cpython/Objects/stringobject.c

/***********************************************************
Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands.

                        All Rights Reserved

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or
CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
distribution of the software without specific, written prior
permission.

While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version
is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives
(CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.

STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH
CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

******************************************************************/

/* String object implementation */

#include "Python.h"

#include "mymath.h"
#include <ctype.h>

#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
int null_strings, one_strings;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LIMITS_H
#include <limits.h>
#else
#ifndef UCHAR_MAX
#define UCHAR_MAX 255
#endif
#endif

static PyStringObject *characters[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
#ifndef DONT_SHARE_SHORT_STRINGS
static PyStringObject *nullstring;
#endif

/*
   Newsizedstringobject() and newstringobject() try in certain cases
   to share string objects.  When the size of the string is zero,
   these routines always return a pointer to the same string object;
   when the size is one, they return a pointer to an already existing
   object if the contents of the string is known.  For
   newstringobject() this is always the case, for
   newsizedstringobject() this is the case when the first argument in
   not NULL.
   A common practice to allocate a string and then fill it in or
   change it must be done carefully.  It is only allowed to change the
   contents of the string if the obect was gotten from
   newsizedstringobject() with a NULL first argument, because in the
   future these routines may try to do even more sharing of objects.
*/
PyObject *
PyString_FromStringAndSize(str, size)
	const char *str;
	int size;
{
	register PyStringObject *op;
#ifndef DONT_SHARE_SHORT_STRINGS
	if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
		null_strings++;
#endif
		Py_INCREF(op);
		return (PyObject *)op;
	}
	if (size == 1 && str != NULL &&
	    (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL)
	{
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
		one_strings++;
#endif
		Py_INCREF(op);
		return (PyObject *)op;
	}
#endif /* DONT_SHARE_SHORT_STRINGS */
	op = (PyStringObject *)
		malloc(sizeof(PyStringObject) + size * sizeof(char));
	if (op == NULL)
		return PyErr_NoMemory();
	op->ob_type = &PyString_Type;
	op->ob_size = size;
#ifdef CACHE_HASH
	op->ob_shash = -1;
#endif
#ifdef INTERN_STRINGS
	op->ob_sinterned = NULL;
#endif
	_Py_NewReference((PyObject *)op);
	if (str != NULL)
		memcpy(op->ob_sval, str, size);
	op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
#ifndef DONT_SHARE_SHORT_STRINGS
	if (size == 0) {
		nullstring = op;
		Py_INCREF(op);
	} else if (size == 1 && str != NULL) {
		characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
		Py_INCREF(op);
	}
#endif
	return (PyObject *) op;
}

PyObject *
PyString_FromString(str)
	const char *str;
{
	register unsigned int size = strlen(str);
	register PyStringObject *op;
#ifndef DONT_SHARE_SHORT_STRINGS
	if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
		null_strings++;
#endif
		Py_INCREF(op);
		return (PyObject *)op;
	}
	if (size == 1 && (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL) {
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
		one_strings++;
#endif
		Py_INCREF(op);
		return (PyObject *)op;
	}
#endif /* DONT_SHARE_SHORT_STRINGS */
	op = (PyStringObject *)
		malloc(sizeof(PyStringObject) + size * sizeof(char));
	if (op == NULL)
		return PyErr_NoMemory();
	op->ob_type = &PyString_Type;
	op->ob_size = size;
#ifdef CACHE_HASH
	op->ob_shash = -1;
#endif
#ifdef INTERN_STRINGS
	op->ob_sinterned = NULL;
#endif
	_Py_NewReference((PyObject *)op);
	strcpy(op->ob_sval, str);
#ifndef DONT_SHARE_SHORT_STRINGS
	if (size == 0) {
		nullstring = op;
		Py_INCREF(op);
	} else if (size == 1) {
		characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
		Py_INCREF(op);
	}
#endif
	return (PyObject *) op;
}

static void
string_dealloc(op)
	PyObject *op;
{
	PyMem_DEL(op);
}

int
PyString_Size(op)
	register PyObject *op;
{
	if (!PyString_Check(op)) {
		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
		return -1;
	}
	return ((PyStringObject *)op) -> ob_size;
}

/*const*/ char *
PyString_AsString(op)
	register PyObject *op;
{
	if (!PyString_Check(op)) {
		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
		return NULL;
	}
	return ((PyStringObject *)op) -> ob_sval;
}

/* Methods */

static int
string_print(op, fp, flags)
	PyStringObject *op;
	FILE *fp;
	int flags;
{
	int i;
	char c;
	int quote;
	/* XXX Ought to check for interrupts when writing long strings */
	if (flags & Py_PRINT_RAW) {
		fwrite(op->ob_sval, 1, (int) op->ob_size, fp);
		return 0;
	}

	/* figure out which quote to use; single is prefered */
	quote = '\'';
	if (strchr(op->ob_sval, '\'') && !strchr(op->ob_sval, '"'))
		quote = '"';

	fputc(quote, fp);
	for (i = 0; i < op->ob_size; i++) {
		c = op->ob_sval[i];
		if (c == quote || c == '\\')
			fprintf(fp, "\\%c", c);
		else if (c < ' ' || c >= 0177)
			fprintf(fp, "\\%03o", c & 0377);
		else
			fputc(c, fp);
	}
	fputc(quote, fp);
	return 0;
}

static PyObject *
string_repr(op)
	register PyStringObject *op;
{
	/* XXX overflow? */
	int newsize = 2 + 4 * op->ob_size * sizeof(char);
	PyObject *v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, newsize);
	if (v == NULL) {
		return NULL;
	}
	else {
		register int i;
		register char c;
		register char *p;
		int quote;

