linux/arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
#define pr_fmt(fmt) "SMP alternatives: " fmt

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/stringify.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/memory.h>
#include <linux/stop_machine.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/kdebug.h>
#include <linux/kprobes.h>
#include <linux/mmu_context.h>
#include <linux/bsearch.h>
#include <linux/sync_core.h>
#include <asm/text-patching.h>
#include <asm/alternative.h>
#include <asm/sections.h>
#include <asm/mce.h>
#include <asm/nmi.h>
#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include <asm/insn.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/fixmap.h>
#include <asm/paravirt.h>
#include <asm/asm-prototypes.h>

int __read_mostly alternatives_patched;

EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(alternatives_patched);

#define MAX_PATCH_LEN (255-1)

#define DA_ALL		(~0)
#define DA_ALT		0x01
#define DA_RET		0x02
#define DA_RETPOLINE	0x04
#define DA_ENDBR	0x08
#define DA_SMP		0x10

static unsigned int __initdata_or_module debug_alternative;

static int __init debug_alt(char *str)
{
	if (str && *str == '=')
		str++;

	if (!str || kstrtouint(str, 0, &debug_alternative))
		debug_alternative = DA_ALL;

	return 1;
}
__setup("debug-alternative", debug_alt);

static int noreplace_smp;

static int __init setup_noreplace_smp(char *str)
{
	noreplace_smp = 1;
	return 1;
}
__setup("noreplace-smp", setup_noreplace_smp);

#define DPRINTK(type, fmt, args...)					\
do {									\
	if (debug_alternative & DA_##type)				\
		printk(KERN_DEBUG pr_fmt(fmt) "\n", ##args);		\
} while (0)

#define DUMP_BYTES(type, buf, len, fmt, args...)			\
do {									\
	if (unlikely(debug_alternative & DA_##type)) {			\
		int j;							\
									\
		if (!(len))						\
			break;						\
									\
		printk(KERN_DEBUG pr_fmt(fmt), ##args);			\
		for (j = 0; j < (len) - 1; j++)				\
			printk(KERN_CONT "%02hhx ", buf[j]);		\
		printk(KERN_CONT "%02hhx\n", buf[j]);			\
	}								\
} while (0)

static const unsigned char x86nops[] =
{
	BYTES_NOP1,
	BYTES_NOP2,
	BYTES_NOP3,
	BYTES_NOP4,
	BYTES_NOP5,
	BYTES_NOP6,
	BYTES_NOP7,
	BYTES_NOP8,
#ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
	BYTES_NOP9,
	BYTES_NOP10,
	BYTES_NOP11,
#endif
};

const unsigned char * const x86_nops[ASM_NOP_MAX+1] =
{
	NULL,
	x86nops,
	x86nops + 1,
	x86nops + 1 + 2,
	x86nops + 1 + 2 + 3,
	x86nops + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4,
	x86nops + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5,
	x86nops + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6,
	x86nops + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7,
#ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
	x86nops + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8,
	x86nops + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9,
	x86nops + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10,
#endif
};

/*
 * Fill the buffer with a single effective instruction of size @len.
 *
 * In order not to issue an ORC stack depth tracking CFI entry (Call Frame Info)
 * for every single-byte NOP, try to generate the maximally available NOP of
 * size <= ASM_NOP_MAX such that only a single CFI entry is generated (vs one for
 * each single-byte NOPs). If @len to fill out is > ASM_NOP_MAX, pad with INT3 and
 * *jump* over instead of executing long and daft NOPs.
 */
static void __init_or_module add_nop(u8 *instr, unsigned int len)
{
	u8 *target = instr + len;

	if (!len)
		return;

	if (len <= ASM_NOP_MAX) {
		memcpy(instr, x86_nops[len], len);
		return;
	}

	if (len < 128) {
		__text_gen_insn(instr, JMP8_INSN_OPCODE, instr, target, JMP8_INSN_SIZE);
		instr += JMP8_INSN_SIZE;
	} else {
		__text_gen_insn(instr, JMP32_INSN_OPCODE, instr, target, JMP32_INSN_SIZE);
		instr += JMP32_INSN_SIZE;
	}

	for (;instr < target; instr++)
		*instr = INT3_INSN_OPCODE;
}

extern s32 __retpoline_sites[], __retpoline_sites_end[];
extern s32 __return_sites[], __return_sites_end[];
extern s32 __cfi_sites[], __cfi_sites_end[];
extern s32 __ibt_endbr_seal[], __ibt_endbr_seal_end[];
extern struct alt_instr __alt_instructions[], __alt_instructions_end[];
extern s32 __smp_locks[], __smp_locks_end[];
void text_poke_early(void *addr, const void *opcode, size_t len);

/*
 * Matches NOP and NOPL, not any of the other possible NOPs.
 */
static bool insn_is_nop(struct insn *insn)
{
	/* Anything NOP, but no REP NOP */
	if (insn->opcode.bytes[0] == 0x90 &&
	    (!insn->prefixes.nbytes || insn->prefixes.bytes[0] != 0xF3))
		return true;

	/* NOPL */
	if (insn->opcode.bytes[0] == 0x0F && insn->opcode.bytes[1] == 0x1F)
		return true;

	/* TODO: more nops */

	return false;
}

/*
 * Find the offset of the first non-NOP instruction starting at @offset
 * but no further than @len.
 */
static int skip_nops(u8 *instr, int offset, int len)
{
	struct insn insn;

	for (; offset < len; offset += insn.length) {
		if (insn_decode_kernel(&insn, &instr[offset]))
			break;

		if (!insn_is_nop(&insn))
			break;
	}

	return offset;
}

/*
 * Optimize a sequence of NOPs, possibly preceded by an unconditional jump
 * to the end of the NOP sequence into a single NOP.
 */
static bool __init_or_module
__optimize_nops(u8 *instr, size_t len, struct insn *insn, int *next, int *prev, int *target)
{
	int i = *next - insn->length;

	switch (insn->opcode.bytes[0]) {
	case JMP8_INSN_OPCODE:
	case JMP32_INSN_OPCODE:
		*prev = i;
		*target = *next + insn->immediate.value;
		return false;
	}

	if (insn_is_nop(insn)) {
		int nop = i;

		*next = skip_nops(instr, *next, len);
		if (*target && *next == *target)
			nop = *prev;

		add_nop(instr + nop, *next - nop);
		DUMP_BYTES(ALT, instr, len, "%px: [%d:%d) optimized NOPs: ", instr, nop, *next);
		return true;
	}

