mirror of
https://github.com/python/cpython.git
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Improve highlighting of some code blocks. (GH-6401)
This commit is contained in:
Serhiy Storchaka
GitHub
parent
9265dd72e5
commit
46936d5a71
@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ consequences:
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* installers can override anything in :file:`setup.cfg` using the command-line
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options to :file:`setup.py`
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The basic syntax of the configuration file is simple::
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The basic syntax of the configuration file is simple:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[command]
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option=value
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@ -51,9 +53,11 @@ option values can be split across multiple lines simply by indenting the
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continuation lines.
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You can find out the list of options supported by a particular command with the
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universal :option:`!--help` option, e.g. ::
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universal :option:`!--help` option, e.g.
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> python setup.py --help build_ext
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python setup.py --help build_ext
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[...]
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Options for 'build_ext' command:
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--build-lib (-b) directory for compiled extension modules
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@ -75,14 +79,18 @@ For example, say you want your extensions to be built "in-place"---that is, you
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have an extension :mod:`pkg.ext`, and you want the compiled extension file
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(:file:`ext.so` on Unix, say) to be put in the same source directory as your
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pure Python modules :mod:`pkg.mod1` and :mod:`pkg.mod2`. You can always use the
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:option:`!--inplace` option on the command-line to ensure this::
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:option:`!--inplace` option on the command-line to ensure this:
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.. code-block:: sh
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python setup.py build_ext --inplace
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But this requires that you always specify the :command:`build_ext` command
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explicitly, and remember to provide :option:`!--inplace`. An easier way is to
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"set and forget" this option, by encoding it in :file:`setup.cfg`, the
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configuration file for this distribution::
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configuration file for this distribution:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[build_ext]
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inplace=1
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@ -103,7 +111,9 @@ information comes from the setup script, and some is automatically generated by
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the Distutils (such as the list of files installed). But some of it has to be
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supplied as options to :command:`bdist_rpm`, which would be very tedious to do
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on the command-line for every run. Hence, here is a snippet from the Distutils'
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own :file:`setup.cfg`::
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own :file:`setup.cfg`:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[bdist_rpm]
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release = 1
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@ -156,7 +156,9 @@ The :command:`register` and :command:`upload` commands both check for the
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existence of a :file:`.pypirc` file at the location :file:`$HOME/.pypirc`.
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If this file exists, the command uses the username, password, and repository
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URL configured in the file. The format of a :file:`.pypirc` file is as
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follows::
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follows:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[distutils]
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index-servers =
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@ -179,7 +181,9 @@ Each section describing a repository defines three variables:
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will be prompt to type it when needed.
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If you want to define another server a new section can be created and
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listed in the *index-servers* variable::
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listed in the *index-servers* variable:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[distutils]
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index-servers =
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@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ options. In this case, the :mod:`sysconfig` module is a useful tool to
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programmatically extract the configuration values that you will want to
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combine together. For example:
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.. code-block:: python
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import sysconfig
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>>> sysconfig.get_config_var('LIBS')
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@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ Let's create an extension module called ``spam`` (the favorite food of Monty
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Python fans...) and let's say we want to create a Python interface to the C
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library function :c:func:`system` [#]_. This function takes a null-terminated
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character string as argument and returns an integer. We want this function to
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be callable from Python as follows::
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be callable from Python as follows:
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import spam
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>>> status = spam.system("ls -l")
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@ -439,7 +441,9 @@ part of the Python interpreter, you will have to change the configuration setup
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and rebuild the interpreter. Luckily, this is very simple on Unix: just place
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your file (:file:`spammodule.c` for example) in the :file:`Modules/` directory
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of an unpacked source distribution, add a line to the file
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:file:`Modules/Setup.local` describing your file::
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:file:`Modules/Setup.local` describing your file:
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.. code-block:: sh
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spam spammodule.o
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@ -450,7 +454,9 @@ subdirectory, but then you must first rebuild :file:`Makefile` there by running
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:file:`Setup` file.)
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If your module requires additional libraries to link with, these can be listed
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on the line in the configuration file as well, for instance::
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on the line in the configuration file as well, for instance:
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.. code-block:: sh
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spam spammodule.o -lX11
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@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ field mentioned above. ::
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The name of our type. This will appear in the default textual representation of
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our objects and in some error messages, for example:
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.. code-block:: python
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> "" + custom.Custom()
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ set to *NULL*. ::
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This adds the type to the module dictionary. This allows us to create
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:class:`Custom` instances by calling the :class:`Custom` class:
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.. code-block:: python
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import custom
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>>> mycustom = custom.Custom()
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@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ Python has a :term:`cyclic garbage collector (GC) <garbage collection>` that
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can identify unneeded objects even when their reference counts are not zero.
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This can happen when objects are involved in cycles. For example, consider:
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.. code-block:: python
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> l = []
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>>> l.append(l)
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@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ Besides, in the second and third versions, we allowed subclassing
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:class:`Custom`, and subclasses may add arbitrary attributes. For any of
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those two reasons, :class:`Custom` objects can participate in cycles:
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.. code-block:: python
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import custom3
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>>> class Derived(custom3.Custom): pass
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@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ built-in :class:`list` type. The new type will be completely compatible with
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regular lists, but will have an additional :meth:`increment` method that
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increases an internal counter:
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.. code-block:: python
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import sublist
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>>> s = sublist.SubList(range(3))
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@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ interpreter.
