linux/Documentation/admin-guide
Daniel Yang 86cfa9a85f Documentation: dm-crypt.rst warning + error fix
While building kernel documention using make htmldocs command, I was
getting unexpected indentation error. Single description was given for
two module parameters with wrong indentation. So, I corrected the
indentation of both parameters and the description.

Signed-off-by: Shibu kumar <shibukumar.bit@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Yang <danielyangkang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Fixes: 0d815e3400 ("dm-crypt: limit the size of encryption requests")
2024-08-13 16:36:39 +02:00
..
acpi Documentation: admin-guide: PM: Fix two typos 2024-01-10 15:10:44 +01:00
aoe
auxdisplay
blockdev zram: add max_pages param to recompression 2024-04-25 20:56:30 -07:00
cgroup-v1 cgroup/pids: Separate semantics of pids.events related to pids.max 2024-05-26 08:45:09 -10:00
cifs smb3: fix setting SecurityFlags when encryption is required 2024-08-08 11:14:53 -05:00
device-mapper Documentation: dm-crypt.rst warning + error fix 2024-08-13 16:36:39 +02:00
gpio gpio: virtuser: new virtual testing driver for the GPIO API 2024-07-09 09:39:54 +02:00
hw-vuln x86/bugs: Remove duplicate Spectre cmdline option descriptions 2024-06-28 15:28:38 +02:00
kdump Documentation: kdump: clean up the outdated description 2024-04-25 21:07:04 -07:00
laptops platform/x86: Support for mode FN key 2024-01-24 12:40:55 +02:00
LSM tomoyo: update project links 2024-06-03 22:43:11 +09:00
media media: em28xx: Add support for MyGica UTV3 2024-06-29 12:20:05 +02:00
mm - 875fa64577 ("mm/hugetlb_vmemmap: fix race with speculative PFN 2024-07-21 17:15:46 -07:00
namespaces
nfs
perf Documentation: qcom-pmu: Use /sys/bus/event_source/devices paths 2024-04-19 15:59:30 +01:00
pm cpufreq: docs: Add missing scaling_available_frequencies description 2024-07-02 20:51:08 +02:00
RAS Documentation: Move RAS section to admin-guide 2024-02-14 17:10:06 +01:00
sysctl parisc architecture fixes and updates for kernel v6.11-rc1: 2024-07-25 12:37:42 -07:00
thermal It has been a moderately calm cycle for documentation; the significant 2023-02-22 12:00:20 -08:00
abi-obsolete.rst docs: kernel_abi.py: fix command injection 2024-01-03 13:44:11 -07:00
abi-removed.rst docs: kernel_abi.py: fix command injection 2024-01-03 13:44:11 -07:00
abi-stable.rst docs: kernel_abi.py: fix command injection 2024-01-03 13:44:11 -07:00
abi-testing.rst docs: kernel_abi.py: fix command injection 2024-01-03 13:44:11 -07:00
abi.rst
bcache.rst bcache: Remove dead references to cache_readaheads 2023-06-15 07:30:11 -06:00
binderfs.rst
binfmt-misc.rst
bootconfig.rst Allow forcing unconditional bootconfig processing 2023-02-22 08:27:48 +09:00
braille-console.rst
btmrvl.rst
bug-bisect.rst
bug-hunting.rst
cgroup-v2.rst - 875fa64577 ("mm/hugetlb_vmemmap: fix race with speculative PFN 2024-07-21 17:15:46 -07:00
clearing-warn-once.rst
cpu-load.rst
cputopology.rst
dell_rbu.rst
devices.rst docs: admin: devices: drop confusing outdated statement on Latex 2022-07-14 15:03:56 -06:00
devices.txt Documentation: devices.txt: Update ttyUL major number allocation details 2023-11-25 07:23:16 +00:00
dynamic-debug-howto.rst Documentation: add reference from dynamic debug to loglevel kernel params 2024-07-09 08:57:52 -06:00
edid.rst drm/edid/firmware: Remove built-in EDIDs 2024-02-26 14:05:18 +01:00
efi-stub.rst Documentation efi-stub.rst: fix arm64 EFI source location 2023-09-22 05:29:19 -06:00
ext4.rst ext4: Remove the logic to trim inode PAs 2023-04-06 01:13:13 -04:00
features.rst docs: kernel_feat.py: fix potential command injection 2024-01-11 09:21:01 -07:00
filesystem-monitoring.rst
highuid.rst
hw_random.rst docs: admin-guide: hw_random: update rng-tools website 2024-01-11 09:35:18 -07:00
index.rst Docs/admin-guide: Remove pmf leftover reference from the index 2024-07-16 11:41:46 +03:00
init.rst
initrd.rst
iostats.rst
java.rst
jfs.rst
kernel-parameters.rst Documentation: Remove IA-64 from kernel-parameters 2024-06-27 11:31:52 -06:00
kernel-parameters.txt profiling: remove profile=sleep support 2024-08-04 13:36:28 -07:00
kernel-per-CPU-kthreads.rst docs: admin-guide: remove obsolete advice related to SLAB allocator 2024-01-23 14:52:37 -07:00
lcd-panel-cgram.rst
ldm.rst
lockup-watchdogs.rst
md.rst Documentation: admin-guide: correct spelling 2023-02-02 11:04:42 -07:00
module-signing.rst Documentation/module-signing.txt: bring up to date 2023-10-27 18:04:30 +08:00
mono.rst
numastat.rst
parport.rst
perf-security.rst
pnp.rst
pstore-blk.rst docs: pstore-blk.rst: fix typo, s/console/ftrace 2023-09-23 20:45:26 -07:00
quickly-build-trimmed-linux.rst docs: quickly-build-trimmed-linux: various small fixes and improvements 2023-05-16 12:50:05 -06:00
ramoops.rst pstore/ramoops: Add ramoops.mem_name= command line option 2024-06-19 18:05:14 +03:00
rapidio.rst
README.rst docs: admin-guide: Update bootloader and installation instructions 2024-02-14 15:46:34 -07:00
reporting-issues.rst Documentation/security-bugs: move from admin-guide/ to process/ 2023-03-12 15:56:43 +01:00
reporting-regressions.rst docs: *-regressions.rst: unify quoting, add missing word 2024-04-10 15:01:32 -06:00
rtc.rst
serial-console.rst Documentation: serial-console: Fix literal block marker 2023-08-28 12:42:03 -06:00
spkguide.txt speakup: Document USB support 2023-10-26 11:35:21 -06:00
svga.rst
syscall-user-dispatch.rst ptrace: Provide set/get interface for syscall user dispatch 2023-04-16 14:23:07 +02:00
sysfs-rules.rst
sysrq.rst tty/sysrq: Replay kernel log messages on consoles via sysrq 2024-04-11 14:22:52 +02:00
tainted-kernels.rst Documentation: admin-guide: tainted-kernels.rst: Add missing article and comma 2024-02-05 10:25:58 -07:00
thunderbolt.rst
ufs.rst
unicode.rst docs: admin: unicode: update information on state of lanana.org document 2023-03-14 12:27:39 -06:00
verify-bugs-and-bisect-regressions.rst docs: verify/bisect: Fix rendered version URL 2024-06-26 16:54:24 -06:00
vga-softcursor.rst
video-output.rst
workload-tracing.rst docs: add workload-tracing document to admin-guide 2023-02-02 10:43:13 -07:00
xfs.rst Documentation: admin-guide: correct "it's" to possessive "its" 2023-07-14 13:17:55 -06:00