	*target = 0;
	return false;
}

/*
 * "noinline" to cause control flow change and thus invalidate I$ and
 * cause refetch after modification.
 */
static void __init_or_module noinline optimize_nops(u8 *instr, size_t len)
{
	int prev, target = 0;

	for (int next, i = 0; i < len; i = next) {
		struct insn insn;

		if (insn_decode_kernel(&insn, &instr[i]))
			return;

		next = i + insn.length;

		__optimize_nops(instr, len, &insn, &next, &prev, &target);
	}
}

/*
 * In this context, "source" is where the instructions are placed in the
 * section .altinstr_replacement, for example during kernel build by the
 * toolchain.
 * "Destination" is where the instructions are being patched in by this
 * machinery.
 *
 * The source offset is:
 *
 *   src_imm = target - src_next_ip                  (1)
 *
 * and the target offset is:
 *
 *   dst_imm = target - dst_next_ip                  (2)
 *
 * so rework (1) as an expression for target like:
 *
 *   target = src_imm + src_next_ip                  (1a)
 *
 * and substitute in (2) to get:
 *
 *   dst_imm = (src_imm + src_next_ip) - dst_next_ip (3)
 *
 * Now, since the instruction stream is 'identical' at src and dst (it
 * is being copied after all) it can be stated that:
 *
 *   src_next_ip = src + ip_offset
 *   dst_next_ip = dst + ip_offset                   (4)
 *
 * Substitute (4) in (3) and observe ip_offset being cancelled out to
 * obtain:
 *
 *   dst_imm = src_imm + (src + ip_offset) - (dst + ip_offset)
 *           = src_imm + src - dst + ip_offset - ip_offset
 *           = src_imm + src - dst                   (5)
 *
 * IOW, only the relative displacement of the code block matters.
 */

#define apply_reloc_n(n_, p_, d_)				\
	do {							\
		s32 v = *(s##n_ *)(p_);				\
		v += (d_);					\
		BUG_ON((v >> 31) != (v >> (n_-1)));		\
		*(s##n_ *)(p_) = (s##n_)v;			\
	} while (0)


static __always_inline
void apply_reloc(int n, void *ptr, uintptr_t diff)
{
	switch (n) {
	case 1: apply_reloc_n(8, ptr, diff); break;
	case 2: apply_reloc_n(16, ptr, diff); break;
	case 4: apply_reloc_n(32, ptr, diff); break;
	default: BUG();
	}
}

static __always_inline
bool need_reloc(unsigned long offset, u8 *src, size_t src_len)
{
	u8 *target = src + offset;
	/*
	 * If the target is inside the patched block, it's relative to the
	 * block itself and does not need relocation.
	 */
	return (target < src || target > src + src_len);
}

static void __init_or_module noinline
apply_relocation(u8 *buf, size_t len, u8 *dest, u8 *src, size_t src_len)
{
	int prev, target = 0;

	for (int next, i = 0; i < len; i = next) {
		struct insn insn;

		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(insn_decode_kernel(&insn, &buf[i])))
			return;

		next = i + insn.length;

		if (__optimize_nops(buf, len, &insn, &next, &prev, &target))
			continue;

		switch (insn.opcode.bytes[0]) {
		case 0x0f:
			if (insn.opcode.bytes[1] < 0x80 ||
			    insn.opcode.bytes[1] > 0x8f)
				break;

			fallthrough;	/* Jcc.d32 */
		case 0x70 ... 0x7f:	/* Jcc.d8 */
		case JMP8_INSN_OPCODE:
		case JMP32_INSN_OPCODE:
		case CALL_INSN_OPCODE:
			if (need_reloc(next + insn.immediate.value, src, src_len)) {
				apply_reloc(insn.immediate.nbytes,
					    buf + i + insn_offset_immediate(&insn),
					    src - dest);
			}

			/*
			 * Where possible, convert JMP.d32 into JMP.d8.
			 */
			if (insn.opcode.bytes[0] == JMP32_INSN_OPCODE) {
				s32 imm = insn.immediate.value;
				imm += src - dest;
				imm += JMP32_INSN_SIZE - JMP8_INSN_SIZE;
				if ((imm >> 31) == (imm >> 7)) {
					buf[i+0] = JMP8_INSN_OPCODE;
					buf[i+1] = (s8)imm;

					memset(&buf[i+2], INT3_INSN_OPCODE, insn.length - 2);
				}
			}
			break;
		}

		if (insn_rip_relative(&insn)) {
			if (need_reloc(next + insn.displacement.value, src, src_len)) {
				apply_reloc(insn.displacement.nbytes,
					    buf + i + insn_offset_displacement(&insn),
					    src - dest);
			}
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Replace instructions with better alternatives for this CPU type. This runs
 * before SMP is initialized to avoid SMP problems with self modifying code.
 * This implies that asymmetric systems where APs have less capabilities than
 * the boot processor are not handled. Tough. Make sure you disable such
 * features by hand.
 *
 * Marked "noinline" to cause control flow change and thus insn cache
 * to refetch changed I$ lines.
 */
void __init_or_module noinline apply_alternatives(struct alt_instr *start,
						  struct alt_instr *end)
{
	struct alt_instr *a;
	u8 *instr, *replacement;
	u8 insn_buff[MAX_PATCH_LEN];

	DPRINTK(ALT, "alt table %px, -> %px", start, end);
	/*
	 * The scan order should be from start to end. A later scanned
	 * alternative code can overwrite previously scanned alternative code.
	 * Some kernel functions (e.g. memcpy, memset, etc) use this order to
	 * patch code.
	 *
	 * So be careful if you want to change the scan order to any other
	 * order.
	 */
	for (a = start; a < end; a++) {
		int insn_buff_sz = 0;

		instr = (u8 *)&a->instr_offset + a->instr_offset;
		replacement = (u8 *)&a->repl_offset + a->repl_offset;
		BUG_ON(a->instrlen > sizeof(insn_buff));
		BUG_ON(a->cpuid >= (NCAPINTS + NBUGINTS) * 32);

		/*
		 * Patch if either:
		 * - feature is present
		 * - feature not present but ALT_FLAG_NOT is set to mean,
		 *   patch if feature is *NOT* present.
		 */
		if (!boot_cpu_has(a->cpuid) == !(a->flags & ALT_FLAG_NOT)) {
			optimize_nops(instr, a->instrlen);
			continue;
		}

		DPRINTK(ALT, "feat: %s%d*32+%d, old: (%pS (%px) len: %d), repl: (%px, len: %d)",
			(a->flags & ALT_FLAG_NOT) ? "!" : "",
			a->cpuid >> 5,
			a->cpuid & 0x1f,
			instr, instr, a->instrlen,
			replacement, a->replacementlen);

		memcpy(insn_buff, replacement, a->replacementlen);
		insn_buff_sz = a->replacementlen;

		for (; insn_buff_sz < a->instrlen; insn_buff_sz++)
			insn_buff[insn_buff_sz] = 0x90;

		apply_relocation(insn_buff, a->instrlen, instr, replacement, a->replacementlen);