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Occasionally, a user's environment is so full that the :program:`/usr/bin/env`
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program fails; or there's no env program at all. In that case, you can try the
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following hack (due to Alex Rezinsky)::
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following hack (due to Alex Rezinsky):
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.. code-block:: sh
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#! /bin/sh
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""":"
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@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
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:tocdepth: 2
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.. highlightlang:: none
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.. _windows-faq:
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=====================
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@ -39,12 +41,16 @@ or "Command prompt window". Usually you can create such a window from your
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Start menu; under Windows 7 the menu selection is :menuselection:`Start -->
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Programs --> Accessories --> Command Prompt`. You should be able to recognize
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when you have started such a window because you will see a Windows "command
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prompt", which usually looks like this::
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prompt", which usually looks like this:
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.. code-block:: doscon
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C:\>
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The letter may be different, and there might be other things after it, so you
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might just as easily see something like::
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might just as easily see something like:
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.. code-block:: doscon
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D:\YourName\Projects\Python>
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@ -60,11 +66,15 @@ program. So, how do you arrange for the interpreter to handle your Python?
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First, you need to make sure that your command window recognises the word
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"python" as an instruction to start the interpreter. If you have opened a
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command window, you should try entering the command ``python`` and hitting
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return::
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return:
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.. code-block:: doscon
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C:\Users\YourName> python
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You should then see something like::
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You should then see something like:
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.. code-block:: pycon
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Python 3.3.0 (v3.3.0:bd8afb90ebf2, Sep 29 2012, 10:55:48) [MSC v.1600 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
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Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
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@ -73,7 +83,9 @@ You should then see something like::
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You have started the interpreter in "interactive mode". That means you can enter
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Python statements or expressions interactively and have them executed or
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evaluated while you wait. This is one of Python's strongest features. Check it
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by entering a few expressions of your choice and seeing the results::
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by entering a few expressions of your choice and seeing the results:
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> print("Hello")
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Hello
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@ -317,7 +329,9 @@ present, and ``getch()`` which gets one character without echoing it.
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How do I emulate os.kill() in Windows?
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--------------------------------------
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Prior to Python 2.7 and 3.2, to terminate a process, you can use :mod:`ctypes`::
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Prior to Python 2.7 and 3.2, to terminate a process, you can use :mod:`ctypes`:
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.. code-block:: python
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import ctypes
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Concepts
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Let's show the sort of functionality that we are going to explore in this
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introductory tutorial by making use of the :command:`ls` command:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ ls
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cpython devguide prog.py pypy rm-unused-function.patch
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@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Let us start with a very simple example which does (almost) nothing::
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Following is a result of running the code:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py
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$ python3 prog.py --help
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@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ An example::
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And running the code:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py
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usage: prog.py [-h] echo
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@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ by reading the source code. So, let's make it a bit more useful::
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And we get:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py -h
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usage: prog.py [-h] echo
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@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Now, how about doing something even more useful::
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Following is a result of running the code:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ give it as strings, unless we tell it otherwise. So, let's tell
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Following is a result of running the code:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4
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16
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@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ have a look on how to add optional ones::
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And the output:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py --verbosity 1
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verbosity turned on
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@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ Let's modify the code accordingly::
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And the output:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py --verbose
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verbosity turned on
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@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ versions of the options. It's quite simple::
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And here goes:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py -v
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verbosity turned on
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@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ Our program keeps growing in complexity::
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And now the output:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py
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usage: prog.py [-h] [-v] square
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@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ multiple verbosity values, and actually get to use them::
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And the output:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4
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16
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@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ Let's fix it by restricting the values the ``--verbosity`` option can accept::
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And the output:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4 -v 3
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usage: prog.py [-h] [-v {0,1,2}] square
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@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ verbosity argument (check the output of ``python --help``)::
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We have introduced another action, "count",
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to count the number of occurrences of a specific optional arguments:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4
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16
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@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ Let's fix::
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And this is what it gives:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4 -vvv
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the square of 4 equals 16
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@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ it gets the ``None`` value, and that cannot be compared to an int value
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And:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4
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16
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@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ not just squares::
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Output:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py
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usage: prog.py [-h] [-v] x y
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@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ to display *more* text instead::
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Output:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4 2
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16
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@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ which will be the opposite of the ``--verbose`` one::
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Our program is now simpler, and we've lost some functionality for the sake of
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demonstration. Anyways, here's the output:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py 4 2
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4^2 == 16
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@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ Note that slight difference in the usage text. Note the ``[-v | -q]``,
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which tells us that we can either use ``-v`` or ``-q``,
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but not both at the same time:
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.. code-block:: sh
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python3 prog.py --help
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usage: prog.py [-h] [-v | -q] x y
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@ -267,12 +267,16 @@ Let's dive in!
