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:mod:`locale` --- Internationalization services
===============================================
.. module:: locale
:synopsis: Internationalization services.
.. moduleauthor:: Martin von Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
.. sectionauthor:: Martin von Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
The :mod:`locale` module opens access to the POSIX locale database and
functionality. The POSIX locale mechanism allows programmers to deal with
certain cultural issues in an application, without requiring the programmer to
know all the specifics of each country where the software is executed.
.. index:: module: _locale
The :mod:`locale` module is implemented on top of the :mod:`_locale` module,
which in turn uses an ANSI C locale implementation if available.
The :mod:`locale` module defines the following exception and functions:
.. exception:: Error
Exception raised when :func:`setlocale` fails.
.. function:: setlocale(category[, locale])
If *locale* is specified, it may be a string, a tuple of the form ``(language
code, encoding)``, or ``None``. If it is a tuple, it is converted to a string
using the locale aliasing engine. If *locale* is given and not ``None``,
:func:`setlocale` modifies the locale setting for the *category*. The available
categories are listed in the data description below. The value is the name of a
locale. An empty string specifies the user's default settings. If the
modification of the locale fails, the exception :exc:`Error` is raised. If
successful, the new locale setting is returned.
If *locale* is omitted or ``None``, the current setting for *category* is
returned.
:func:`setlocale` is not thread safe on most systems. Applications typically
start with a call of ::
import locale
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
This sets the locale for all categories to the user's default setting (typically
specified in the :envvar:`LANG` environment variable). If the locale is not
changed thereafter, using multithreading should not cause problems.
.. function:: localeconv()
Returns the database of the local conventions as a dictionary. This dictionary
has the following strings as keys:
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Category | Key | Meaning |
+======================+=====================================+================================+
| :const:`LC_NUMERIC` | ``'decimal_point'`` | Decimal point character. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'grouping'`` | Sequence of numbers specifying |
| | | which relative positions the |
| | | ``'thousands_sep'`` is |
| | | expected. If the sequence is |
| | | terminated with |
| | | :const:`CHAR_MAX`, no further |
| | | grouping is performed. If the |
| | | sequence terminates with a |
| | | ``0``, the last group size is |
| | | repeatedly used. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'thousands_sep'`` | Character used between groups. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| :const:`LC_MONETARY` | ``'int_curr_symbol'`` | International currency symbol. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'currency_symbol'`` | Local currency symbol. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'p_cs_precedes/n_cs_precedes'`` | Whether the currency symbol |
| | | precedes the value (for |
| | | positive resp. negative |
| | | values). |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'p_sep_by_space/n_sep_by_space'`` | Whether the currency symbol is |
| | | separated from the value by a |
| | | space (for positive resp. |
| | | negative values). |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'mon_decimal_point'`` | Decimal point used for |
| | | monetary values. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'frac_digits'`` | Number of fractional digits |
| | | used in local formatting of |
| | | monetary values. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'int_frac_digits'`` | Number of fractional digits |
| | | used in international |
| | | formatting of monetary values. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'mon_thousands_sep'`` | Group separator used for |
| | | monetary values. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'mon_grouping'`` | Equivalent to ``'grouping'``, |
| | | used for monetary values. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'positive_sign'`` | Symbol used to annotate a |
| | | positive monetary value. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'negative_sign'`` | Symbol used to annotate a |
| | | negative monetary value. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | ``'p_sign_posn/n_sign_posn'`` | The position of the sign (for |
| | | positive resp. negative |
| | | values), see below. |
+----------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
All numeric values can be set to :const:`CHAR_MAX` to indicate that there is no
value specified in this locale.
The possible values for ``'p_sign_posn'`` and ``'n_sign_posn'`` are given below.
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Value | Explanation |
+==============+=========================================+
| ``0`` | Currency and value are surrounded by |
| | parentheses. |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ``1`` | The sign should precede the value and |
| | currency symbol. |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ``2`` | The sign should follow the value and |
| | currency symbol. |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ``3`` | The sign should immediately precede the |
| | value. |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ``4`` | The sign should immediately follow the |
| | value. |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ``CHAR_MAX`` | Nothing is specified in this locale. |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+
.. function:: nl_langinfo(option)
Return some locale-specific information as a string. This function is not
available on all systems, and the set of possible options might also vary across
platforms. The possible argument values are numbers, for which symbolic
constants are available in the locale module.