		/* figure out which quote to use; single is prefered */
		quote = '\'';
		if (strchr(op->ob_sval, '\'') && !strchr(op->ob_sval, '"'))
			quote = '"';

		p = ((PyStringObject *)v)->ob_sval;
		*p++ = quote;
		for (i = 0; i < op->ob_size; i++) {
			c = op->ob_sval[i];
			if (c == quote || c == '\\')
				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = c;
			else if (c < ' ' || c >= 0177) {
				sprintf(p, "\\%03o", c & 0377);
				while (*p != '\0')
					p++;
			}
			else
				*p++ = c;
		}
		*p++ = quote;
		*p = '\0';
		_PyString_Resize(
			&v, (int) (p - ((PyStringObject *)v)->ob_sval));
		return v;
	}
}

static int
string_length(a)
	PyStringObject *a;
{
	return a->ob_size;
}

static PyObject *
string_concat(a, bb)
	register PyStringObject *a;
	register PyObject *bb;
{
	register unsigned int size;
	register PyStringObject *op;
	if (!PyString_Check(bb)) {
		PyErr_BadArgument();
		return NULL;
	}
#define b ((PyStringObject *)bb)
	/* Optimize cases with empty left or right operand */
	if (a->ob_size == 0) {
		Py_INCREF(bb);
		return bb;
	}
	if (b->ob_size == 0) {
		Py_INCREF(a);
		return (PyObject *)a;
	}
	size = a->ob_size + b->ob_size;
	op = (PyStringObject *)
		malloc(sizeof(PyStringObject) + size * sizeof(char));
	if (op == NULL)
		return PyErr_NoMemory();
	op->ob_type = &PyString_Type;
	op->ob_size = size;
#ifdef CACHE_HASH
	op->ob_shash = -1;
#endif
#ifdef INTERN_STRINGS
	op->ob_sinterned = NULL;
#endif
	_Py_NewReference((PyObject *)op);
	memcpy(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval, (int) a->ob_size);
	memcpy(op->ob_sval + a->ob_size, b->ob_sval, (int) b->ob_size);
	op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
	return (PyObject *) op;
#undef b
}

static PyObject *
string_repeat(a, n)
	register PyStringObject *a;
	register int n;
{
	register int i;
	register int size;
	register PyStringObject *op;
	if (n < 0)
		n = 0;
	size = a->ob_size * n;
	if (size == a->ob_size) {
		Py_INCREF(a);
		return (PyObject *)a;
	}
	op = (PyStringObject *)
		malloc(sizeof(PyStringObject) + size * sizeof(char));
	if (op == NULL)
		return PyErr_NoMemory();
	op->ob_type = &PyString_Type;
	op->ob_size = size;
#ifdef CACHE_HASH
	op->ob_shash = -1;
#endif
#ifdef INTERN_STRINGS
	op->ob_sinterned = NULL;
#endif
	_Py_NewReference((PyObject *)op);
	for (i = 0; i < size; i += a->ob_size)
		memcpy(op->ob_sval+i, a->ob_sval, (int) a->ob_size);
	op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
	return (PyObject *) op;
}

/* String slice a[i:j] consists of characters a[i] ... a[j-1] */

static PyObject *
string_slice(a, i, j)
	register PyStringObject *a;
	register int i, j; /* May be negative! */
{
	if (i < 0)
		i = 0;
	if (j < 0)
		j = 0; /* Avoid signed/unsigned bug in next line */
	if (j > a->ob_size)
		j = a->ob_size;
	if (i == 0 && j == a->ob_size) { /* It's the same as a */
		Py_INCREF(a);
		return (PyObject *)a;
	}
	if (j < i)
		j = i;
	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(a->ob_sval + i, (int) (j-i));
}

static PyObject *
string_item(a, i)
	PyStringObject *a;
	register int i;
{
	int c;
	PyObject *v;
	if (i < 0 || i >= a->ob_size) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
		return NULL;
	}
	c = a->ob_sval[i] & UCHAR_MAX;
	v = (PyObject *) characters[c];
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
	if (v != NULL)
		one_strings++;
#endif
	if (v == NULL) {
		v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, 1);
		if (v == NULL)
			return NULL;
		characters[c] = (PyStringObject *) v;
		((PyStringObject *)v)->ob_sval[0] = c;
	}
	Py_INCREF(v);
	return v;
}

static int
string_compare(a, b)
	PyStringObject *a, *b;
{
	int len_a = a->ob_size, len_b = b->ob_size;
	int min_len = (len_a < len_b) ? len_a : len_b;
	int cmp;
	if (min_len > 0) {
		cmp = Py_CHARMASK(*a->ob_sval) - Py_CHARMASK(*b->ob_sval);
		if (cmp == 0)
			cmp = memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, min_len);
		if (cmp != 0)
			return cmp;
	}
	return (len_a < len_b) ? -1 : (len_a > len_b) ? 1 : 0;
}

static long
string_hash(a)
	PyStringObject *a;
{
	register int len;
	register unsigned char *p;
	register long x;

#ifdef CACHE_HASH
	if (a->ob_shash != -1)
		return a->ob_shash;
#ifdef INTERN_STRINGS
	if (a->ob_sinterned != NULL)
		return (a->ob_shash =
			((PyStringObject *)(a->ob_sinterned))->ob_shash);
#endif
#endif
	len = a->ob_size;
	p = (unsigned char *) a->ob_sval;
	x = *p << 7;
	while (--len >= 0)
		x = (1000003*x) ^ *p++;
	x ^= a->ob_size;
	if (x == -1)
		x = -2;
#ifdef CACHE_HASH
	a->ob_shash = x;
#endif
	return x;
}

static int
string_buffer_getreadbuf(self, index, ptr)
	PyStringObject *self;
	int index;
	const void **ptr;
{
	if ( index != 0 ) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
				"accessing non-existent string segment");
		return -1;
	}
	*ptr = (void *)self->ob_sval;
	return self->ob_size;
}

static int
string_buffer_getwritebuf(self, index, ptr)
	PyStringObject *self;
	int index;
	const void **ptr;
{
	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
			"Cannot use string as modifiable buffer");
	return -1;
}

static int
string_buffer_getsegcount(self, lenp)
	PyStringObject *self;
	int *lenp;
{
	if ( lenp )
		*lenp = self->ob_size;
	return 1;
}

static int
string_buffer_getcharbuf(self, index, ptr)
	PyStringObject *self;
	int index;
	const char **ptr;
{
	if ( index != 0 ) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
				"accessing non-existent string segment");
		return -1;
	}
	*ptr = self->ob_sval;
	return self->ob_size;
}

static PySequenceMethods string_as_sequence = {
	(inquiry)string_length, /*sq_length*/
	(binaryfunc)string_concat, /*sq_concat*/
	(intargfunc)string_repeat, /*sq_repeat*/
	(intargfunc)string_item, /*sq_item*/
	(intintargfunc)string_slice, /*sq_slice*/
	0,		/*sq_ass_item*/
	0,		/*sq_ass_slice*/
};

static PyBufferProcs string_as_buffer = {
	(getreadbufferproc)string_buffer_getreadbuf,
	(getwritebufferproc)string_buffer_getwritebuf,
	(getsegcountproc)string_buffer_getsegcount,
	(getcharbufferproc)string_buffer_getcharbuf,
};