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should get its own line. All the parameter lines should be
|
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indented from the function name and the docstring.
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|
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The general form of these parameter lines is as follows::
|
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The general form of these parameter lines is as follows:
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|
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.. code-block:: none
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name_of_parameter: converter
|
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|
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If the parameter has a default value, add that after the
|
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converter::
|
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converter:
|
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|
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.. code-block:: none
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name_of_parameter: converter = default_value
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@ -925,13 +929,17 @@ Parameter default values
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------------------------
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Default values for parameters can be any of a number of values.
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At their simplest, they can be string, int, or float literals::
|
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At their simplest, they can be string, int, or float literals:
|
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|
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.. code-block:: none
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foo: str = "abc"
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bar: int = 123
|
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bat: float = 45.6
|
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|
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They can also use any of Python's built-in constants::
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They can also use any of Python's built-in constants:
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.. code-block:: none
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yep: bool = True
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nope: bool = False
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@ -959,7 +967,9 @@ It can be an entire expression, using math operators and looking up attributes
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on objects. However, this support isn't exactly simple, because of some
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non-obvious semantics.
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Consider the following example::
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Consider the following example:
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.. code-block:: none
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|
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foo: Py_ssize_t = sys.maxsize - 1
|
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@ -970,7 +980,9 @@ runtime, when the user asks for the function's signature.
|
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|
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What namespace is available when the expression is evaluated? It's evaluated
|
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in the context of the module the builtin came from. So, if your module has an
|
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attribute called "``max_widgets``", you may simply use it::
|
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attribute called "``max_widgets``", you may simply use it:
|
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|
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.. code-block:: none
|
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|
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foo: Py_ssize_t = max_widgets
|
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@ -982,7 +994,9 @@ it's best to restrict yourself to modules that are preloaded by Python itself.)
|
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Evaluating default values only at runtime means Argument Clinic can't compute
|
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the correct equivalent C default value. So you need to tell it explicitly.
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When you use an expression, you must also specify the equivalent expression
|
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in C, using the ``c_default`` parameter to the converter::
|
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in C, using the ``c_default`` parameter to the converter:
|
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|
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.. code-block:: none
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|
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foo: Py_ssize_t(c_default="PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 1") = sys.maxsize - 1
|
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@ -1359,7 +1373,9 @@ Let's start with defining some terminology:
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A field, in this context, is a subsection of Clinic's output.
|
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For example, the ``#define`` for the ``PyMethodDef`` structure
|
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is a field, called ``methoddef_define``. Clinic has seven
|
||||
different fields it can output per function definition::
|
||||
different fields it can output per function definition:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
docstring_prototype
|
||||
docstring_definition
|
||||
@ -1416,7 +1432,9 @@ Let's start with defining some terminology:
|
||||
|
||||
Clinic defines five new directives that let you reconfigure its output.
|
||||
|
||||
The first new directive is ``dump``::
|
||||
The first new directive is ``dump``:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
dump <destination>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1425,7 +1443,9 @@ the current block, and empties it. This only works with ``buffer`` and
|
||||
``two-pass`` destinations.
|
||||
|
||||
The second new directive is ``output``. The most basic form of ``output``
|
||||
is like this::
|
||||
is like this:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
output <field> <destination>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1433,7 +1453,9 @@ This tells Clinic to output *field* to *destination*. ``output`` also
|
||||
supports a special meta-destination, called ``everything``, which tells
|
||||
Clinic to output *all* fields to that *destination*.
|
||||
|
||||
``output`` has a number of other functions::
|
||||
``output`` has a number of other functions:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
output push
|
||||
output pop
|
||||
@ -1508,7 +1530,9 @@ preset configurations, as follows:
|
||||
Suppresses the ``impl_prototype``, write the ``docstring_definition``
|
||||
and ``parser_definition`` to ``buffer``, write everything else to ``block``.
|
||||
|
||||
The third new directive is ``destination``::
|
||||
The third new directive is ``destination``:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
destination <name> <command> [...]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1516,7 +1540,9 @@ This performs an operation on the destination named ``name``.
|
||||
|
||||
There are two defined subcommands: ``new`` and ``clear``.
|
||||
|
||||
The ``new`` subcommand works like this::
|
||||
The ``new`` subcommand works like this:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
destination <name> new <type>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1564,7 +1590,9 @@ There are five destination types:
|
||||
A two-pass buffer, like the "two-pass" builtin destination above.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The ``clear`` subcommand works like this::
|
||||
The ``clear`` subcommand works like this:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
destination <name> clear
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1572,7 +1600,9 @@ It removes all the accumulated text up to this point in the destination.
|
||||
(I don't know what you'd need this for, but I thought maybe it'd be
|
||||
useful while someone's experimenting.)
|
||||
|
||||
The fourth new directive is ``set``::
|
||||
The fourth new directive is ``set``:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
set line_prefix "string"
|
||||
set line_suffix "string"
|
||||
@ -1590,7 +1620,9 @@ Both of these support two format strings:
|
||||
Turns into the string ``*/``, the end-comment text sequence for C files.