.. function:: getdefaultlocale([envvars])
Tries to determine the default locale settings and returns them as a tuple of
the form ``(language code, encoding)``.
According to POSIX, a program which has not called ``setlocale(LC_ALL, '')``
runs using the portable ``'C'`` locale. Calling ``setlocale(LC_ALL, '')`` lets
it use the default locale as defined by the :envvar:`LANG` variable. Since we
do not want to interfere with the current locale setting we thus emulate the
behavior in the way described above.
To maintain compatibility with other platforms, not only the :envvar:`LANG`
variable is tested, but a list of variables given as envvars parameter. The
first found to be defined will be used. *envvars* defaults to the search path
used in GNU gettext; it must always contain the variable name ``LANG``. The GNU
gettext search path contains ``'LANGUAGE'``, ``'LC_ALL'``, ``'LC_CTYPE'``, and
``'LANG'``, in that order.
Except for the code ``'C'``, the language code corresponds to :rfc:`1766`.
*language code* and *encoding* may be ``None`` if their values cannot be
determined.
.. function:: getlocale([category])
Returns the current setting for the given locale category as sequence containing
*language code*, *encoding*. *category* may be one of the :const:`LC_\*` values
except :const:`LC_ALL`. It defaults to :const:`LC_CTYPE`.
Except for the code ``'C'``, the language code corresponds to :rfc:`1766`.
*language code* and *encoding* may be ``None`` if their values cannot be
determined.
.. function:: getpreferredencoding([do_setlocale])
Return the encoding used for text data, according to user preferences. User
preferences are expressed differently on different systems, and might not be
available programmatically on some systems, so this function only returns a
guess.
On some systems, it is necessary to invoke :func:`setlocale` to obtain the user
preferences, so this function is not thread-safe. If invoking setlocale is not
necessary or desired, *do_setlocale* should be set to ``False``.
.. function:: normalize(localename)
Returns a normalized locale code for the given locale name. The returned locale
code is formatted for use with :func:`setlocale`. If normalization fails, the
original name is returned unchanged.
If the given encoding is not known, the function defaults to the default
encoding for the locale code just like :func:`setlocale`.
.. function:: resetlocale([category])
Sets the locale for *category* to the default setting.
The default setting is determined by calling :func:`getdefaultlocale`.
*category* defaults to :const:`LC_ALL`.
.. function:: strcoll(string1, string2)
Compares two strings according to the current :const:`LC_COLLATE` setting. As
any other compare function, returns a negative, or a positive value, or ``0``,
depending on whether *string1* collates before or after *string2* or is equal to
it.
.. function:: strxfrm(string)
.. index:: builtin: cmp
Transforms a string to one that can be used for the built-in function
:func:`cmp`, and still returns locale-aware results. This function can be used
when the same string is compared repeatedly, e.g. when collating a sequence of
strings.
.. function:: format(format, val[, grouping[, monetary]])
Formats a number *val* according to the current :const:`LC_NUMERIC` setting.
The format follows the conventions of the ``%`` operator. For floating point
values, the decimal point is modified if appropriate. If *grouping* is true,
also takes the grouping into account.
If *monetary* is true, the conversion uses monetary thousands separator and
grouping strings.
Please note that this function will only work for exactly one %char specifier.
For whole format strings, use :func:`format_string`.
.. function:: format_string(format, val[, grouping])
Processes formatting specifiers as in ``format % val``, but takes the current
locale settings into account.
.. function:: currency(val[, symbol[, grouping[, international]]])
Formats a number *val* according to the current :const:`LC_MONETARY` settings.
The returned string includes the currency symbol if *symbol* is true, which is
the default. If *grouping* is true (which is not the default), grouping is done
with the value. If *international* is true (which is not the default), the
international currency symbol is used.