#define LEFTSTRIP 0
#define RIGHTSTRIP 1
#define BOTHSTRIP 2


static PyObject *
split_whitespace(s, len, maxsplit)
	char *s;
	int len;
	int maxsplit;
{
	int i = 0, j, err;
	int countsplit = 0;
	PyObject* item;
	PyObject *list = PyList_New(0);

	if (list == NULL)
		return NULL;

	while (i < len) {
		while (i < len && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) {
			i = i+1;
		}
		j = i;
		while (i < len && !isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) {
			i = i+1;
		}
		if (j < i) {
			item = PyString_FromStringAndSize(s+j, (int)(i-j));
			if (item == NULL)
				goto finally;

			err = PyList_Append(list, item);
			Py_DECREF(item);
			if (err < 0)
				goto finally;

			countsplit++;
			while (i < len && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) {
				i = i+1;
			}
			if (maxsplit && (countsplit >= maxsplit) && i < len) {
				item = PyString_FromStringAndSize(
                                        s+i, (int)(len - i));
				if (item == NULL)
					goto finally;

				err = PyList_Append(list, item);
				Py_DECREF(item);
				if (err < 0)
					goto finally;

				i = len;
			}
		}
	}
	return list;
  finally:
	Py_DECREF(list);
	return NULL;
}


static char split__doc__[] =
"S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings\n\
\n\
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the\n\
delimiter string.  If maxsplit is nonzero, splits into at most\n\
maxsplit words If sep is not specified, any whitespace string\n\
is a separator.  Maxsplit defaults to 0.";

static PyObject *
string_split(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	int len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self), n, i, j, err;
	int splitcount, maxsplit;
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
	PyObject *list, *item;

	sub = NULL;
	n = 0;
	splitcount = 0;
	maxsplit = 0;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|z#i:split", &sub, &n, &maxsplit))
		return NULL;
	if (sub == NULL)
		return split_whitespace(s, len, maxsplit);
	if (n == 0) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty separator");
		return NULL;
	}

	list = PyList_New(0);
	if (list == NULL)
		return NULL;

	i = j = 0;
	while (i+n <= len) {
		if (s[i] == sub[0] && (n == 1 || memcmp(s+i, sub, n) == 0)) {
			item = PyString_FromStringAndSize(s+j, (int)(i-j));
			if (item == NULL)
				goto fail;
			err = PyList_Append(list, item);
			Py_DECREF(item);
			if (err < 0)
				goto fail;
			i = j = i + n;
			splitcount++;
			if (maxsplit && (splitcount >= maxsplit))
				break;
		}
		else
			i++;
	}
	item = PyString_FromStringAndSize(s+j, (int)(len-j));
	if (item == NULL)
		goto fail;
	err = PyList_Append(list, item);
	Py_DECREF(item);
	if (err < 0)
		goto fail;

	return list;

 fail:
	Py_DECREF(list);
	return NULL;
}


static char join__doc__[] =
"S.join(sequence) -> string\n\
\n\
Return a string which is the concatenation of the string representation\n\
of every element in the sequence.  The separator between elements is S.";

static PyObject *
string_join(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *sep = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
	int seplen = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
	PyObject *res = NULL;
	int reslen = 0;
	char *p;
	int seqlen = 0;
	int sz = 100;
	int i, slen;
	PyObject *seq;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:join", &seq))
		return NULL;

	seqlen = PySequence_Length(seq);
	if (seqlen < 0 && PyErr_Occurred())
		return NULL;

	if (seqlen == 1) {
		/* Optimization if there's only one item */
		PyObject *item = PySequence_GetItem(seq, 0);
		PyObject *stritem = PyObject_Str(item);
		Py_DECREF(item);
		return stritem;
	}
	if (!(res = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char*)NULL, sz)))
		return NULL;
	p = PyString_AsString(res);

	/* optimize for lists.  all others (tuples and arbitrary sequences)
	 * just use the abstract interface.
	 */
	if (PyList_Check(seq)) {
		for (i = 0; i < seqlen; i++) {
			PyObject *item = PyList_GET_ITEM(seq, i);
			PyObject *sitem = PyObject_Str(item);
			if (!sitem)
				goto finally;
			slen = PyString_GET_SIZE(sitem);
			while (reslen + slen + seplen >= sz) {
				if (_PyString_Resize(&res, sz*2))
					goto finally;
				sz *= 2;
				p = PyString_AsString(res) + reslen;
			}
			if (i > 0) {
				memcpy(p, sep, seplen);
				p += seplen;
				reslen += seplen;
			}
			memcpy(p, PyString_AS_STRING(sitem), slen);
			p += slen;
			reslen += slen;
		}
	}
	else {
		for (i = 0; i < seqlen; i++) {
			PyObject *item = PySequence_GetItem(seq, i);
			PyObject *sitem;
			if (!item || !(sitem = PyObject_Str(item))) {
				Py_XDECREF(item);
				goto finally;
			}
			slen = PyString_GET_SIZE(sitem);
			while (reslen + slen + seplen >= sz) {
				if (_PyString_Resize(&res, sz*2))
					goto finally;
				sz *= 2;
				p = PyString_AsString(res) + reslen;
			}
			if (i > 0) {
				memcpy(p, sep, seplen);
				p += seplen;
				reslen += seplen;
			}
			memcpy(p, PyString_AS_STRING(sitem), slen);
			p += slen;
			reslen += slen;
		}
	}
	if (_PyString_Resize(&res, reslen))
		goto finally;
	return res;

  finally:
	Py_DECREF(res);
	return NULL;
}



static long
string_find_internal(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
	int len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
	int n, i = 0, last = INT_MAX;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#|ii:find", &sub, &n, &i, &last))
		return -2;

	if (last > len)
		last = len;
	if (last < 0)
		last += len;
	if (last < 0)
		last = 0;
	if (i < 0)
		i += len;
	if (i < 0)
		i = 0;

	if (n == 0 && i <= last)
		return (long)i;