|
||||
|
||||
The final new directive is one you shouldn't need to use directly,
|
||||
called ``preserve``::
|
||||
called ``preserve``:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
preserve
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1638,7 +1670,9 @@ like so::
|
||||
#endif /* HAVE_FUNCTIONNAME */
|
||||
|
||||
Then, remove those three lines from the ``PyMethodDef`` structure,
|
||||
replacing them with the macro Argument Clinic generated::
|
||||
replacing them with the macro Argument Clinic generated:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
MODULE_FUNCTIONNAME_METHODDEF
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -254,11 +254,15 @@ and the remainder indicates the call/return hierarchy as the script executes.
|
||||
|
||||
For a `--enable-shared` build of CPython, the markers are contained within the
|
||||
libpython shared library, and the probe's dotted path needs to reflect this. For
|
||||
example, this line from the above example::
|
||||
example, this line from the above example:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
probe process("python").mark("function__entry") {
|
||||
|
||||
should instead read::
|
||||
should instead read:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
probe process("python").library("libpython3.6dm.so.1.0").mark("function__entry") {
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -72,7 +72,9 @@ Here is the auxiliary module::
|
||||
def some_function():
|
||||
module_logger.info('received a call to "some_function"')
|
||||
|
||||
The output looks like this::
|
||||
The output looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
2005-03-23 23:47:11,663 - spam_application - INFO -
|
||||
creating an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary
|
||||
@ -127,7 +129,9 @@ shows logging from the main (initial) thread and another thread::
|
||||
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
||||
main()
|
||||
|
||||
When run, the script should print something like the following::
|
||||
When run, the script should print something like the following:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
0 Thread-1 Hi from myfunc
|
||||
3 MainThread Hello from main
|
||||
@ -240,14 +244,18 @@ messages should not. Here's how you can achieve this::
|
||||
logger2.warning('Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.')
|
||||
logger2.error('The five boxing wizards jump quickly.')
|
||||
|
||||
When you run this, on the console you will see ::
|
||||
When you run this, on the console you will see
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
root : INFO Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
|
||||
myapp.area1 : INFO How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.
|
||||
myapp.area2 : WARNING Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.
|
||||
myapp.area2 : ERROR The five boxing wizards jump quickly.
|
||||
|
||||
and in the file you will see something like ::
|
||||
and in the file you will see something like
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
10-22 22:19 root INFO Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
|
||||
10-22 22:19 myapp.area1 DEBUG Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim.
|
||||
@ -515,7 +523,9 @@ module. Here is a basic working example::
|
||||
main()
|
||||
|
||||
First run the server, and then the client. On the client side, nothing is
|
||||
printed on the console; on the server side, you should see something like::
|
||||
printed on the console; on the server side, you should see something like:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
About to start TCP server...
|
||||
59 root INFO Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
|
||||
@ -675,7 +685,9 @@ script::
|
||||
lvlname = logging.getLevelName(lvl)
|
||||
a2.log(lvl, 'A message at %s level with %d %s', lvlname, 2, 'parameters')
|
||||
|
||||
which, when run, produces something like::
|
||||
which, when run, produces something like:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
2010-09-06 22:38:15,292 a.b.c DEBUG IP: 123.231.231.123 User: fred A debug message
|
||||
2010-09-06 22:38:15,300 a.b.c INFO IP: 192.168.0.1 User: sheila An info message with some parameters
|
||||
@ -976,7 +988,9 @@ logging package provides a :class:`~handlers.RotatingFileHandler`::
|
||||
print(filename)
|
||||
|
||||
The result should be 6 separate files, each with part of the log history for the
|
||||
application::
|
||||
application:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
logging_rotatingfile_example.out
|
||||
logging_rotatingfile_example.out.1
|
||||
@ -1706,7 +1720,9 @@ which uses JSON to serialise the event in a machine-parseable manner::
|
||||
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(message)s')
|
||||
logging.info(_('message 1', foo='bar', bar='baz', num=123, fnum=123.456))
|
||||
|
||||
If the above script is run, it prints::
|
||||
If the above script is run, it prints:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
message 1 >>> {"fnum": 123.456, "num": 123, "bar": "baz", "foo": "bar"}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1753,7 +1769,9 @@ as in the following complete example::
|
||||
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
||||
main()
|
||||
|
||||
When the above script is run, it prints::
|
||||
When the above script is run, it prints:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
message 1 >>> {"snowman": "\u2603", "set_value": [1, 2, 3]}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2083,7 +2101,9 @@ most obvious, but you can provide any callable which returns a
|
||||
|
||||
This example shows how you can pass configuration data to the callable which
|
||||
constructs the instance, in the form of keyword parameters. When run, the above
|
||||
script will print::
|
||||
script will print:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
changed: hello
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2150,7 +2170,9 @@ class, as shown in the following example::
|
||||
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
||||
main()
|
||||
|
||||
When run, this produces a file with exactly two lines::
|
||||
When run, this produces a file with exactly two lines:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
28/01/2015 07:21:23|INFO|Sample message|
|
||||
28/01/2015 07:21:23|ERROR|ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero|'Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "logtest7.py", line 30, in main\n x = 1 / 0\nZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero'|
|
||||
@ -2312,7 +2334,9 @@ Here's the script::
|
||||
write_line('Calling decorated foo with True')
|
||||
assert decorated_foo(True)
|
||||
|
||||
When this script is run, the following output should be observed::
|
||||
When this script is run, the following output should be observed:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
Calling undecorated foo with False
|
||||
about to log at DEBUG ...