Note that this function will not work with the 'C' locale, so you have to set a
locale via :func:`setlocale` first.
.. function:: str(float)
Formats a floating point number using the same format as the built-in function
``str(float)``, but takes the decimal point into account.
.. function:: atof(string)
Converts a string to a floating point number, following the :const:`LC_NUMERIC`
settings.
.. function:: atoi(string)
Converts a string to an integer, following the :const:`LC_NUMERIC` conventions.
.. data:: LC_CTYPE
.. index:: module: string
Locale category for the character type functions. Depending on the settings of
this category, the functions of module :mod:`string` dealing with case change
their behaviour.
.. data:: LC_COLLATE
Locale category for sorting strings. The functions :func:`strcoll` and
:func:`strxfrm` of the :mod:`locale` module are affected.
.. data:: LC_TIME
Locale category for the formatting of time. The function :func:`time.strftime`
follows these conventions.
.. data:: LC_MONETARY
Locale category for formatting of monetary values. The available options are
available from the :func:`localeconv` function.
.. data:: LC_MESSAGES
Locale category for message display. Python currently does not support
application specific locale-aware messages. Messages displayed by the operating
system, like those returned by :func:`os.strerror` might be affected by this
category.
.. data:: LC_NUMERIC
Locale category for formatting numbers. The functions :func:`format`,
:func:`atoi`, :func:`atof` and :func:`str` of the :mod:`locale` module are
affected by that category. All other numeric formatting operations are not
affected.
.. data:: LC_ALL
Combination of all locale settings. If this flag is used when the locale is
changed, setting the locale for all categories is attempted. If that fails for
any category, no category is changed at all. When the locale is retrieved using
this flag, a string indicating the setting for all categories is returned. This
string can be later used to restore the settings.
.. data:: CHAR_MAX
This is a symbolic constant used for different values returned by
:func:`localeconv`.
The :func:`nl_langinfo` function accepts one of the following keys. Most
descriptions are taken from the corresponding description in the GNU C library.
.. data:: CODESET
Return a string with the name of the character encoding used in the selected
locale.
.. data:: D_T_FMT
Return a string that can be used as a format string for strftime(3) to represent
time and date in a locale-specific way.
.. data:: D_FMT
Return a string that can be used as a format string for strftime(3) to represent
a date in a locale-specific way.
.. data:: T_FMT
Return a string that can be used as a format string for strftime(3) to represent
a time in a locale-specific way.
.. data:: T_FMT_AMPM
The return value can be used as a format string for 'strftime' to represent time
in the am/pm format.
.. data:: DAY_1 ... DAY_7
Return name of the n-th day of the week.
.. warning::
This follows the US convention of :const:`DAY_1` being Sunday, not the
international convention (ISO 8601) that Monday is the first day of the week.
.. data:: ABDAY_1 ... ABDAY_7
Return abbreviated name of the n-th day of the week.
.. data:: MON_1 ... MON_12
Return name of the n-th month.
.. data:: ABMON_1 ... ABMON_12
Return abbreviated name of the n-th month.
.. data:: RADIXCHAR
Return radix character (decimal dot, decimal comma, etc.)
.. data:: THOUSEP
Return separator character for thousands (groups of three digits).
.. data:: YESEXPR
Return a regular expression that can be used with the regex function to
recognize a positive response to a yes/no question.
.. warning::
The expression is in the syntax suitable for the :cfunc:`regex` function from
the C library, which might differ from the syntax used in :mod:`re`.
.. data:: NOEXPR
Return a regular expression that can be used with the regex(3) function to
recognize a negative response to a yes/no question.
.. data:: CRNCYSTR
Return the currency symbol, preceded by "-" if the symbol should appear before
the value, "+" if the symbol should appear after the value, or "." if the symbol
should replace the radix character.
.. data:: ERA
The return value represents the era used in the current locale.
Most locales do not define this value. An example of a locale which does define
this value is the Japanese one. In Japan, the traditional representation of
dates includes the name of the era corresponding to the then-emperor's reign.