	last -= n;
	for (; i <= last; ++i)
		if (s[i] == sub[0] &&
		    (n == 1 || memcmp(&s[i+1], &sub[1], n-1) == 0))
			return (long)i;

	return -1;
}


static char find__doc__[] =
"S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
\n\
Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
such that sub is contained within s[start,end].  Optional\n\
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
\n\
Return -1 on failure.";

static PyObject *
string_find(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	long result = string_find_internal(self, args);
	if (result == -2)
		return NULL;
	return PyInt_FromLong(result);
}


static char index__doc__[] =
"S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
\n\
Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.";

static PyObject *
string_index(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	long result = string_find_internal(self, args);
	if (result == -2)
		return NULL;
	if (result == -1) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
				"substring not found in string.index");
		return NULL;
	}
	return PyInt_FromLong(result);
}


static long
string_rfind_internal(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
	int len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self), n, j;
	int i = 0, last = INT_MAX;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#|ii:rfind", &sub, &n, &i, &last))
		return -2;

	if (last > len)
		last = len;
	if (last < 0)
		last += len;
	if (last < 0)
		last = 0;
	if (i < 0)
		i += len;
	if (i < 0)
		i = 0;

	if (n == 0 && i <= last)
		return (long)last;

	for (j = last-n; j >= i; --j)
		if (s[j] == sub[0] &&
		    (n == 1 || memcmp(&s[j+1], &sub[1], n-1) == 0))
			return (long)j;

	return -1;
}


static char rfind__doc__[] =
"S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
\n\
Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
such that sub is contained within s[start,end].  Optional\n\
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
\n\
Return -1 on failure.";

static PyObject *
string_rfind(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	long result = string_rfind_internal(self, args);
	if (result == -2)
		return NULL;
	return PyInt_FromLong(result);
}


static char rindex__doc__[] =
"S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
\n\
Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.";

static PyObject *
string_rindex(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	long result = string_rfind_internal(self, args);
	if (result == -2)
		return NULL;
	if (result == -1) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
				"substring not found in string.rindex");
		return NULL;
	}
	return PyInt_FromLong(result);
}


static PyObject *
do_strip(self, args, striptype)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
	int striptype;
{
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
	int len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self), i, j;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":strip"))
		return NULL;

	i = 0;
	if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
		while (i < len && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) {
			i++;
		}
	}

	j = len;
	if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
		do {
			j--;
		} while (j >= i && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[j])));
		j++;
	}

	if (i == 0 && j == len) {
		Py_INCREF(self);
		return (PyObject*)self;
	}
	else
		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
}


static char strip__doc__[] =
"S.strip() -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing\n\
whitespace removed.";

static PyObject *
string_strip(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	return do_strip(self, args, BOTHSTRIP);
}


static char lstrip__doc__[] =
"S.lstrip() -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.";

static PyObject *
string_lstrip(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	return do_strip(self, args, LEFTSTRIP);
}


static char rstrip__doc__[] =
"S.rstrip() -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.";

static PyObject *
string_rstrip(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	return do_strip(self, args, RIGHTSTRIP);
}


static char lower__doc__[] =
"S.lower() -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.";

static PyObject *
string_lower(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *s_new;
	int i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
	PyObject *new;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":lower"))
		return NULL;
	new = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
	if (new == NULL)
		return NULL;
	s_new = PyString_AsString(new);
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
		if (isupper(c)) {
			*s_new = tolower(c);
		} else
			*s_new = c;
		s_new++;
	}
	return new;
}


static char upper__doc__[] =
"S.upper() -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.";

static PyObject *
string_upper(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *s_new;
	int i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
	PyObject *new;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":upper"))
		return NULL;
	new = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
	if (new == NULL)
		return NULL;
	s_new = PyString_AsString(new);
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
		if (islower(c)) {
			*s_new = toupper(c);
		} else
			*s_new = c;
		s_new++;
	}
	return new;
}


static char capitalize__doc__[] =
"S.capitalize() -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of the string S with only its first character\n\
capitalized.";

static PyObject *
string_capitalize(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *s_new;
	int i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
	PyObject *new;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":capitalize"))
		return NULL;
	new = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
	if (new == NULL)
		return NULL;
	s_new = PyString_AsString(new);
	if (0 < n) {
		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
		if (islower(c))
			*s_new = toupper(c);
		else
			*s_new = c;
		s_new++;
	}
	for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
		if (isupper(c))
			*s_new = tolower(c);
		else
			*s_new = c;
		s_new++;
	}
	return new;
}


static char count__doc__[] =
"S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
\n\
Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in string\n\
S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are\n\
interpreted as in slice notation.";

static PyObject *
string_count(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
	int len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self), n;
	int i = 0, last = INT_MAX;
	int m, r;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#|ii:count", &sub, &n, &i, &last))
		return NULL;
	if (last > len)
		last = len;
	if (last < 0)
		last += len;
	if (last < 0)
		last = 0;
	if (i < 0)
		i += len;
	if (i < 0)
		i = 0;
	m = last + 1 - n;
	if (n == 0)
		return PyInt_FromLong((long) (m-i));

	r = 0;
	while (i < m) {
		if (!memcmp(s+i, sub, n)) {
			r++;
			i += n;
		} else {
			i++;
		}
	}
	return PyInt_FromLong((long) r);
}


static char swapcase__doc__[] =
"S.swapcase() -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of the string S with upper case characters\n\
converted to lowercase and vice versa.";

static PyObject *
string_swapcase(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *s_new;
	int i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
	PyObject *new;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":swapcase"))
		return NULL;
	new = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
	if (new == NULL)
		return NULL;
	s_new = PyString_AsString(new);
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
		if (islower(c)) {
			*s_new = toupper(c);
		}
		else if (isupper(c)) {
			*s_new = tolower(c);
		}
		else
			*s_new = c;
		s_new++;
	}
	return new;
}


static char translate__doc__[] =
"S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring\n\
in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the\n\
remaining characters have been mapped through the given\n\
translation table, which must be a string of length 256.";

static PyObject *
string_translate(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	register char *input, *table, *output;
	register int i, c, changed = 0;
	PyObject *input_obj = (PyObject*)self;
	char *table1, *output_start, *del_table=NULL;
	int inlen, tablen, dellen = 0;
	PyObject *result;
	int trans_table[256];