|
||||
@ -2408,7 +2432,9 @@ the following complete example::
|
||||
logging.config.dictConfig(LOGGING)
|
||||
logging.warning('The local time is %s', time.asctime())
|
||||
|
||||
When this script is run, it should print something like::
|
||||
When this script is run, it should print something like:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
2015-10-17 12:53:29,501 The local time is Sat Oct 17 13:53:29 2015
|
||||
2015-10-17 13:53:29,501 The local time is Sat Oct 17 13:53:29 2015
|
||||
|
||||
@ -134,7 +134,9 @@ interpreter, and don't just continue from the session described above::
|
||||
logging.warning('And this, too')
|
||||
|
||||
And now if we open the file and look at what we have, we should find the log
|
||||
messages::
|
||||
messages:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
DEBUG:root:This message should go to the log file
|
||||
INFO:root:So should this
|
||||
@ -144,7 +146,9 @@ This example also shows how you can set the logging level which acts as the
|
||||
threshold for tracking. In this case, because we set the threshold to
|
||||
``DEBUG``, all of the messages were printed.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to set the logging level from a command-line option such as::
|
||||
If you want to set the logging level from a command-line option such as:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
--log=INFO
|
||||
|
||||
@ -208,7 +212,9 @@ could organize logging in it::
|
||||
def do_something():
|
||||
logging.info('Doing something')
|
||||
|
||||
If you run *myapp.py*, you should see this in *myapp.log*::
|
||||
If you run *myapp.py*, you should see this in *myapp.log*:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
INFO:root:Started
|
||||
INFO:root:Doing something
|
||||
@ -258,7 +264,9 @@ specify the format you want to use::
|
||||
logging.info('So should this')
|
||||
logging.warning('And this, too')
|
||||
|
||||
which would print::
|
||||
which would print:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
DEBUG:This message should appear on the console
|
||||
INFO:So should this
|
||||
@ -282,7 +290,9 @@ your format string::
|
||||
logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s')
|
||||
logging.warning('is when this event was logged.')
|
||||
|
||||
which should print something like this::
|
||||
which should print something like this:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
2010-12-12 11:41:42,612 is when this event was logged.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -294,7 +304,9 @@ argument to ``basicConfig``, as in this example::
|
||||
logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s', datefmt='%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p')
|
||||
logging.warning('is when this event was logged.')
|
||||
|
||||
which would display something like this::
|
||||
which would display something like this:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
12/12/2010 11:46:36 AM is when this event was logged.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -376,7 +388,9 @@ if no destination is set; and if one is not set, they will set a destination
|
||||
of the console (``sys.stderr``) and a default format for the displayed
|
||||
message before delegating to the root logger to do the actual message output.
|
||||
|
||||
The default format set by :func:`basicConfig` for messages is::
|
||||
The default format set by :func:`basicConfig` for messages is:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
severity:logger name:message
|
||||
|
||||
@ -522,7 +536,9 @@ indicator.
|
||||
.. method:: logging.Formatter.__init__(fmt=None, datefmt=None, style='%')
|
||||
|
||||
If there is no message format string, the default is to use the
|
||||
raw message. If there is no date format string, the default date format is::
|
||||
raw message. If there is no date format string, the default date format is:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S
|
||||
|
||||
@ -628,7 +644,9 @@ the names of the objects::
|
||||
logger.error('error message')
|
||||
logger.critical('critical message')
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the logging.conf file::
|
||||
Here is the logging.conf file:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: ini
|
||||
|
||||
[loggers]
|
||||
keys=root,simpleExample
|
||||
@ -713,7 +731,9 @@ construct the dictionary in Python code, receive it in pickled form over a
|
||||
socket, or use whatever approach makes sense for your application.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's an example of the same configuration as above, in YAML format for
|
||||
the new dictionary-based approach::
|
||||
the new dictionary-based approach:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: yaml
|
||||
|
||||
version: 1
|
||||
formatters:
|
||||
|
||||
@ -786,7 +786,9 @@ Frequently you need to obtain more information than just whether the RE matched
|
||||
or not. Regular expressions are often used to dissect strings by writing a RE
|
||||
divided into several subgroups which match different components of interest.
|
||||
For example, an RFC-822 header line is divided into a header name and a value,
|
||||
separated by a ``':'``, like this::
|
||||
separated by a ``':'``, like this:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
From: author@example.com
|
||||
User-Agent: Thunderbird 1.5.0.9 (X11/20061227)
|
||||
|
||||
@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ spellings such as 'coöperate'.)
|
||||
|
||||
For a while people just wrote programs that didn't display accents.