		DUMP_BYTES(ALT, instr, a->instrlen, "%px:   old_insn: ", instr);
		DUMP_BYTES(ALT, replacement, a->replacementlen, "%px:   rpl_insn: ", replacement);
		DUMP_BYTES(ALT, insn_buff, insn_buff_sz, "%px: final_insn: ", instr);

		text_poke_early(instr, insn_buff, insn_buff_sz);
	}
}

static inline bool is_jcc32(struct insn *insn)
{
	/* Jcc.d32 second opcode byte is in the range: 0x80-0x8f */
	return insn->opcode.bytes[0] == 0x0f && (insn->opcode.bytes[1] & 0xf0) == 0x80;
}

#if defined(CONFIG_RETPOLINE) && defined(CONFIG_OBJTOOL)

/*
 * CALL/JMP *%\reg
 */
static int emit_indirect(int op, int reg, u8 *bytes)
{
	int i = 0;
	u8 modrm;

	switch (op) {
	case CALL_INSN_OPCODE:
		modrm = 0x10; /* Reg = 2; CALL r/m */
		break;

	case JMP32_INSN_OPCODE:
		modrm = 0x20; /* Reg = 4; JMP r/m */
		break;

	default:
		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
		return -1;
	}

	if (reg >= 8) {
		bytes[i++] = 0x41; /* REX.B prefix */
		reg -= 8;
	}

	modrm |= 0xc0; /* Mod = 3 */
	modrm += reg;

	bytes[i++] = 0xff; /* opcode */
	bytes[i++] = modrm;

	return i;
}

static int emit_call_track_retpoline(void *addr, struct insn *insn, int reg, u8 *bytes)
{
	u8 op = insn->opcode.bytes[0];
	int i = 0;

	/*
	 * Clang does 'weird' Jcc __x86_indirect_thunk_r11 conditional
	 * tail-calls. Deal with them.
	 */
	if (is_jcc32(insn)) {
		bytes[i++] = op;
		op = insn->opcode.bytes[1];
		goto clang_jcc;
	}

	if (insn->length == 6)
		bytes[i++] = 0x2e; /* CS-prefix */

	switch (op) {
	case CALL_INSN_OPCODE:
		__text_gen_insn(bytes+i, op, addr+i,
				__x86_indirect_call_thunk_array[reg],
				CALL_INSN_SIZE);
		i += CALL_INSN_SIZE;
		break;

	case JMP32_INSN_OPCODE:
clang_jcc:
		__text_gen_insn(bytes+i, op, addr+i,
				__x86_indirect_jump_thunk_array[reg],
				JMP32_INSN_SIZE);
		i += JMP32_INSN_SIZE;
		break;

	default:
		WARN(1, "%pS %px %*ph\n", addr, addr, 6, addr);
		return -1;
	}

	WARN_ON_ONCE(i != insn->length);

	return i;
}

/*
 * Rewrite the compiler generated retpoline thunk calls.
 *
 * For spectre_v2=off (!X86_FEATURE_RETPOLINE), rewrite them into immediate
 * indirect instructions, avoiding the extra indirection.
 *
 * For example, convert:
 *
 *   CALL __x86_indirect_thunk_\reg
 *
 * into:
 *
 *   CALL *%\reg
 *
 * It also tries to inline spectre_v2=retpoline,lfence when size permits.
 */
static int patch_retpoline(void *addr, struct insn *insn, u8 *bytes)
{
	retpoline_thunk_t *target;
	int reg, ret, i = 0;
	u8 op, cc;

	target = addr + insn->length + insn->immediate.value;
	reg = target - __x86_indirect_thunk_array;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(reg & ~0xf))
		return -1;

	/* If anyone ever does: CALL/JMP *%rsp, we're in deep trouble. */
	BUG_ON(reg == 4);

	if (cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_RETPOLINE) &&
	    !cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_RETPOLINE_LFENCE)) {
		if (cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_CALL_DEPTH))
			return emit_call_track_retpoline(addr, insn, reg, bytes);

		return -1;
	}

	op = insn->opcode.bytes[0];

	/*
	 * Convert:
	 *
	 *   Jcc.d32 __x86_indirect_thunk_\reg
	 *
	 * into:
	 *
	 *   Jncc.d8 1f
	 *   [ LFENCE ]
	 *   JMP *%\reg
	 *   [ NOP ]
	 * 1:
	 */
	if (is_jcc32(insn)) {
		cc = insn->opcode.bytes[1] & 0xf;
		cc ^= 1; /* invert condition */

		bytes[i++] = 0x70 + cc;        /* Jcc.d8 */
		bytes[i++] = insn->length - 2; /* sizeof(Jcc.d8) == 2 */

		/* Continue as if: JMP.d32 __x86_indirect_thunk_\reg */
		op = JMP32_INSN_OPCODE;
	}

	/*
	 * For RETPOLINE_LFENCE: prepend the indirect CALL/JMP with an LFENCE.
	 */
	if (cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_RETPOLINE_LFENCE)) {
		bytes[i++] = 0x0f;
		bytes[i++] = 0xae;
		bytes[i++] = 0xe8; /* LFENCE */
	}

	ret = emit_indirect(op, reg, bytes + i);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret;
	i += ret;

	/*
	 * The compiler is supposed to EMIT an INT3 after every unconditional
	 * JMP instruction due to AMD BTC. However, if the compiler is too old
	 * or SLS isn't enabled, we still need an INT3 after indirect JMPs
	 * even on Intel.
	 */
	if (op == JMP32_INSN_OPCODE && i < insn->length)
		bytes[i++] = INT3_INSN_OPCODE;

	for (; i < insn->length;)
		bytes[i++] = BYTES_NOP1;

	return i;
}

/*
 * Generated by 'objtool --retpoline'.
 */
void __init_or_module noinline apply_retpolines(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;
		struct insn insn;
		int len, ret;
		u8 bytes[16];
		u8 op1, op2;

		ret = insn_decode_kernel(&insn, addr);
		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(ret < 0))
			continue;

		op1 = insn.opcode.bytes[0];
		op2 = insn.opcode.bytes[1];

		switch (op1) {
		case CALL_INSN_OPCODE:
		case JMP32_INSN_OPCODE:
			break;

		case 0x0f: /* escape */
			if (op2 >= 0x80 && op2 <= 0x8f)
				break;
			fallthrough;
		default:
			WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
			continue;
		}