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#|t#:translate",
			      &table1, &tablen, &del_table, &dellen))
		return NULL;
	if (tablen != 256) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
			      "translation table must be 256 characters long");
		return NULL;
	}

	table = table1;
	inlen = PyString_Size(input_obj);
	result = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, inlen);
	if (result == NULL)
		return NULL;
	output_start = output = PyString_AsString(result);
	input = PyString_AsString(input_obj);

	if (dellen == 0) {
		/* If no deletions are required, use faster code */
		for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
			c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
			if (Py_CHARMASK((*output++ = table[c])) != c)
				changed = 1;
		}
		if (changed)
			return result;
		Py_DECREF(result);
		Py_INCREF(input_obj);
		return input_obj;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
		trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(table[i]);

	for (i = 0; i < dellen; i++)
		trans_table[(int) Py_CHARMASK(del_table[i])] = -1;

	for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
		c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
		if (trans_table[c] != -1)
			if (Py_CHARMASK(*output++ = (char)trans_table[c]) == c)
				continue;
		changed = 1;
	}
	if (!changed) {
		Py_DECREF(result);
		Py_INCREF(input_obj);
		return input_obj;
	}
	/* Fix the size of the resulting string */
	if (inlen > 0 &&_PyString_Resize(&result, output-output_start))
		return NULL;
	return result;
}


/* What follows is used for implementing replace().  Perry Stoll. */

/*
  mymemfind

  strstr replacement for arbitrary blocks of memory.

  Locates the first occurance in the memory pointed to by MEM of the
  contents of memory pointed to by PAT.  Returns the index into MEM if
  found, or -1 if not found.  If len of PAT is greater than length of
  MEM, the function returns -1.
*/
static int 
mymemfind(mem, len, pat, pat_len)
	char *mem;
	int len;
	char *pat;
	int pat_len;
{
	register int ii;

	/* pattern can not occur in the last pat_len-1 chars */
	len -= pat_len;

	for (ii = 0; ii <= len; ii++) {
		if (mem[ii] == pat[0] &&
		    (pat_len == 1 ||
		     memcmp(&mem[ii+1], &pat[1], pat_len-1) == 0)) {
			return ii;
		}
	}
	return -1;
}

/*
  mymemcnt

   Return the number of distinct times PAT is found in MEM.
   meaning mem=1111 and pat==11 returns 2.
           mem=11111 and pat==11 also return 2.
 */
static int 
mymemcnt(mem, len, pat, pat_len)
	char *mem;
	int len;
	char *pat;
	int pat_len;
{
	register int offset = 0;
	int nfound = 0;

	while (len >= 0) {
		offset = mymemfind(mem, len, pat, pat_len);
		if (offset == -1)
			break;
		mem += offset + pat_len;
		len -= offset + pat_len;
		nfound++;
	}
	return nfound;
}

/*
   mymemreplace

   Return a string in which all occurences of PAT in memory STR are
   replaced with SUB.

   If length of PAT is less than length of STR or there are no occurences
   of PAT in STR, then the original string is returned. Otherwise, a new
   string is allocated here and returned.

   on return, out_len is:
       the length of output string, or
       -1 if the input string is returned, or
       unchanged if an error occurs (no memory).

   return value is:
       the new string allocated locally, or
       NULL if an error occurred.
*/
static char *
mymemreplace(str, len, pat, pat_len, sub, sub_len, count, out_len)
	char *str;
	int len;     /* input string  */
	char *pat;
	int pat_len; /* pattern string to find */
	char *sub;
	int sub_len; /* substitution string */
	int count;   /* number of replacements, 0 == all */
	int *out_len;

{
	char *out_s;
	char *new_s;
	int nfound, offset, new_len;

	if (len == 0 || pat_len > len)
		goto return_same;

	/* find length of output string */
	nfound = mymemcnt(str, len, pat, pat_len);
	if (count > 0)
		nfound = nfound > count ? count : nfound;
	if (nfound == 0)
		goto return_same;
	new_len = len + nfound*(sub_len - pat_len);

	new_s = (char *)malloc(new_len);
	if (new_s == NULL) return NULL;

	*out_len = new_len;
	out_s = new_s;

	while (len > 0) {
		/* find index of next instance of pattern */
		offset = mymemfind(str, len, pat, pat_len);
		/* if not found,  break out of loop */
		if (offset == -1) break;

		/* copy non matching part of input string */
		memcpy(new_s, str, offset); /* copy part of str before pat */
		str += offset + pat_len; /* move str past pattern */
		len -= offset + pat_len; /* reduce length of str remaining */

		/* copy substitute into the output string */
		new_s += offset; /* move new_s to dest for sub string */
		memcpy(new_s, sub, sub_len); /* copy substring into new_s */
		new_s += sub_len; /* offset new_s past sub string */

		/* break when we've done count replacements */
		if (--count == 0) break;
	}
	/* copy any remaining values into output string */
	if (len > 0)
		memcpy(new_s, str, len);
	return out_s;

  return_same:
	*out_len = -1;
	return str;
}


static char replace__doc__[] =
"S.replace (old, new[, maxsplit]) -> string\n\
\n\
Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring\n\
old replaced by new.  If the optional argument maxsplit is\n\
given, only the first maxsplit occurrences are replaced.";

static PyObject *
string_replace(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *str = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *pat,*sub,*new_s;
	int len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self), pat_len,sub_len,out_len;
	int count = 0;
	PyObject *new;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#t#|i:replace",
			      &pat, &pat_len, &sub, &sub_len, &count))
		return NULL;
	if (pat_len <= 0) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty pattern string");
		return NULL;
	}
	new_s = mymemreplace(str,len,pat,pat_len,sub,sub_len,count,&out_len);
	if (new_s == NULL) {
		PyErr_NoMemory();
		return NULL;
	}
	if (out_len == -1) {
		/* we're returning another reference to self */
		new = (PyObject*)self;
		Py_INCREF(new);
	}
	else {
		new = PyString_FromStringAndSize(new_s, out_len);
		free(new_s);
	}
	return new;
}


static char startswith__doc__[] =
"S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
\n\
Return 1 if S starts with the specified prefix, otherwise return 0.  With\n\
optional start, test S beginning at that position.  With optional end, stop\n\
comparing S at that position.";

static PyObject *
string_startswith(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char* str = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
	int len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
	char* prefix;
	int plen;
	int start = 0;
	int end = -1;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#|ii:startswith", &prefix, &plen, &start, &end))
		return NULL;