Normally it should not be necessary to use this value directly. Specifying the
``E`` modifier in their format strings causes the :func:`strftime` function to
use this information. The format of the returned string is not specified, and
therefore you should not assume knowledge of it on different systems.
.. data:: ERA_YEAR
The return value gives the year in the relevant era of the locale.
.. data:: ERA_D_T_FMT
This return value can be used as a format string for :func:`strftime` to
represent dates and times in a locale-specific era-based way.
.. data:: ERA_D_FMT
This return value can be used as a format string for :func:`strftime` to
represent time in a locale-specific era-based way.
.. data:: ALT_DIGITS
The return value is a representation of up to 100 values used to represent the
values 0 to 99.
Example::
>>> import locale
>>> loc = locale.getlocale(locale.LC_ALL) # get current locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'de_DE') # use German locale; name might vary with platform
>>> locale.strcoll('f\xe4n', 'foo') # compare a string containing an umlaut
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '') # use user's preferred locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'C') # use default (C) locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, loc) # restore saved locale
Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
--------------------------------------------
The C standard defines the locale as a program-wide property that may be
relatively expensive to change. On top of that, some implementation are broken
in such a way that frequent locale changes may cause core dumps. This makes the
locale somewhat painful to use correctly.
Initially, when a program is started, the locale is the ``C`` locale, no matter
what the user's preferred locale is. The program must explicitly say that it
wants the user's preferred locale settings by calling ``setlocale(LC_ALL, '')``.
It is generally a bad idea to call :func:`setlocale` in some library routine,
since as a side effect it affects the entire program. Saving and restoring it
is almost as bad: it is expensive and affects other threads that happen to run
before the settings have been restored.
If, when coding a module for general use, you need a locale independent version
of an operation that is affected by the locale (such as :func:`string.lower`, or
certain formats used with :func:`time.strftime`), you will have to find a way to
do it without using the standard library routine. Even better is convincing
yourself that using locale settings is okay. Only as a last resort should you
document that your module is not compatible with non-\ ``C`` locale settings.
.. index:: module: string
The case conversion functions in the :mod:`string` module are affected by the
locale settings. When a call to the :func:`setlocale` function changes the
:const:`LC_CTYPE` settings, the variables ``string.lowercase``,
``string.uppercase`` and ``string.letters`` are recalculated. Note that code
that uses these variable through ':keyword:`from` ... :keyword:`import` ...',
e.g. ``from string import letters``, is not affected by subsequent
:func:`setlocale` calls.
The only way to perform numeric operations according to the locale is to use the
special functions defined by this module: :func:`atof`, :func:`atoi`,
:func:`format`, :func:`str`.
.. _embedding-locale:
For extension writers and programs that embed Python
----------------------------------------------------
Extension modules should never call :func:`setlocale`, except to find out what
the current locale is. But since the return value can only be used portably to
restore it, that is not very useful (except perhaps to find out whether or not
the locale is ``C``).
When Python code uses the :mod:`locale` module to change the locale, this also
affects the embedding application. If the embedding application doesn't want
this to happen, it should remove the :mod:`_locale` extension module (which does
all the work) from the table of built-in modules in the :file:`config.c` file,
and make sure that the :mod:`_locale` module is not accessible as a shared
library.
.. _locale-gettext:
Access to message catalogs
--------------------------
The locale module exposes the C library's gettext interface on systems that
provide this interface. It consists of the functions :func:`gettext`,
:func:`dgettext`, :func:`dcgettext`, :func:`textdomain`, :func:`bindtextdomain`,
and :func:`bind_textdomain_codeset`. These are similar to the same functions in
the :mod:`gettext` module, but use the C library's binary format for message
catalogs, and the C library's search algorithms for locating message catalogs.
Python applications should normally find no need to invoke these functions, and
should use :mod:`gettext` instead. A known exception to this rule are
applications that link use additional C libraries which internally invoke
:cfunc:`gettext` or :func:`dcgettext`. For these applications, it may be
necessary to bind the text domain, so that the libraries can properly locate
their message catalogs.
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