|
||||
In the mid-1980s an Apple II BASIC program written by a French speaker
|
||||
might have lines like these::
|
||||
might have lines like these:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: basic
|
||||
|
||||
PRINT "MISE A JOUR TERMINEE"
|
||||
PRINT "PARAMETRES ENREGISTRES"
|
||||
|
||||
@ -457,7 +457,9 @@ error code) requesting authentication. This specifies the authentication scheme
|
||||
and a 'realm'. The header looks like: ``WWW-Authenticate: SCHEME
|
||||
realm="REALM"``.
|
||||
|
||||
e.g. ::
|
||||
e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="cPanel Users"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -283,7 +283,9 @@ Windows, choose :menuselection:`Start --> Programs --> Python X.Y -->
|
||||
Python (command line)`. Once the interpreter is started, you type Python code
|
||||
at the prompt. For example, on my Linux system, I type the three Python
|
||||
statements shown below, and get the output as shown, to find out my
|
||||
:file:`{prefix}` and :file:`{exec-prefix}`::
|
||||
:file:`{prefix}` and :file:`{exec-prefix}`:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: pycon
|
||||
|
||||
Python 2.4 (#26, Aug 7 2004, 17:19:02)
|
||||
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
|
||||
@ -622,7 +624,9 @@ parsing your configuration file(s).
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously, specifying the entire installation scheme every time you install a
|
||||
new module distribution would be very tedious. Thus, you can put these options
|
||||
into your Distutils config file (see section :ref:`inst-config-files`)::
|
||||
into your Distutils config file (see section :ref:`inst-config-files`):
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: ini
|
||||
|
||||
[install]
|
||||
install-base=$HOME
|
||||
@ -631,7 +635,9 @@ into your Distutils config file (see section :ref:`inst-config-files`)::
|
||||
install-scripts=python/scripts
|
||||
install-data=python/data
|
||||
|
||||
or, equivalently, ::
|
||||
or, equivalently,
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: ini
|
||||
|
||||
[install]
|
||||
install-base=$HOME/python
|
||||
@ -718,7 +724,9 @@ A slightly less convenient way is to edit the :file:`site.py` file in Python's
|
||||
standard library, and modify ``sys.path``. :file:`site.py` is automatically
|
||||
imported when the Python interpreter is executed, unless the :option:`-S` switch
|
||||
is supplied to suppress this behaviour. So you could simply edit
|
||||
:file:`site.py` and add two lines to it::
|
||||
:file:`site.py` and add two lines to it:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: python
|
||||
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
sys.path.append('/www/python/')
|
||||
@ -839,7 +847,9 @@ plus a ``global`` section for global options that affect every command. Each
|
||||
section consists of one option per line, specified as ``option=value``.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the following is a complete config file that just forces all
|
||||
commands to run quietly by default::
|
||||
commands to run quietly by default:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: ini
|
||||
|
||||
[global]
|
||||
verbose=0
|
||||
@ -853,7 +863,9 @@ distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
You could override the default "build base" directory and make the
|
||||
:command:`build\*` commands always forcibly rebuild all files with the
|
||||
following::
|
||||
following:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: ini
|
||||
|
||||
[build]
|
||||
build-base=blib
|
||||
|
||||
@ -152,10 +152,10 @@ these functions again each time that the file is replaced.
|
||||
Example
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
.. highlight:: sh
|
||||
|
||||
Example of a segmentation fault on Linux with and without enabling the fault
|
||||
handler::
|
||||
handler:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python3 -c "import ctypes; ctypes.string_at(0)"
|
||||
Segmentation fault
|
||||
|
||||
@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ Extending :class:`JSONEncoder`::
|
||||
['[2.0', ', 1.0', ']']
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. highlight:: bash
|
||||
Using :mod:`json.tool` from the shell to validate and pretty-print:
|
||||
|
||||
Using :mod:`json.tool` from the shell to validate and pretty-print::
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m json.tool
|
||||
{
|
||||
@ -113,8 +113,6 @@ Using :mod:`json.tool` from the shell to validate and pretty-print::
|
||||
|
||||
See :ref:`json-commandline` for detailed documentation.
|
||||
|
||||
.. highlight:: python3
|
||||
|
||||
.. note::
|
||||
|
||||
JSON is a subset of `YAML <http://yaml.org/>`_ 1.2. The JSON produced by
|
||||
@ -647,8 +645,6 @@ when serializing Python :class:`int` values of extremely large magnitude, or
|
||||
when serializing instances of "exotic" numerical types such as
|
||||
:class:`decimal.Decimal`.
|
||||
|
||||
.. highlight:: bash
|
||||
|
||||
.. _json-commandline:
|
||||
|
||||
Command Line Interface
|
||||
@ -665,7 +661,9 @@ The :mod:`json.tool` module provides a simple command line interface to validate
|
||||
and pretty-print JSON objects.