	/* adopt Java semantics for index out of range.  it is legal for
	 * offset to be == plen, but this only returns true if prefix is
	 * the empty string.
	 */
	if (start < 0 || start+plen > len)
		return PyInt_FromLong(0);

	if (!memcmp(str+start, prefix, plen)) {
		/* did the match end after the specified end? */
		if (end < 0)
			return PyInt_FromLong(1);
		else if (end - start < plen)
			return PyInt_FromLong(0);
		else
			return PyInt_FromLong(1);
	}
	else return PyInt_FromLong(0);
}


static char endswith__doc__[] =
"S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
\n\
Return 1 if S ends with the specified suffix, otherwise return 0.  With\n\
optional start, test S beginning at that position.  With optional end, stop\n\
comparing S at that position.";

static PyObject *
string_endswith(self, args)
	PyStringObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char* str = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
	int len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
	char* suffix;
	int plen;
	int start = 0;
	int end = -1;
	int lower, upper;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#|ii:endswith", &suffix, &plen, &start, &end))
		return NULL;

	if (start < 0 || start > len || plen > len)
		return PyInt_FromLong(0);

	upper = (end >= 0 && end <= len) ? end : len;
	lower = (upper - plen) > start ? (upper - plen) : start;

	if (upper-lower >= plen && !memcmp(str+lower, suffix, plen))
		return PyInt_FromLong(1);
	else return PyInt_FromLong(0);
}



static PyMethodDef 
string_methods[] = {
	/* counterparts of the obsolete stropmodule functions */
	{"capitalize", (PyCFunction)string_capitalize, 1, capitalize__doc__},
	{"count",      (PyCFunction)string_count,      1, count__doc__},
	{"endswith",   (PyCFunction)string_endswith,   1, endswith__doc__},
	{"find",       (PyCFunction)string_find,       1, find__doc__},
	{"index",      (PyCFunction)string_index,      1, index__doc__},
	{"join",       (PyCFunction)string_join,       1, join__doc__},
	{"lstrip",     (PyCFunction)string_lstrip,     1, lstrip__doc__},
	{"lower",      (PyCFunction)string_lower,      1, lower__doc__},
	/* maketrans */
	{"replace",     (PyCFunction)string_replace,     1, replace__doc__},
	{"rfind",       (PyCFunction)string_rfind,       1, rfind__doc__},
	{"rindex",      (PyCFunction)string_rindex,      1, rindex__doc__},
	{"rstrip",      (PyCFunction)string_rstrip,      1, rstrip__doc__},
	{"split",       (PyCFunction)string_split,       1, split__doc__},
	{"startswith",  (PyCFunction)string_startswith,  1, startswith__doc__},
	{"strip",       (PyCFunction)string_strip,       1, strip__doc__},
	{"swapcase",    (PyCFunction)string_swapcase,    1, swapcase__doc__},
	{"translate",   (PyCFunction)string_translate,   1, strip__doc__},
	{"upper",       (PyCFunction)string_upper,       1, upper__doc__},
	/* TBD */
/* 	{"ljust"        (PyCFunction)string_ljust,       1, ljust__doc__}, */
/* 	{"rjust"        (PyCFunction)string_rjust,       1, rjust__doc__}, */
/* 	{"center"       (PyCFunction)string_center,      1, center__doc__}, */
/* 	{"zfill"        (PyCFunction)string_zfill,       1, zfill__doc__}, */
/* 	{"expandtabs"   (PyCFunction)string_expandtabs,  1, ljust__doc__}, */
/* 	{"capwords"     (PyCFunction)string_capwords,    1, capwords__doc__}, */
	{NULL,     NULL}		     /* sentinel */
};

static PyObject *
string_getattr(s, name)
	PyStringObject *s;
	char *name;
{
	return Py_FindMethod(string_methods, (PyObject*)s, name);
}


PyTypeObject PyString_Type = {
	PyObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type)
	0,
	"string",
	sizeof(PyStringObject),
	sizeof(char),
	(destructor)string_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
	(printfunc)string_print, /*tp_print*/
	(getattrfunc)string_getattr,		/*tp_getattr*/
	0,		/*tp_setattr*/
	(cmpfunc)string_compare, /*tp_compare*/
	(reprfunc)string_repr, /*tp_repr*/
	0,		/*tp_as_number*/
	&string_as_sequence,	/*tp_as_sequence*/
	0,		/*tp_as_mapping*/
	(hashfunc)string_hash, /*tp_hash*/
	0,		/*tp_call*/
	0,		/*tp_str*/
	0,		/*tp_getattro*/
	0,		/*tp_setattro*/
	&string_as_buffer,	/*tp_as_buffer*/
	Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,	/*tp_flags*/
	0,		/*tp_doc*/
};

void
PyString_Concat(pv, w)
	register PyObject **pv;
	register PyObject *w;
{
	register PyObject *v;
	if (*pv == NULL)
		return;
	if (w == NULL || !PyString_Check(*pv)) {
		Py_DECREF(*pv);
		*pv = NULL;
		return;
	}
	v = string_concat((PyStringObject *) *pv, w);
	Py_DECREF(*pv);
	*pv = v;
}

void
PyString_ConcatAndDel(pv, w)
	register PyObject **pv;
	register PyObject *w;
{
	PyString_Concat(pv, w);
	Py_XDECREF(w);
}


/* The following function breaks the notion that strings are immutable:
   it changes the size of a string.  We get away with this only if there
   is only one module referencing the object.  You can also think of it
   as creating a new string object and destroying the old one, only
   more efficiently.  In any case, don't use this if the string may
   already be known to some other part of the code... */

int
_PyString_Resize(pv, newsize)
	PyObject **pv;
	int newsize;
{
	register PyObject *v;
	register PyStringObject *sv;
	v = *pv;
	if (!PyString_Check(v) || v->ob_refcnt != 1) {
		*pv = 0;
		Py_DECREF(v);
		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
		return -1;
	}
	/* XXX UNREF/NEWREF interface should be more symmetrical */
#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
	--_Py_RefTotal;
#endif
	_Py_ForgetReference(v);
	*pv = (PyObject *)
		realloc((char *)v,
			sizeof(PyStringObject) + newsize * sizeof(char));
	if (*pv == NULL) {
		PyMem_DEL(v);
		PyErr_NoMemory();
		return -1;
	}
	_Py_NewReference(*pv);
	sv = (PyStringObject *) *pv;
	sv->ob_size = newsize;
	sv->ob_sval[newsize] = '\0';
	return 0;
}