		DPRINTK(RETPOLINE, "retpoline at: %pS (%px) len: %d to: %pS",
			addr, addr, insn.length,
			addr + insn.length + insn.immediate.value);

		len = patch_retpoline(addr, &insn, bytes);
		if (len == insn.length) {
			optimize_nops(bytes, len);
			DUMP_BYTES(RETPOLINE, ((u8*)addr),  len, "%px: orig: ", addr);
			DUMP_BYTES(RETPOLINE, ((u8*)bytes), len, "%px: repl: ", addr);
			text_poke_early(addr, bytes, len);
		}
	}
}

#ifdef CONFIG_RETHUNK

/*
 * Rewrite the compiler generated return thunk tail-calls.
 *
 * For example, convert:
 *
 *   JMP __x86_return_thunk
 *
 * into:
 *
 *   RET
 */
static int patch_return(void *addr, struct insn *insn, u8 *bytes)
{
	int i = 0;

	/* Patch the custom return thunks... */
	if (cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_RETHUNK)) {
		i = JMP32_INSN_SIZE;
		__text_gen_insn(bytes, JMP32_INSN_OPCODE, addr, x86_return_thunk, i);
	} else {
		/* ... or patch them out if not needed. */
		bytes[i++] = RET_INSN_OPCODE;
	}

	for (; i < insn->length;)
		bytes[i++] = INT3_INSN_OPCODE;
	return i;
}

void __init_or_module noinline apply_returns(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	s32 *s;

	/*
	 * Do not patch out the default return thunks if those needed are the
	 * ones generated by the compiler.
	 */
	if (cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_RETHUNK) &&
	    (x86_return_thunk == __x86_return_thunk))
		return;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *dest = NULL, *addr = (void *)s + *s;
		struct insn insn;
		int len, ret;
		u8 bytes[16];
		u8 op;

		ret = insn_decode_kernel(&insn, addr);
		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(ret < 0))
			continue;

		op = insn.opcode.bytes[0];
		if (op == JMP32_INSN_OPCODE)
			dest = addr + insn.length + insn.immediate.value;

		if (__static_call_fixup(addr, op, dest) ||
		    WARN_ONCE(dest != &__x86_return_thunk,
			      "missing return thunk: %pS-%pS: %*ph",
			      addr, dest, 5, addr))
			continue;

		DPRINTK(RET, "return thunk at: %pS (%px) len: %d to: %pS",
			addr, addr, insn.length,
			addr + insn.length + insn.immediate.value);

		len = patch_return(addr, &insn, bytes);
		if (len == insn.length) {
			DUMP_BYTES(RET, ((u8*)addr),  len, "%px: orig: ", addr);
			DUMP_BYTES(RET, ((u8*)bytes), len, "%px: repl: ", addr);
			text_poke_early(addr, bytes, len);
		}
	}
}
#else
void __init_or_module noinline apply_returns(s32 *start, s32 *end) { }
#endif /* CONFIG_RETHUNK */

#else /* !CONFIG_RETPOLINE || !CONFIG_OBJTOOL */

void __init_or_module noinline apply_retpolines(s32 *start, s32 *end) { }
void __init_or_module noinline apply_returns(s32 *start, s32 *end) { }

#endif /* CONFIG_RETPOLINE && CONFIG_OBJTOOL */

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_KERNEL_IBT

static void poison_cfi(void *addr);

static void __init_or_module poison_endbr(void *addr, bool warn)
{
	u32 endbr, poison = gen_endbr_poison();

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(get_kernel_nofault(endbr, addr)))
		return;

	if (!is_endbr(endbr)) {
		WARN_ON_ONCE(warn);
		return;
	}

	DPRINTK(ENDBR, "ENDBR at: %pS (%px)", addr, addr);

	/*
	 * When we have IBT, the lack of ENDBR will trigger #CP
	 */
	DUMP_BYTES(ENDBR, ((u8*)addr), 4, "%px: orig: ", addr);
	DUMP_BYTES(ENDBR, ((u8*)&poison), 4, "%px: repl: ", addr);
	text_poke_early(addr, &poison, 4);
}

/*
 * Generated by: objtool --ibt
 *
 * Seal the functions for indirect calls by clobbering the ENDBR instructions
 * and the kCFI hash value.
 */
void __init_or_module noinline apply_seal_endbr(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;

		poison_endbr(addr, true);
		if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_FINEIBT))
			poison_cfi(addr - 16);
	}
}

#else

void __init_or_module apply_seal_endbr(s32 *start, s32 *end) { }

#endif /* CONFIG_X86_KERNEL_IBT */

#ifdef CONFIG_FINEIBT

enum cfi_mode {
	CFI_DEFAULT,
	CFI_OFF,
	CFI_KCFI,
	CFI_FINEIBT,
};

static enum cfi_mode cfi_mode __ro_after_init = CFI_DEFAULT;
static bool cfi_rand __ro_after_init = true;
static u32  cfi_seed __ro_after_init;

/*
 * Re-hash the CFI hash with a boot-time seed while making sure the result is
 * not a valid ENDBR instruction.
 */
static u32 cfi_rehash(u32 hash)
{
	hash ^= cfi_seed;
	while (unlikely(is_endbr(hash) || is_endbr(-hash))) {
		bool lsb = hash & 1;
		hash >>= 1;
		if (lsb)
			hash ^= 0x80200003;
	}
	return hash;
}

static __init int cfi_parse_cmdline(char *str)
{
	if (!str)
		return -EINVAL;

	while (str) {
		char *next = strchr(str, ',');
		if (next) {
			*next = 0;
			next++;
		}

		if (!strcmp(str, "auto")) {
			cfi_mode = CFI_DEFAULT;
		} else if (!strcmp(str, "off")) {
			cfi_mode = CFI_OFF;
			cfi_rand = false;
		} else if (!strcmp(str, "kcfi")) {
			cfi_mode = CFI_KCFI;
		} else if (!strcmp(str, "fineibt")) {
			cfi_mode = CFI_FINEIBT;
		} else if (!strcmp(str, "norand")) {
			cfi_rand = false;
		} else {
			pr_err("Ignoring unknown cfi option (%s).", str);
		}

		str = next;
	}

	return 0;
}
early_param("cfi", cfi_parse_cmdline);

