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Issue #15548: Update and complete What's New in Python 3.3, especially the "os" section
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Victor Stinner
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@ -786,6 +786,20 @@ aforementioned annoyances.
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(contributed by Antoine Pitrou in :issue:`9260`.)
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Builtin functions
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=================
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* :func:`open` gets a new *opener* parameter: the underlying file descriptor
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for the file object is then obtained by calling *opener* with (*file*,
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*flags*). It can be used to use custom flags like :data:`os.O_CLOEXEC` for
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example. The ``'x'`` mode was added: open for exclusive creation, failing if
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the file already exists.
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* :func:`print`: added the *flush* keyword argument. If the *flush* keyword
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argument is true, the stream is forcibly flushed.
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* :func:`hash`: hash randomization is enabled by default, see
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:meth:`object.__hash__` and :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED`.
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New and Improved Modules
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========================
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@ -1163,6 +1177,29 @@ os
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(Patch submitted by Ross Lagerwall and Giampaolo Rodolà in :issue:`10882`.)
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* To avoid race conditions like symlink attacks and issues with temporary
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files and directories, it is more reliable (and also faster) to manipulate
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file descriptors instead of file names. Python 3.3 enhances existing functions
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and introduces new functions to work on file descriptors.
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- The :mod:`os` module has a new :func:`~os.fwalk` function similar to
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:func:`~os.walk` except that it also yields file descriptors referring to the
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directories visited. This is especially useful to avoid symlink races.
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- The following functions get new optional *dir_fd* (:ref:`paths relative to
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directory descriptors <dir_fd>`) and/or *follow_symlinks* (:ref:`not
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following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`):
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:func:`~os.access`, :func:`~os.chflags`, :func:`~os.chmod`, :func:`~os.chown`,
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:func:`~os.link`, :func:`~os.lstat`, :func:`~os.mkdir`, :func:`~os.mkfifo`,
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:func:`~os.mknod`, :func:`~os.open`, :func:`~os.readlink`, :func:`~os.remove`,
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:func:`~os.rename`, :func:`~os.replace`, :func:`~os.rmdir`, :func:`~os.stat`,
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:func:`~os.symlink`, :func:`~os.unlink`, :func:`~os.utime`.
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- The following functions now support a file descriptor for their path argument:
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:func:`~os.chdir`, :func:`~os.chmod`, :func:`~os.chown`,
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:func:`~os.execve`, :func:`~os.listdir`, :func:`~os.pathconf`,
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:func:`~os.stat`, :func:`~os.statvfs`, :func:`~os.utime`.
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* The :mod:`os` module has two new functions: :func:`~os.getpriority` and
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:func:`~os.setpriority`. They can be used to get or set process
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niceness/priority in a fashion similar to :func:`os.nice` but extended to all
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@ -1170,10 +1207,6 @@ os
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(Patch submitted by Giampaolo Rodolà in :issue:`10784`.)
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* The :mod:`os` module has a new :func:`~os.fwalk` function similar to
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:func:`~os.walk` except that it also yields file descriptors referring to the
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directories visited. This is especially useful to avoid symlink races.
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* The new :func:`os.replace` function allows cross-platform renaming of a
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file with overwriting the destination. With :func:`os.rename`, an existing
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destination file is overwritten under POSIX, but raises an error under
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@ -1181,78 +1214,51 @@ os
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(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in :issue:`8828`.)
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* The new :func:`os.get_terminal_size` function queries the size of the
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terminal attached to a file descriptor.
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terminal attached to a file descriptor. See also
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:func:`shutil.get_terminal_size`.
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(Contributed by Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek in :issue:`13609`.)
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.. XXX sort out this mess after beta1
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* "at" functions (:issue:`4761`):
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* New functions to support Linux extended attributes:
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:func:`~os.getxattr`, :func:`~os.listxattr`, :func:`~os.removexattr`,
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:func:`~os.setxattr`.