/* Helpers for formatstring */

static PyObject *
getnextarg(args, arglen, p_argidx)
	PyObject *args;
	int arglen;
	int *p_argidx;
{
	int argidx = *p_argidx;
	if (argidx < arglen) {
		(*p_argidx)++;
		if (arglen < 0)
			return args;
		else
			return PyTuple_GetItem(args, argidx);
	}
	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
			"not enough arguments for format string");
	return NULL;
}

#define F_LJUST (1<<0)
#define F_SIGN	(1<<1)
#define F_BLANK (1<<2)
#define F_ALT	(1<<3)
#define F_ZERO	(1<<4)

static int
formatfloat(buf, flags, prec, type, v)
	char *buf;
	int flags;
	int prec;
	int type;
	PyObject *v;
{
	char fmt[20];
	double x;
	if (!PyArg_Parse(v, "d;float argument required", &x))
		return -1;
	if (prec < 0)
		prec = 6;
	if (prec > 50)
		prec = 50; /* Arbitrary limitation */
	if (type == 'f' && fabs(x)/1e25 >= 1e25)
		type = 'g';
	sprintf(fmt, "%%%s.%d%c", (flags&F_ALT) ? "#" : "", prec, type);
	sprintf(buf, fmt, x);
	return strlen(buf);
}

static int
formatint(buf, flags, prec, type, v)
	char *buf;
	int flags;
	int prec;
	int type;
	PyObject *v;
{
	char fmt[20];
	long x;
	if (!PyArg_Parse(v, "l;int argument required", &x))
		return -1;
	if (prec < 0)
		prec = 1;
	sprintf(fmt, "%%%s.%dl%c", (flags&F_ALT) ? "#" : "", prec, type);
	sprintf(buf, fmt, x);
	return strlen(buf);
}

static int
formatchar(buf, v)
	char *buf;
	PyObject *v;
{
	if (PyString_Check(v)) {
		if (!PyArg_Parse(v, "c;%c requires int or char", &buf[0]))
			return -1;
	}
	else {
		if (!PyArg_Parse(v, "b;%c requires int or char", &buf[0]))
			return -1;
	}
	buf[1] = '\0';
	return 1;
}


/* fmt%(v1,v2,...) is roughly equivalent to sprintf(fmt, v1, v2, ...) */

PyObject *
PyString_Format(format, args)
	PyObject *format;
	PyObject *args;
{
	char *fmt, *res;
	int fmtcnt, rescnt, reslen, arglen, argidx;
	int args_owned = 0;
	PyObject *result;
	PyObject *dict = NULL;
	if (format == NULL || !PyString_Check(format) || args == NULL) {
		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
		return NULL;
	}
	fmt = PyString_AsString(format);
	fmtcnt = PyString_Size(format);
	reslen = rescnt = fmtcnt + 100;
	result = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, reslen);
	if (result == NULL)
		return NULL;
	res = PyString_AsString(result);
	if (PyTuple_Check(args)) {
		arglen = PyTuple_Size(args);
		argidx = 0;
	}
	else {
		arglen = -1;
		argidx = -2;
	}
	if (args->ob_type->tp_as_mapping)
		dict = args;
	while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
		if (*fmt != '%') {
			if (--rescnt < 0) {
				rescnt = fmtcnt + 100;
				reslen += rescnt;
				if (_PyString_Resize(&result, reslen) < 0)
					return NULL;
				res = PyString_AsString(result)
					+ reslen - rescnt;
				--rescnt;
			}
			*res++ = *fmt++;
		}
		else {
			/* Got a format specifier */
			int flags = 0;
			int width = -1;
			int prec = -1;
			int size = 0;
			int c = '\0';
			int fill;
			PyObject *v = NULL;
			PyObject *temp = NULL;
			char *buf;
			int sign;
			int len;
			char tmpbuf[120]; /* For format{float,int,char}() */
			fmt++;
			if (*fmt == '(') {
				char *keystart;
				int keylen;
				PyObject *key;
				int pcount = 1;

