()
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A synonym for :meth:`Header.encode`. Useful for ``str(aHeader)``.
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.. method:: __unicode__()
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A helper for :class:`str`'s :func:`encode` method. Returns the header as
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a Unicode string.
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.. method:: __eq__(other)
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This method allows you to compare two :class:`Header` instances for
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equality.
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.. method:: __ne__(other)
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This method allows you to compare two :class:`Header` instances for
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inequality.
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The :mod:`email.header` module also provides the following convenient functions.
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.. function:: decode_header(header)
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Decode a message header value without converting the character set. The header
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value is in *header*.
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This function returns a list of ``(decoded_string, charset)`` pairs containing
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each of the decoded parts of the header. *charset* is ``None`` for non-encoded
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parts of the header, otherwise a lower case string containing the name of the
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character set specified in the encoded string.
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Here's an example::
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>>> from email.header import decode_header
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>>> decode_header('=?iso-8859-1?q?p=F6stal?=')
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[('p\xf6stal', 'iso-8859-1')]
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.. function:: make_header(decoded_seq, maxlinelen=None, header_name=None, continuation_ws=' ')
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Create a :class:`Header` instance from a sequence of pairs as returned by
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:func:`decode_header`.
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:func:`decode_header` takes a header value string and returns a sequence of
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pairs of the format ``(decoded_string, charset)`` where *charset* is the name of
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the character set.
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This function takes one of those sequence of pairs and returns a
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:class:`Header` instance. Optional *maxlinelen*, *header_name*, and
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*continuation_ws* are as in the :class:`Header` constructor.
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