/*
 * kCFI						FineIBT
 *
 * __cfi_\func:					__cfi_\func:
 *	movl   $0x12345678,%eax		// 5	     endbr64			// 4
 *	nop					     subl   $0x12345678,%r10d   // 7
 *	nop					     jz     1f			// 2
 *	nop					     ud2			// 2
 *	nop					1:   nop			// 1
 *	nop
 *	nop
 *	nop
 *	nop
 *	nop
 *	nop
 *	nop
 *
 *
 * caller:					caller:
 *	movl	$(-0x12345678),%r10d	 // 6	     movl   $0x12345678,%r10d	// 6
 *	addl	$-15(%r11),%r10d	 // 4	     sub    $16,%r11		// 4
 *	je	1f			 // 2	     nop4			// 4
 *	ud2				 // 2
 * 1:	call	__x86_indirect_thunk_r11 // 5	     call   *%r11; nop2;	// 5
 *
 */

asm(	".pushsection .rodata			\n"
	"fineibt_preamble_start:		\n"
	"	endbr64				\n"
	"	subl	$0x12345678, %r10d	\n"
	"	je	fineibt_preamble_end	\n"
	"	ud2				\n"
	"	nop				\n"
	"fineibt_preamble_end:			\n"
	".popsection\n"
);

extern u8 fineibt_preamble_start[];
extern u8 fineibt_preamble_end[];

#define fineibt_preamble_size (fineibt_preamble_end - fineibt_preamble_start)
#define fineibt_preamble_hash 7

asm(	".pushsection .rodata			\n"
	"fineibt_caller_start:			\n"
	"	movl	$0x12345678, %r10d	\n"
	"	sub	$16, %r11		\n"
	ASM_NOP4
	"fineibt_caller_end:			\n"
	".popsection				\n"
);

extern u8 fineibt_caller_start[];
extern u8 fineibt_caller_end[];

#define fineibt_caller_size (fineibt_caller_end - fineibt_caller_start)
#define fineibt_caller_hash 2

#define fineibt_caller_jmp (fineibt_caller_size - 2)

static u32 decode_preamble_hash(void *addr)
{
	u8 *p = addr;

	/* b8 78 56 34 12          mov    $0x12345678,%eax */
	if (p[0] == 0xb8)
		return *(u32 *)(addr + 1);

	return 0; /* invalid hash value */
}

static u32 decode_caller_hash(void *addr)
{
	u8 *p = addr;

	/* 41 ba 78 56 34 12       mov    $0x12345678,%r10d */
	if (p[0] == 0x41 && p[1] == 0xba)
		return -*(u32 *)(addr + 2);

	/* e8 0c 78 56 34 12	   jmp.d8  +12 */
	if (p[0] == JMP8_INSN_OPCODE && p[1] == fineibt_caller_jmp)
		return -*(u32 *)(addr + 2);

	return 0; /* invalid hash value */
}

/* .retpoline_sites */
static int cfi_disable_callers(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	/*
	 * Disable kCFI by patching in a JMP.d8, this leaves the hash immediate
	 * in tact for later usage. Also see decode_caller_hash() and
	 * cfi_rewrite_callers().
	 */
	const u8 jmp[] = { JMP8_INSN_OPCODE, fineibt_caller_jmp };
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;
		u32 hash;

		addr -= fineibt_caller_size;
		hash = decode_caller_hash(addr);
		if (!hash) /* nocfi callers */
			continue;

		text_poke_early(addr, jmp, 2);
	}

	return 0;
}

static int cfi_enable_callers(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	/*
	 * Re-enable kCFI, undo what cfi_disable_callers() did.
	 */
	const u8 mov[] = { 0x41, 0xba };
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;
		u32 hash;

		addr -= fineibt_caller_size;
		hash = decode_caller_hash(addr);
		if (!hash) /* nocfi callers */
			continue;

		text_poke_early(addr, mov, 2);
	}

	return 0;
}

/* .cfi_sites */
static int cfi_rand_preamble(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;
		u32 hash;

		hash = decode_preamble_hash(addr);
		if (WARN(!hash, "no CFI hash found at: %pS %px %*ph\n",
			 addr, addr, 5, addr))
			return -EINVAL;

		hash = cfi_rehash(hash);
		text_poke_early(addr + 1, &hash, 4);
	}

	return 0;
}

static int cfi_rewrite_preamble(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;
		u32 hash;

		hash = decode_preamble_hash(addr);
		if (WARN(!hash, "no CFI hash found at: %pS %px %*ph\n",
			 addr, addr, 5, addr))
			return -EINVAL;

		text_poke_early(addr, fineibt_preamble_start, fineibt_preamble_size);
		WARN_ON(*(u32 *)(addr + fineibt_preamble_hash) != 0x12345678);
		text_poke_early(addr + fineibt_preamble_hash, &hash, 4);
	}

	return 0;
}

static void cfi_rewrite_endbr(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;

		poison_endbr(addr+16, false);
	}
}

/* .retpoline_sites */
static int cfi_rand_callers(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;
		u32 hash;

		addr -= fineibt_caller_size;
		hash = decode_caller_hash(addr);
		if (hash) {
			hash = -cfi_rehash(hash);
			text_poke_early(addr + 2, &hash, 4);
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

static int cfi_rewrite_callers(s32 *start, s32 *end)
{
	s32 *s;

	for (s = start; s < end; s++) {
		void *addr = (void *)s + *s;
		u32 hash;

		addr -= fineibt_caller_size;
		hash = decode_caller_hash(addr);
		if (hash) {
			text_poke_early(addr, fineibt_caller_start, fineibt_caller_size);
			WARN_ON(*(u32 *)(addr + fineibt_caller_hash) != 0x12345678);
			text_poke_early(addr + fineibt_caller_hash, &hash, 4);
		}
		/* rely on apply_retpolines() */
	}

	return 0;
}

static void __apply_fineibt(s32 *start_retpoline, s32 *end_retpoline,
			    s32 *start_cfi, s32 *end_cfi, bool builtin)
{
	int ret;

	if (WARN_ONCE(fineibt_preamble_size != 16,
		      "FineIBT preamble wrong size: %ld", fineibt_preamble_size))
		return;

	if (cfi_mode == CFI_DEFAULT) {
		cfi_mode = CFI_KCFI;
		if (HAS_KERNEL_IBT && cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_IBT))
			cfi_mode = CFI_FINEIBT;
	}

	/*
	 * Rewrite the callers to not use the __cfi_ stubs, such that we might
	 * rewrite them. This disables all CFI. If this succeeds but any of the
	 * later stages fails, we're without CFI.
	 */
	ret = cfi_disable_callers(start_retpoline, end_retpoline);
	if (ret)
		goto err;

	if (cfi_rand) {
		if (builtin)
			cfi_seed = get_random_u32();

		ret = cfi_rand_preamble(start_cfi, end_cfi);
		if (ret)
			goto err;

		ret = cfi_rand_callers(start_retpoline, end_retpoline);
		if (ret)
			goto err;
	}

	switch (cfi_mode) {
	case CFI_OFF:
		if (builtin)
			pr_info("Disabling CFI\n");
		return;

	case CFI_KCFI:
		ret = cfi_enable_callers(start_retpoline, end_retpoline);
		if (ret)
			goto err;

		if (builtin)
			pr_info("Using kCFI\n");
		return;

	case CFI_FINEIBT:
		/* place the FineIBT preamble at func()-16 */
		ret = cfi_rewrite_preamble(start_cfi, end_cfi);
		if (ret)
			goto err;