				if (dict == NULL) {
					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
						 "format requires a mapping"); 
					goto error;
				}
				++fmt;
				--fmtcnt;
				keystart = fmt;
				/* Skip over balanced parentheses */
				while (pcount > 0 && --fmtcnt >= 0) {
					if (*fmt == ')')
						--pcount;
					else if (*fmt == '(')
						++pcount;
					fmt++;
				}
				keylen = fmt - keystart - 1;
				if (fmtcnt < 0 || pcount > 0) {
					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
						   "incomplete format key");
					goto error;
				}
				key = PyString_FromStringAndSize(keystart,
								 keylen);
				if (key == NULL)
					goto error;
				if (args_owned) {
					Py_DECREF(args);
					args_owned = 0;
				}
				args = PyObject_GetItem(dict, key);
				Py_DECREF(key);
				if (args == NULL) {
					goto error;
				}
				args_owned = 1;
				arglen = -1;
				argidx = -2;
			}
			while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
				switch (c = *fmt++) {
				case '-': flags |= F_LJUST; continue;
				case '+': flags |= F_SIGN; continue;
				case ' ': flags |= F_BLANK; continue;
				case '#': flags |= F_ALT; continue;
				case '0': flags |= F_ZERO; continue;
				}
				break;
			}
			if (c == '*') {
				v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
				if (v == NULL)
					goto error;
				if (!PyInt_Check(v)) {
					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
							"* wants int");
					goto error;
				}
				width = PyInt_AsLong(v);
				if (width < 0) {
					flags |= F_LJUST;
					width = -width;
				}
				if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
					c = *fmt++;
			}
			else if (c >= 0 && isdigit(c)) {
				width = c - '0';
				while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
					c = Py_CHARMASK(*fmt++);
					if (!isdigit(c))
						break;
					if ((width*10) / 10 != width) {
						PyErr_SetString(
							PyExc_ValueError,
							"width too big");
						goto error;
					}
					width = width*10 + (c - '0');
				}
			}
			if (c == '.') {
				prec = 0;
				if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
					c = *fmt++;
				if (c == '*') {
					v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
					if (v == NULL)
						goto error;
					if (!PyInt_Check(v)) {
						PyErr_SetString(
							PyExc_TypeError,
							"* wants int");
						goto error;
					}
					prec = PyInt_AsLong(v);
					if (prec < 0)
						prec = 0;
					if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
						c = *fmt++;
				}
				else if (c >= 0 && isdigit(c)) {
					prec = c - '0';
					while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
						c = Py_CHARMASK(*fmt++);
						if (!isdigit(c))
							break;
						if ((prec*10) / 10 != prec) {
							PyErr_SetString(
							    PyExc_ValueError,
							    "prec too big");
							goto error;
						}
						prec = prec*10 + (c - '0');
					}
				}
			} /* prec */
			if (fmtcnt >= 0) {
				if (c == 'h' || c == 'l' || c == 'L') {
					size = c;
					if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
						c = *fmt++;
				}
			}
			if (fmtcnt < 0) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
						"incomplete format");
				goto error;
			}
			if (c != '%') {
				v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
				if (v == NULL)
					goto error;
			}
			sign = 0;
			fill = ' ';
			switch (c) {
			case '%':
				buf = "%";
				len = 1;
				break;
			case 's':
				temp = PyObject_Str(v);
				if (temp == NULL)
					goto error;
				if (!PyString_Check(temp)) {
					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
					  "%s argument has non-string str()");
					goto error;
				}
				buf = PyString_AsString(temp);
				len = PyString_Size(temp);
				if (prec >= 0 && len > prec)
					len = prec;
				break;
			case 'i':
			case 'd':
			case 'u':
			case 'o':
			case 'x':
			case 'X':
				if (c == 'i')
					c = 'd';
				buf = tmpbuf;
				len = formatint(buf, flags, prec, c, v);
				if (len < 0)
					goto error;
				sign = (c == 'd');
				if (flags&F_ZERO) {
					fill = '0';
					if ((flags&F_ALT) &&
					    (c == 'x' || c == 'X') &&
					    buf[0] == '0' && buf[1] == c) {
						*res++ = *buf++;
						*res++ = *buf++;
						rescnt -= 2;
						len -= 2;
						width -= 2;
						if (width < 0)
							width = 0;
					}
				}
				break;
			case 'e':
			case 'E':
			case 'f':
			case 'g':
			case 'G':
				buf = tmpbuf;
				len = formatfloat(buf, flags, prec, c, v);
				if (len < 0)
					goto error;
				sign = 1;
				if (flags&F_ZERO)
					fill = '0';
				break;
			case 'c':
				buf = tmpbuf;
				len = formatchar(buf, v);
				if (len < 0)
					goto error;
				break;
			default:
				PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
				"unsupported format character '%c' (0x%x)",
					c, c);
				goto error;
			}
			if (sign) {
				if (*buf == '-' || *buf == '+') {
					sign = *buf++;
					len--;
				}
				else if (flags & F_SIGN)
					sign = '+';
				else if (flags & F_BLANK)
					sign = ' ';
				else
					sign = '\0';
			}
			if (width < len)
				width = len;
			if (rescnt < width + (sign != '\0')) {
				reslen -= rescnt;
				rescnt = width + fmtcnt + 100;
				reslen += rescnt;
				if (_PyString_Resize(&result, reslen) < 0)
					return NULL;
				res = PyString_AsString(result)
					+ reslen - rescnt;
			}
			if (sign) {
				if (fill != ' ')
					*res++ = sign;
				rescnt--;
				if (width > len)
					width--;
			}
			if (width > len && !(flags&F_LJUST)) {
				do {
					--rescnt;
					*res++ = fill;
				} while (--width > len);
			}
			if (sign && fill == ' ')
				*res++ = sign;
			memcpy(res, buf, len);
			res += len;
			rescnt -= len;
			while (--width >= len) {
				--rescnt;
				*res++ = ' ';
			}
                        if (dict && (argidx < arglen) && c != '%') {
                                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                           "not all arguments converted");
                                goto error;
                        }
			Py_XDECREF(temp);
		} /* '%' */
	} /* until end */
	if (argidx < arglen && !dict) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"not all arguments converted");
		goto error;
	}
	if (args_owned) {
		Py_DECREF(args);
	}
	_PyString_Resize(&result, reslen - rescnt);
	return result;
 error:
	Py_DECREF(result);
	if (args_owned) {
		Py_DECREF(args);
	}
	return NULL;
}


#ifdef INTERN_STRINGS

static PyObject *interned;

void
PyString_InternInPlace(p)
	PyObject **p;
{
	register PyStringObject *s = (PyStringObject *)(*p);
	PyObject *t;
	if (s == NULL || !PyString_Check(s))
		Py_FatalError("PyString_InternInPlace: strings only please!");
	if ((t = s->ob_sinterned) != NULL) {
		if (t == (PyObject *)s)
			return;
		Py_INCREF(t);
		*p = t;
		Py_DECREF(s);
		return;
	}
	if (interned == NULL) {
		interned = PyDict_New();
		if (interned == NULL)
			return;
	}
	if ((t = PyDict_GetItem(interned, (PyObject *)s)) != NULL) {
		Py_INCREF(t);
		*p = s->ob_sinterned = t;
		Py_DECREF(s);
		return;
	}
	t = (PyObject *)s;
	if (PyDict_SetItem(interned, t, t) == 0) {
		s->ob_sinterned = t;
		return;
	}
	PyErr_Clear();
}


PyObject *
PyString_InternFromString(cp)
	const char *cp;
{
	PyObject *s = PyString_FromString(cp);
	if (s == NULL)
		return NULL;
	PyString_InternInPlace(&s);
	return s;
}

#endif

void
PyString_Fini()
{
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < UCHAR_MAX + 1; i++) {
		Py_XDECREF(characters[i]);
		characters[i] = NULL;
	}
#ifndef DONT_SHARE_SHORT_STRINGS
	Py_XDECREF(nullstring);
	nullstring = NULL;
#endif
#ifdef INTERN_STRINGS
	if (interned) {
		int pos, changed;
		PyObject *key, *value;
		do {
			changed = 0;
			pos = 0;
			while (PyDict_Next(interned, &pos, &key, &value)) {
				if (key->ob_refcnt == 2 && key == value) {
					PyDict_DelItem(interned, key);
					changed = 1;
				}
			}
		} while (changed);
	}
#endif
}