|
||||
|
||||
If the optional ``infile`` and ``outfile`` arguments are not
|
||||
specified, :attr:`sys.stdin` and :attr:`sys.stdout` will be used respectively::
|
||||
specified, :attr:`sys.stdin` and :attr:`sys.stdout` will be used respectively:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo '{"json": "obj"}' | python -m json.tool
|
||||
{
|
||||
@ -684,7 +682,9 @@ Command line options
|
||||
|
||||
.. cmdoption:: infile
|
||||
|
||||
The JSON file to be validated or pretty-printed::
|
||||
The JSON file to be validated or pretty-printed:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m json.tool mp_films.json
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
@ -538,7 +538,9 @@ target handler, and the system will resolve to the handler from the
|
||||
id. If, however, a user defines a ``my.package.MyHandler`` which has
|
||||
an ``alternate`` handler, the configuration system would not know that
|
||||
the ``alternate`` referred to a handler. To cater for this, a generic
|
||||
resolution system allows the user to specify::
|
||||
resolution system allows the user to specify:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: yaml
|
||||
|
||||
handlers:
|
||||
file:
|
||||
@ -552,7 +554,9 @@ The literal string ``'cfg://handlers.file'`` will be resolved in an
|
||||
analogous way to strings with the ``ext://`` prefix, but looking
|
||||
in the configuration itself rather than the import namespace. The
|
||||
mechanism allows access by dot or by index, in a similar way to
|
||||
that provided by ``str.format``. Thus, given the following snippet::
|
||||
that provided by ``str.format``. Thus, given the following snippet:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: yaml
|
||||
|
||||
handlers:
|
||||
email:
|
||||
|
||||
@ -179,7 +179,9 @@ is the module's name in the Python package namespace.
|
||||
|
||||
You can specify *stack_info* independently of *exc_info*, e.g. to just show
|
||||
how you got to a certain point in your code, even when no exceptions were
|
||||
raised. The stack frames are printed following a header line which says::
|
||||
raised. The stack frames are printed following a header line which says:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
Stack (most recent call last):
|
||||
|
||||
@ -198,7 +200,9 @@ is the module's name in the Python package namespace.
|
||||
logger = logging.getLogger('tcpserver')
|
||||
logger.warning('Protocol problem: %s', 'connection reset', extra=d)
|
||||
|
||||
would print something like ::
|
||||
would print something like
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
2006-02-08 22:20:02,165 192.168.0.1 fbloggs Protocol problem: connection reset
|
||||
|
||||
@ -939,7 +943,9 @@ functions.
|
||||
|
||||
You can specify *stack_info* independently of *exc_info*, e.g. to just show
|
||||
how you got to a certain point in your code, even when no exceptions were
|
||||
raised. The stack frames are printed following a header line which says::
|
||||
raised. The stack frames are printed following a header line which says:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
Stack (most recent call last):
|
||||
|
||||
@ -957,7 +963,9 @@ functions.
|
||||
d = {'clientip': '192.168.0.1', 'user': 'fbloggs'}
|
||||
logging.warning('Protocol problem: %s', 'connection reset', extra=d)
|
||||
|
||||
would print something like::
|
||||
would print something like:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
2006-02-08 22:20:02,165 192.168.0.1 fbloggs Protocol problem: connection reset
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ Module contents
|
||||
The :mod:`site` module also provides a way to get the user directories from the
|
||||
command line:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python3 -m site --user-site
|
||||
/home/user/.local/lib/python3.3/site-packages
|
||||
|
||||
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Basic Examples
|
||||
The following example shows how the :ref:`timeit-command-line-interface`
|
||||
can be used to compare three different expressions:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python3 -m timeit '"-".join(str(n) for n in range(100))'
|
||||
10000 loops, best of 5: 30.2 usec per loop
|
||||
@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ Examples
|
||||
|
||||
It is possible to provide a setup statement that is executed only once at the beginning:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m timeit -s 'text = "sample string"; char = "g"' 'char in text'
|
||||
5000000 loops, best of 5: 0.0877 usec per loop
|
||||
@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ The following examples show how to time expressions that contain multiple lines.
|
||||
Here we compare the cost of using :func:`hasattr` vs. :keyword:`try`/:keyword:`except`
|
||||
to test for missing and present object attributes:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m timeit 'try:' ' str.__bool__' 'except AttributeError:' ' pass'
|
||||
20000 loops, best of 5: 15.7 usec per loop
|
||||
|
||||
@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ will be tokenized to the following output where the first column is the range
|
||||
of the line/column coordinates where the token is found, the second column is
|
||||
the name of the token, and the final column is the value of the token (if any)
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m tokenize hello.py
|
||||
0,0-0,0: ENCODING 'utf-8'
|
||||
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ the name of the token, and the final column is the value of the token (if any)
|
||||
|
||||
The exact token type names can be displayed using the :option:`-e` option:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m tokenize -e hello.py
|
||||
0,0-0,0: ENCODING 'utf-8'
|
||||
|
||||
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ can be used to create an executable archive from a directory containing
|
||||
Python code. When run, the archive will execute the ``main`` function from
|
||||
the module ``myapp`` in the archive.
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m zipapp myapp -m "myapp:main"
|
||||
$ python myapp.pyz
|
||||
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Command-Line Interface
|
||||
|
||||
When called as a program from the command line, the following form is used:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m zipapp source [options]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ Examples
|
||||
|
||||
Pack up a directory into an archive, and run it.