		/* rewrite the callers to target func()-16 */
		ret = cfi_rewrite_callers(start_retpoline, end_retpoline);
		if (ret)
			goto err;

		/* now that nobody targets func()+0, remove ENDBR there */
		cfi_rewrite_endbr(start_cfi, end_cfi);

		if (builtin)
			pr_info("Using FineIBT CFI\n");
		return;

	default:
		break;
	}

err:
	pr_err("Something went horribly wrong trying to rewrite the CFI implementation.\n");
}

static inline void poison_hash(void *addr)
{
	*(u32 *)addr = 0;
}

static void poison_cfi(void *addr)
{
	switch (cfi_mode) {
	case CFI_FINEIBT:
		/*
		 * __cfi_\func:
		 *	osp nopl (%rax)
		 *	subl	$0, %r10d
		 *	jz	1f
		 *	ud2
		 * 1:	nop
		 */
		poison_endbr(addr, false);
		poison_hash(addr + fineibt_preamble_hash);
		break;

	case CFI_KCFI:
		/*
		 * __cfi_\func:
		 *	movl	$0, %eax
		 *	.skip	11, 0x90
		 */
		poison_hash(addr + 1);
		break;

	default:
		break;
	}
}

#else

static void __apply_fineibt(s32 *start_retpoline, s32 *end_retpoline,
			    s32 *start_cfi, s32 *end_cfi, bool builtin)
{
}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_KERNEL_IBT
static void poison_cfi(void *addr) { }
#endif

#endif

void apply_fineibt(s32 *start_retpoline, s32 *end_retpoline,
		   s32 *start_cfi, s32 *end_cfi)
{
	return __apply_fineibt(start_retpoline, end_retpoline,
			       start_cfi, end_cfi,
			       /* .builtin = */ false);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
static void alternatives_smp_lock(const s32 *start, const s32 *end,
				  u8 *text, u8 *text_end)
{
	const s32 *poff;

	for (poff = start; poff < end; poff++) {
		u8 *ptr = (u8 *)poff + *poff;

		if (!*poff || ptr < text || ptr >= text_end)
			continue;
		/* turn DS segment override prefix into lock prefix */
		if (*ptr == 0x3e)
			text_poke(ptr, ((unsigned char []){0xf0}), 1);
	}
}

static void alternatives_smp_unlock(const s32 *start, const s32 *end,
				    u8 *text, u8 *text_end)
{
	const s32 *poff;

	for (poff = start; poff < end; poff++) {
		u8 *ptr = (u8 *)poff + *poff;

		if (!*poff || ptr < text || ptr >= text_end)
			continue;
		/* turn lock prefix into DS segment override prefix */
		if (*ptr == 0xf0)
			text_poke(ptr, ((unsigned char []){0x3E}), 1);
	}
}

struct smp_alt_module {
	/* what is this ??? */
	struct module	*mod;
	char		*name;

	/* ptrs to lock prefixes */
	const s32	*locks;
	const s32	*locks_end;

	/* .text segment, needed to avoid patching init code ;) */
	u8		*text;
	u8		*text_end;

	struct list_head next;
};
static LIST_HEAD(smp_alt_modules);
static bool uniproc_patched = false;	/* protected by text_mutex */

void __init_or_module alternatives_smp_module_add(struct module *mod,
						  char *name,
						  void *locks, void *locks_end,
						  void *text,  void *text_end)
{
	struct smp_alt_module *smp;

	mutex_lock(&text_mutex);
	if (!uniproc_patched)
		goto unlock;

	if (num_possible_cpus() == 1)
		/* Don't bother remembering, we'll never have to undo it. */
		goto smp_unlock;

	smp = kzalloc(sizeof(*smp), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (NULL == smp)
		/* we'll run the (safe but slow) SMP code then ... */
		goto unlock;

	smp->mod	= mod;
	smp->name	= name;
	smp->locks	= locks;
	smp->locks_end	= locks_end;
	smp->text	= text;
	smp->text_end	= text_end;
	DPRINTK(SMP, "locks %p -> %p, text %p -> %p, name %s\n",
		smp->locks, smp->locks_end,
		smp->text, smp->text_end, smp->name);

	list_add_tail(&smp->next, &smp_alt_modules);
smp_unlock:
	alternatives_smp_unlock(locks, locks_end, text, text_end);
unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
}

void __init_or_module alternatives_smp_module_del(struct module *mod)
{
	struct smp_alt_module *item;

	mutex_lock(&text_mutex);
	list_for_each_entry(item, &smp_alt_modules, next) {
		if (mod != item->mod)
			continue;
		list_del(&item->next);
		kfree(item);
		break;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
}

void alternatives_enable_smp(void)
{
	struct smp_alt_module *mod;

	/* Why bother if there are no other CPUs? */
	BUG_ON(num_possible_cpus() == 1);

	mutex_lock(&text_mutex);

	if (uniproc_patched) {
		pr_info("switching to SMP code\n");
		BUG_ON(num_online_cpus() != 1);
		clear_cpu_cap(&boot_cpu_data, X86_FEATURE_UP);
		clear_cpu_cap(&cpu_data(0), X86_FEATURE_UP);
		list_for_each_entry(mod, &smp_alt_modules, next)
			alternatives_smp_lock(mod->locks, mod->locks_end,
					      mod->text, mod->text_end);
		uniproc_patched = false;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
}

/*
 * Return 1 if the address range is reserved for SMP-alternatives.
 * Must hold text_mutex.
 */
int alternatives_text_reserved(void *start, void *end)
{
	struct smp_alt_module *mod;
	const s32 *poff;
	u8 *text_start = start;
	u8 *text_end = end;

	lockdep_assert_held(&text_mutex);

	list_for_each_entry(mod, &smp_alt_modules, next) {
		if (mod->text > text_end || mod->text_end < text_start)
			continue;
		for (poff = mod->locks; poff < mod->locks_end; poff++) {
			const u8 *ptr = (const u8 *)poff + *poff;

			if (text_start <= ptr && text_end > ptr)
				return 1;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */

#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT

/* Use this to add nops to a buffer, then text_poke the whole buffer. */
static void __init_or_module add_nops(void *insns, unsigned int len)
{
	while (len > 0) {
		unsigned int noplen = len;
		if (noplen > ASM_NOP_MAX)
			noplen = ASM_NOP_MAX;
		memcpy(insns, x86_nops[noplen], noplen);
		insns += noplen;
		len -= noplen;
	}
}

void __init_or_module apply_paravirt(struct paravirt_patch_site *start,
				     struct paravirt_patch_site *end)
{
	struct paravirt_patch_site *p;
	char insn_buff[MAX_PATCH_LEN];

	for (p = start; p < end; p++) {
		unsigned int used;

		BUG_ON(p->len > MAX_PATCH_LEN);
		/* prep the buffer with the original instructions */
		memcpy(insn_buff, p->instr, p->len);
		used = paravirt_patch(p->type, insn_buff, (unsigned long)p->instr, p->len);

		BUG_ON(used > p->len);

		/* Pad the rest with nops */
		add_nops(insn_buff + used, p->len - used);
		text_poke_early(p->instr, insn_buff, p->len);
	}
}
extern struct paravirt_patch_site __start_parainstructions[],
	__stop_parainstructions[];
#endif	/* CONFIG_PARAVIRT */

/*
 * Self-test for the INT3 based CALL emulation code.
 *
 * This exercises int3_emulate_call() to make sure INT3 pt_regs are set up
 * properly and that there is a stack gap between the INT3 frame and the
 * previous context. Without this gap doing a virtual PUSH on the interrupted
 * stack would corrupt the INT3 IRET frame.
 *
 * See entry_{32,64}.S for more details.
 */

/*
 * We define the int3_magic() function in assembly to control the calling
 * convention such that we can 'call' it from assembly.
 */

extern void int3_magic(unsigned int *ptr); /* defined in asm */

asm (
"	.pushsection	.init.text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
"	.type		int3_magic, @function\n"
"int3_magic:\n"
	ANNOTATE_NOENDBR
"	movl	$1, (%" _ASM_ARG1 ")\n"
	ASM_RET
"	.size		int3_magic, .-int3_magic\n"
"	.popsection\n"
);

extern void int3_selftest_ip(void); /* defined in asm below */

static int __init
int3_exception_notify(struct notifier_block *self, unsigned long val, void *data)
{
	unsigned long selftest = (unsigned long)&int3_selftest_ip;
	struct die_args *args = data;
	struct pt_regs *regs = args->regs;

	OPTIMIZER_HIDE_VAR(selftest);

	if (!regs || user_mode(regs))
		return NOTIFY_DONE;

	if (val != DIE_INT3)
		return NOTIFY_DONE;

	if (regs->ip - INT3_INSN_SIZE != selftest)
		return NOTIFY_DONE;

	int3_emulate_call(regs, (unsigned long)&int3_magic);
	return NOTIFY_STOP;
}

/* Must be noinline to ensure uniqueness of int3_selftest_ip. */
static noinline void __init int3_selftest(void)
{
	static __initdata struct notifier_block int3_exception_nb = {
		.notifier_call	= int3_exception_notify,
		.priority	= INT_MAX-1, /* last */
	};
	unsigned int val = 0;

	BUG_ON(register_die_notifier(&int3_exception_nb));

	/*
	 * Basically: int3_magic(&val); but really complicated :-)
	 *
	 * INT3 padded with NOP to CALL_INSN_SIZE. The int3_exception_nb
	 * notifier above will emulate CALL for us.
	 */
	asm volatile ("int3_selftest_ip:\n\t"
		      ANNOTATE_NOENDBR
		      "    int3; nop; nop; nop; nop\n\t"
		      : ASM_CALL_CONSTRAINT
		      : __ASM_SEL_RAW(a, D) (&val)
		      : "memory");

	BUG_ON(val != 1);

	unregister_die_notifier(&int3_exception_nb);
}

static __initdata int __alt_reloc_selftest_addr;

__visible noinline void __init __alt_reloc_selftest(void *arg)
{
	WARN_ON(arg != &__alt_reloc_selftest_addr);
}

static noinline void __init alt_reloc_selftest(void)
{
	/*
	 * Tests apply_relocation().
	 *
	 * This has a relative immediate (CALL) in a place other than the first
	 * instruction and additionally on x86_64 we get a RIP-relative LEA:
	 *
	 *   lea    0x0(%rip),%rdi  # 5d0: R_X86_64_PC32    .init.data+0x5566c
	 *   call   +0              # 5d5: R_X86_64_PLT32   __alt_reloc_selftest-0x4
	 *
	 * Getting this wrong will either crash and burn or tickle the WARN
	 * above.
	 */
	asm_inline volatile (
		ALTERNATIVE("", "lea %[mem], %%" _ASM_ARG1 "; call __alt_reloc_selftest;", X86_FEATURE_ALWAYS)
		: /* output */
		: [mem] "m" (__alt_reloc_selftest_addr)
		: _ASM_ARG1
	);
}

void __init alternative_instructions(void)
{
	int3_selftest();

	/*
	 * The patching is not fully atomic, so try to avoid local
	 * interruptions that might execute the to be patched code.
	 * Other CPUs are not running.
	 */
	stop_nmi();

	/*
	 * Don't stop machine check exceptions while patching.
	 * MCEs only happen when something got corrupted and in this
	 * case we must do something about the corruption.
	 * Ignoring it is worse than an unlikely patching race.
	 * Also machine checks tend to be broadcast and if one CPU
	 * goes into machine check the others follow quickly, so we don't
	 * expect a machine check to cause undue problems during to code
	 * patching.
	 */

	/*
	 * Paravirt patching and alternative patching can be combined to
	 * replace a function call with a short direct code sequence (e.g.
	 * by setting a constant return value instead of doing that in an
	 * external function).
	 * In order to make this work the following sequence is required:
	 * 1. set (artificial) features depending on used paravirt
	 *    functions which can later influence alternative patching
	 * 2. apply paravirt patching (generally replacing an indirect
	 *    function call with a direct one)
	 * 3. apply alternative patching (e.g. replacing a direct function
	 *    call with a custom code sequence)
	 * Doing paravirt patching after alternative patching would clobber
	 * the optimization of the custom code with a function call again.
	 */
	paravirt_set_cap();

	/*
	 * First patch paravirt functions, such that we overwrite the indirect
	 * call with the direct call.
	 */
	apply_paravirt(__parainstructions, __parainstructions_end);

	__apply_fineibt(__retpoline_sites, __retpoline_sites_end,
			__cfi_sites, __cfi_sites_end, true);

	/*
	 * Rewrite the retpolines, must be done before alternatives since
	 * those can rewrite the retpoline thunks.
	 */
	apply_retpolines(__retpoline_sites, __retpoline_sites_end);
	apply_returns(__return_sites, __return_sites_end);