.. _readme:

Linux kernel release 6.x <http://kernel.org/>
=============================================

These are the release notes for Linux version 6.  Read them carefully,
as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the
kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong.

What is Linux?
--------------

  Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by
  Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across
  the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.

  It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix,
  including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand
  loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management,
  and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.

  It is distributed under the GNU General Public License v2 - see the
  accompanying COPYING file for more details.

On what hardware does it run?
-----------------------------

  Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher),
  today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and
  UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, Cell,
  IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64 Xtensa, and
  ARC architectures.

  Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures
  as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the
  GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has
  also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although
  functionality is then obviously somewhat limited.
  Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a
  userspace application - this is called UserMode Linux (UML).

Documentation
-------------

 - There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on
   the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to
   general UNIX questions.  I'd recommend looking into the documentation
   subdirectories on any Linux FTP site for the LDP (Linux Documentation
   Project) books.  This README is not meant to be documentation on the
   system: there are much better sources available.

 - There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory:
   these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some
   drivers for example. Please read the
   :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>` file, as it
   contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading
   your kernel.

Installing the kernel source
----------------------------

 - If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a
   directory where you have permissions (e.g. your home directory) and
   unpack it::

     xz -cd linux-6.x.tar.xz | tar xvf -

   Replace "X" with the version number of the latest kernel.

   Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually
   incomplete) set of kernel headers that are used by the library header
   files.  They should match the library, and not get messed up by
   whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be.