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m zipapp myapp
|
||||
$ python myapp.pyz
|
||||
@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ The same can be done using the :func:`create_archive` functon::
|
||||
To make the application directly executable on POSIX, specify an interpreter
|
||||
to use.
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m zipapp myapp -p "/usr/bin/env python"
|
||||
$ ./myapp.pyz
|
||||
@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ The steps to create a standalone archive are as follows:
|
||||
2. Install all of your application's dependencies into the ``myapp`` directory,
|
||||
using pip:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m pip install -r requirements.txt --target myapp
|
||||
|
||||
@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ The steps to create a standalone archive are as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
4. Package the application using:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ python -m zipapp -p "interpreter" myapp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ comment in Python.
|
||||
The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the
|
||||
:program:`chmod` command.
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: bash
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ chmod +x myscript.py
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -178,11 +178,15 @@ Generic options
|
||||
.. cmdoption:: -V
|
||||
--version
|
||||
|
||||
Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be::
|
||||
Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
Python 3.6.0b2+
|
||||
|
||||
When given twice, print more information about the build, like::
|
||||
When given twice, print more information about the build, like:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
Python 3.6.0b2+ (3.6:84a3c5003510+, Oct 26 2016, 02:33:55)
|
||||
[GCC 6.2.0 20161005]
|
||||
@ -355,7 +359,9 @@ Miscellaneous options
|
||||
|
||||
Warning control. Python's warning machinery by default prints warning
|
||||
messages to :data:`sys.stderr`. A typical warning message has the following
|
||||
form::
|
||||
form:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: none
|
||||
|
||||
file:line: category: message
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -118,7 +118,9 @@ Miscellaneous
|
||||
=============
|
||||
|
||||
To easily use Python scripts on Unix, you need to make them executable,
|
||||
e.g. with ::
|
||||
e.g. with
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||||
|
||||
$ chmod +x script
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -210,7 +210,9 @@ The options listed above can also be provided in a file named ``unattend.xml``
|
||||
alongside the executable. This file specifies a list of options and values.
|
||||
When a value is provided as an attribute, it will be converted to a number if
|
||||
possible. Values provided as element text are always left as strings. This
|
||||
example file sets the same options and the previous example::
|
||||
example file sets the same options and the previous example:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: xml
|
||||
|
||||
<Options>
|
||||
<Option Name="InstallAllUsers" Value="no" />
|
||||
@ -343,7 +345,9 @@ Windows allows environment variables to be configured permanently at both the
|
||||
User level and the System level, or temporarily in a command prompt.
|
||||
|
||||
To temporarily set environment variables, open Command Prompt and use the
|
||||
:command:`set` command::
|
||||
:command:`set` command:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: doscon
|
||||
|
||||
C:\>set PATH=C:\Program Files\Python 3.6;%PATH%
|
||||
C:\>set PYTHONPATH=%PYTHONPATH%;C:\My_python_lib
|
||||
@ -503,7 +507,7 @@ From a script
|
||||
Let's create a test Python script - create a file called ``hello.py`` with the
|
||||
following contents
|
||||
|
||||
::
|
||||
.. code-block:: python
|
||||
|
||||
#! python
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
@ -518,7 +522,7 @@ From the directory in which hello.py lives, execute the command:
|
||||
You should notice the version number of your latest Python 2.x installation
|
||||
is printed. Now try changing the first line to be:
|
||||
|
||||
::
|
||||
.. code-block:: python
|
||||
|
||||
#! python3
|
||||
|
||||
@ -566,7 +570,7 @@ which interpreter to use. The supported virtual commands are:
|
||||
|
||||
For example, if the first line of your script starts with
|
||||
|
||||
::
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
|
||||
#! /usr/bin/python
|
||||
|
||||
@ -592,7 +596,7 @@ Arguments in shebang lines
|
||||
The shebang lines can also specify additional options to be passed to the
|
||||
Python interpreter. For example, if you have a shebang line:
|
||||
|
||||
::
|
||||
.. code-block:: sh
|
||||
|
||||
#! /usr/bin/python -v
|
||||
|
||||
@ -683,7 +687,7 @@ For example:
|
||||
|
||||
* Setting ``PY_PYTHON=3.1`` is equivalent to the INI file containing:
|
||||
|
||||
::
|
||||
.. code-block:: ini
|
||||
|
||||
[defaults]
|
||||
python=3.1
|
||||
@ -691,7 +695,7 @@ For example:
|
||||
* Setting ``PY_PYTHON=3`` and ``PY_PYTHON3=3.1`` is equivalent to the INI file
|
||||
containing:
|
||||
|
||||
::
|
||||
.. code-block:: ini
|
||||
|
||||
[defaults]
|
||||
python=3
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2196,7 +2196,9 @@ Changes in the Python API
|
||||
platform-specific selection is made.
|
||||
In environments where distributions are
|
||||
built on Windows and zip distributions are required, configure
|
||||
the project with a ``setup.cfg`` file containing the following::
|
||||
the project with a ``setup.cfg`` file containing the following:
|
||||
|
||||
.. code-block:: ini
|
||||
|
||||
[sdist]
|
||||
formats=zip
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user