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* :func:`~os.faccessat`
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* :func:`~os.fchmodat`
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* :func:`~os.fchownat`
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* :func:`~os.fstatat`
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* :func:`~os.futimesat`
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* :func:`~os.linkat`
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* :func:`~os.mkdirat`
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* :func:`~os.mkfifoat`
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* :func:`~os.mknodat`
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* :func:`~os.openat`
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* :func:`~os.readlinkat`
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* :func:`~os.renameat`
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* :func:`~os.symlinkat`
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* :func:`~os.unlinkat`
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* :func:`~os.utimensat`
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* New interface to the scheduler. These functions
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control how a process is allocated CPU time by the operating system. New
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functions:
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:func:`~os.sched_get_priority_max`, :func:`~os.sched_get_priority_min`,
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:func:`~os.sched_getaffinity`, :func:`~os.sched_getparam`,
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:func:`~os.sched_getscheduler`, :func:`~os.sched_rr_get_interval`,
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:func:`~os.sched_setaffinity`, :func:`~os.sched_setparam`,
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:func:`~os.sched_setscheduler`, :func:`~os.sched_yield`,
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* extended attributes (:issue:`12720`):
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* New functions to control the file system:
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* :func:`~os.fgetxattr`
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* :func:`~os.flistxattr`
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* :func:`~os.fremovexattr`
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* :func:`~os.fsetxattr`
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* :func:`~os.getxattr`
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* :func:`~os.lgetxattr`
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* :func:`~os.listxattr`
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* :func:`~os.llistxattr`
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* :func:`~os.lremovexattr`
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* :func:`~os.lsetxattr`
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* :func:`~os.removexattr`
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* :func:`~os.setxattr`
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* :func:`~os.posix_fadvise`: Announces an intention to access data in a
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specific pattern thus allowing the kernel to make optimizations.
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* :func:`~os.posix_fallocate`: Ensures that enough disk space is allocated
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for a file.
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* :func:`~os.sync`: Force write of everything to disk.
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* Scheduler functions (:issue:`12655`):
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* Add some extra posix functions to the os module:
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* :func:`~os.sched_get_priority_max`
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* :func:`~os.sched_get_priority_min`
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* :func:`~os.sched_getaffinity`
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* :func:`~os.sched_getparam`
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* :func:`~os.sched_getscheduler`
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* :func:`~os.sched_rr_get_interval`
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* :func:`~os.sched_setaffinity`
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* :func:`~os.sched_setparam`
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* :func:`~os.sched_setscheduler`
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* :func:`~os.sched_yield`
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* :func:`~os.lockf`: Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file descriptor.
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* :func:`~os.pread`: Read from a file descriptor at an offset, the file
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offset remains unchanged.
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* :func:`~os.pwrite`: Write to a file descriptor from an offset, leaving
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the file offset unchanged.
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* :func:`~os.readv`: Read from a file descriptor into a number of writable buffers.
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* :func:`~os.truncate`: Truncate the file corresponding to *path*, so that
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it is at most *length* bytes in size.
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* :func:`~os.waitid`: Wait for the completion of one or more child processes.
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* :func:`~os.writev`: Write the contents of *buffers* to a file descriptor,
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where *buffers* is an arbitrary sequence of buffers.
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* :func:`~os.getgrouplist` (:issue:`9344`): Return list of group ids that
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specified user belongs to.
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* Add some extra posix functions to the os module (:issue:`10812`):
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* :func:`~os.fexecve`
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* :func:`~os.futimens`
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* :func:`~os.futimes`
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* :func:`~os.lockf`
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* :func:`~os.lutimes`
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* :func:`~os.posix_fadvise`
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* :func:`~os.posix_fallocate`
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* :func:`~os.pread`
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* :func:`~os.pwrite`
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* :func:`~os.readv`
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* :func:`~os.sync`
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* :func:`~os.truncate`
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* :func:`~os.waitid`
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* :func:`~os.writev`
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* Other new functions:
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* :func:`~os.flistdir` (:issue:`10755`)
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* :func:`~os.getgrouplist` (:issue:`9344`)
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* :func:`~os.times` and :func:`~os.uname`: Return type changed from a tuple to
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a tuple-like object with named attributes.
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pdb
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@ -1614,6 +1620,7 @@ Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods
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* The behaviour of :func:`time.clock` depends on the platform: use the new
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:func:`time.perf_counter` or :func:`time.process_time` function instead,
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depending on your requirements, to have a well defined behaviour.
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* The :func:`os.stat_float_times` function is deprecated.
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Deprecated functions and types of the C API
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@ -1690,7 +1697,9 @@ that may require changes to your code.
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Porting Python code
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-------------------
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.. XXX add a point about hash randomization and that it's always on in 3.3
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* Hash randomization is enabled by default. Set the :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED`
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environment variable to ``0`` to disable hash randomization. See also the
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:meth:`object.__hash__` method.
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* :issue:`12326`: On Linux, sys.platform doesn't contain the major version
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anymore. It is now always 'linux', instead of 'linux2' or 'linux3' depending
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