 - You can also upgrade between 6.x releases by patching.  Patches are
   distributed in the xz format.  To install by patching, get all the
   newer patch files, enter the top level directory of the kernel source
   (linux-6.x) and execute::

     xz -cd ../patch-6.x.xz | patch -p1

   Replace "x" for all versions bigger than the version "x" of your current
   source tree, **in_order**, and you should be ok.  You may want to remove
   the backup files (some-file-name~ or some-file-name.orig), and make sure
   that there are no failed patches (some-file-name# or some-file-name.rej).
   If there are, either you or I have made a mistake.

   Unlike patches for the 6.x kernels, patches for the 6.x.y kernels
   (also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply
   directly to the base 6.x kernel.  For example, if your base kernel is 6.0
   and you want to apply the 6.0.3 patch, you must not first apply the 6.0.1
   and 6.0.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel version 6.0.2 and
   want to jump to 6.0.3, you must first reverse the 6.0.2 patch (that is,
   patch -R) **before** applying the 6.0.3 patch. You can read more on this in
   :ref:`Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst <applying_patches>`.

   Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this
   process.  It determines the current kernel version and applies any
   patches found::

     linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux

   The first argument in the command above is the location of the
   kernel source.  Patches are applied from the current directory, but
   an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument.

 - Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around::

     cd linux
     make mrproper

   You should now have the sources correctly installed.

Software requirements
---------------------

   Compiling and running the 6.x kernels requires up-to-date
   versions of various software packages.  Consult
   :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>` for the minimum version numbers
   required and how to get updates for these packages.  Beware that using
   excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect
   errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that
   you can just update packages when obvious problems arise during
   build or operation.

Build directory for the kernel
------------------------------

   When compiling the kernel, all output files will per default be
   stored together with the kernel source code.
   Using the option ``make O=output/dir`` allows you to specify an alternate
   place for the output files (including .config).
   Example::

     kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-6.x
     build directory:    /home/name/build/kernel

   To configure and build the kernel, use::

     cd /usr/src/linux-6.x
     make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig
     make O=/home/name/build/kernel
     sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install

   Please note: If the ``O=output/dir`` option is used, then it must be
   used for all invocations of make.

Configuring the kernel
----------------------

   Do not skip this step even if you are only upgrading one minor
   version.  New configuration options are added in each release, and
   odd problems will turn up if the configuration files are not set up
   as expected.  If you want to carry your existing configuration to a
   new version with minimal work, use ``make oldconfig``, which will
   only ask you for the answers to new questions.

 - Alternative configuration commands are::

     "make config"      Plain text interface.

     "make menuconfig"  Text based color menus, radiolists & dialogs.

     "make nconfig"     Enhanced text based color menus.

     "make xconfig"     Qt based configuration tool.

     "make gconfig"     GTK+ based configuration tool.

     "make oldconfig"   Default all questions based on the contents of
                        your existing ./.config file and asking about
                        new config symbols.

     "make olddefconfig"
                        Like above, but sets new symbols to their default
                        values without prompting.

     "make defconfig"   Create a ./.config file by using the default
                        symbol values from either arch/$ARCH/defconfig
                        or arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig,
                        depending on the architecture.

     "make ${PLATFORM}_defconfig"
                        Create a ./.config file by using the default
                        symbol values from
                        arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig.
                        Use "make help" to get a list of all available
                        platforms of your architecture.

     "make allyesconfig"
                        Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
                        values to 'y' as much as possible.

     "make allmodconfig"
                        Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
                        values to 'm' as much as possible.

     "make allnoconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
                        values to 'n' as much as possible.

     "make randconfig"  Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
                        values to random values.

     "make localmodconfig" Create a config based on current config and
                           loaded modules (lsmod). Disables any module
                           option that is not needed for the loaded modules.

                           To create a localmodconfig for another machine,
                           store the lsmod of that machine into a file
                           and pass it in as a LSMOD parameter.

                           Also, you can preserve modules in certain folders
                           or kconfig files by specifying their paths in
                           parameter LMC_KEEP.

                   target$ lsmod > /tmp/mylsmod
                   target$ scp /tmp/mylsmod host:/tmp

                   host$ make LSMOD=/tmp/mylsmod \
                           LMC_KEEP="drivers/usb:drivers/gpu:fs" \
                           localmodconfig

                           The above also works when cross compiling.

     "make localyesconfig" Similar to localmodconfig, except it will convert
                           all module options to built in (=y) options. You can
                           also preserve modules by LMC_KEEP.

     "make kvm_guest.config"   Enable additional options for kvm guest kernel
                               support.

     "make xen.config"   Enable additional options for xen dom0 guest kernel
                         support.

     "make tinyconfig"  Configure the tiniest possible kernel.

   You can find more information on using the Linux kernel config tools
   in Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.rst.

 - NOTES on ``make config``:

    - Having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can
      under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a
      nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers.

    - A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the
      coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just
      never get used in that case.  The kernel will be slightly larger,
      but will work on different machines regardless of whether they
      have a math coprocessor or not.

    - The "kernel hacking" configuration details usually result in a
      bigger or slower kernel (or both), and can even make the kernel
      less stable by configuring some routines to actively try to
      break bad code to find kernel problems (kmalloc()).  Thus you
      should probably answer 'n' to the questions for "development",
      "experimental", or "debugging" features.

Compiling the kernel
--------------------

 - Make sure you have at least gcc 5.1 available.
   For more information, refer to :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>`.

 - Do a ``make`` to create a compressed kernel image. It is also possible to do
   ``make install`` if you have lilo installed or if your distribution has an
   install script recognised by the kernel's installer. Most popular
   distributions will have a recognized install script. You may want to
   check your distribution's setup first.

   To do the actual install, you have to be root, but none of the normal
   build should require that. Don't take the name of root in vain.

 - If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as ``modules``, you
   will also have to do ``make modules_install``.

 - Verbose kernel compile/build output:

   Normally, the kernel build system runs in a fairly quiet mode (but not
   totally silent).  However, sometimes you or other kernel developers need
   to see compile, link, or other commands exactly as they are executed.
   For this, use "verbose" build mode.  This is done by passing
   ``V=1`` to the ``make`` command, e.g.::

     make V=1 all

   To have the build system also tell the reason for the rebuild of each
   target, use ``V=2``.  The default is ``V=0``.

 - Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong.  This is
   especially true for the development releases, since each new release
   contains new code which has not been debugged.  Make sure you keep a
   backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well.  If you
   are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your
   working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you
   do a ``make modules_install``.

   Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option
   "LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version.
   LOCALVERSION can be set in the "General Setup" menu.

 - In order to boot your new kernel, you'll need to copy the kernel
   image (e.g. .../linux/arch/x86/boot/bzImage after compilation)
   to the place where your regular bootable kernel is found.

 - Booting a kernel directly from a storage device without the assistance
   of a bootloader such as LILO or GRUB, is no longer supported in BIOS
   (non-EFI systems). On UEFI/EFI systems, however, you can use EFISTUB
   which allows the motherboard to boot directly to the kernel.
   On modern workstations and desktops, it's generally recommended to use a
   bootloader as difficulties can arise with multiple kernels and secure boot.
   For more details on EFISTUB,
   see "Documentation/admin-guide/efi-stub.rst".

 - It's important to note that as of 2016 LILO (LInux LOader) is no longer in
   active development, though as it was extremely popular, it often comes up
   in documentation. Popular alternatives include GRUB2, rEFInd, Syslinux,
   systemd-boot, or EFISTUB. For various reasons, it's not recommended to use
   software that's no longer in active development.

 - Chances are your distribution includes an install script and running
   ``make install`` will be all that's needed. Should that not be the case
   you'll have to identify your bootloader and reference its documentation or
   configure your EFI.

Legacy LILO Instructions
------------------------


 - If you use LILO the kernel images are specified in the file /etc/lilo.conf.
   The kernel image file is usually /vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz, /bzImage or
   /boot/bzImage. To use the new kernel, save a copy of the old image and copy
   the new image over the old one. Then, you MUST RERUN LILO to update the
   loading map! If you don't, you won't be able to boot the new kernel image.

 - Reinstalling LILO is usually a matter of running /sbin/lilo. You may wish
   to edit /etc/lilo.conf to specify an entry for your old kernel image
   (say, /vmlinux.old) in case the new one does not work. See the LILO docs
   for more information.

 - After reinstalling LILO, you should be all set. Shutdown the system,
   reboot, and enjoy!

 - If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode, etc. in the
   kernel image, use your bootloader's boot options where appropriate. No need
   to recompile the kernel to change these parameters.

 - Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy.


If something goes wrong
-----------------------

If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please follow the
instructions at 'Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst'.

Hints on understanding kernel bug reports are in
'Documentation/admin-guide/bug-hunting.rst'. More on debugging the kernel
with gdb is in 'Documentation/dev-tools/gdb-kernel-debugging.rst' and
'Documentation/dev-tools/kgdb.rst'.