	/*
	 * Then patch alternatives, such that those paravirt calls that are in
	 * alternatives can be overwritten by their immediate fragments.
	 */
	apply_alternatives(__alt_instructions, __alt_instructions_end);

	/*
	 * Now all calls are established. Apply the call thunks if
	 * required.
	 */
	callthunks_patch_builtin_calls();

	/*
	 * Seal all functions that do not have their address taken.
	 */
	apply_seal_endbr(__ibt_endbr_seal, __ibt_endbr_seal_end);

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	/* Patch to UP if other cpus not imminent. */
	if (!noreplace_smp && (num_present_cpus() == 1 || setup_max_cpus <= 1)) {
		uniproc_patched = true;
		alternatives_smp_module_add(NULL, "core kernel",
					    __smp_locks, __smp_locks_end,
					    _text, _etext);
	}

	if (!uniproc_patched || num_possible_cpus() == 1) {
		free_init_pages("SMP alternatives",
				(unsigned long)__smp_locks,
				(unsigned long)__smp_locks_end);
	}
#endif

	restart_nmi();
	alternatives_patched = 1;

	alt_reloc_selftest();
}

/**
 * text_poke_early - Update instructions on a live kernel at boot time
 * @addr: address to modify
 * @opcode: source of the copy
 * @len: length to copy
 *
 * When you use this code to patch more than one byte of an instruction
 * you need to make sure that other CPUs cannot execute this code in parallel.
 * Also no thread must be currently preempted in the middle of these
 * instructions. And on the local CPU you need to be protected against NMI or
 * MCE handlers seeing an inconsistent instruction while you patch.
 */
void __init_or_module text_poke_early(void *addr, const void *opcode,
				      size_t len)
{
	unsigned long flags;

	if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_NX) &&
	    is_module_text_address((unsigned long)addr)) {
		/*
		 * Modules text is marked initially as non-executable, so the
		 * code cannot be running and speculative code-fetches are
		 * prevented. Just change the code.
		 */
		memcpy(addr, opcode, len);
	} else {
		local_irq_save(flags);
		memcpy(addr, opcode, len);
		local_irq_restore(flags);
		sync_core();

		/*
		 * Could also do a CLFLUSH here to speed up CPU recovery; but
		 * that causes hangs on some VIA CPUs.
		 */
	}
}

typedef struct {
	struct mm_struct *mm;
} temp_mm_state_t;

/*
 * Using a temporary mm allows to set temporary mappings that are not accessible
 * by other CPUs. Such mappings are needed to perform sensitive memory writes
 * that override the kernel memory protections (e.g., W^X), without exposing the
 * temporary page-table mappings that are required for these write operations to
 * other CPUs. Using a temporary mm also allows to avoid TLB shootdowns when the
 * mapping is torn down.
 *
 * Context: The temporary mm needs to be used exclusively by a single core. To
 *          harden security IRQs must be disabled while the temporary mm is
 *          loaded, thereby preventing interrupt handler bugs from overriding
 *          the kernel memory protection.
 */
static inline temp_mm_state_t use_temporary_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	temp_mm_state_t temp_state;

	lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();

	/*
	 * Make sure not to be in TLB lazy mode, as otherwise we'll end up
	 * with a stale address space WITHOUT being in lazy mode after
	 * restoring the previous mm.
	 */
	if (this_cpu_read(cpu_tlbstate_shared.is_lazy))
		leave_mm(smp_processor_id());

	temp_state.mm = this_cpu_read(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm);
	switch_mm_irqs_off(NULL, mm, current);

	/*
	 * If breakpoints are enabled, disable them while the temporary mm is
	 * used. Userspace might set up watchpoints on addresses that are used
	 * in the temporary mm, which would lead to wrong signals being sent or
	 * crashes.
	 *
	 * Note that breakpoints are not disabled selectively, which also causes
	 * kernel breakpoints (e.g., perf's) to be disabled. This might be
	 * undesirable, but still seems reasonable as the code that runs in the
	 * temporary mm should be short.
	 */
	if (hw_breakpoint_active())
		hw_breakpoint_disable();

	return temp_state;
}

static inline void unuse_temporary_mm(temp_mm_state_t prev_state)
{
	lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();
	switch_mm_irqs_off(NULL, prev_state.mm, current);

	/*
	 * Restore the breakpoints if they were disabled before the temporary mm
	 * was loaded.
	 */
	if (hw_breakpoint_active())
		hw_breakpoint_restore();
}

__ro_after_init struct mm_struct *poking_mm;
__ro_after_init unsigned long poking_addr;

static void text_poke_memcpy(void *dst, const void *src, size_t len)
{
	memcpy(dst, src, len);
}

static void text_poke_memset(void *dst, const void *src, size_t len)
{
	int c = *(const int *)src;

	memset(dst, c, len);
}

typedef void text_poke_f(void *dst, const void *src, size_t len);

static void *__text_poke(text_poke_f func, void *addr, const void *src, size_t len)
{
	bool cross_page_boundary = offset_in_page(addr) + len > PAGE_SIZE;
	struct page *pages[2] = {NULL};
	temp_mm_state_t prev;
	unsigned long flags;
	pte_t pte, *ptep;
	spinlock_t *ptl;
	pgprot_t pgprot;

	/*
	 * While boot memory allocator is running we cannot use struct pages as
	 * they are not yet initialized. There is no way to recover.
	 */
	BUG_ON(!after_bootmem);

	if (!core_kernel_text((unsigned long)addr)) {
		pages[0] = vmalloc_to_page(addr);
		if (cross_page_boundary)
			pages[1] = vmalloc_to_page(addr + PAGE_SIZE);
	} else {
		pages[0] = virt_to_page(addr);
		WARN_ON(!PageReserved(pages[0]));
		if (cross_page_boundary)
			pages[1] = virt_to_page(addr + PAGE_SIZE);
	}
	/*
	 * If something went wrong, crash and burn since recovery paths are not
	 * implemented.
	 */
	BUG_ON(!pages[0] || (cross_page_boundary && !pages[1]));

	/*
	 * Map the page without the global bit, as TLB flushing is done with
	 * flush_tlb_mm_range(), which is intended for non-global PTEs.
	 */
	pgprot = __pgprot(pgprot_val(PAGE_KERNEL) & ~_PAGE_GLOBAL);

	/*
	 * The lock is not really needed, but this allows to avoid open-coding.
	 */
	ptep = get_locked_pte(poking_mm, poking_addr, &ptl);

	/*
	 * This must not fail; preallocated in poking_init().
	 */
	VM_BUG_ON(!ptep);

	local_irq_save(flags);

	pte = mk_pte(pages[0], pgprot);
	set_pte_at(poking_mm, poking_addr, ptep, pte);

	if (cross_page_boundary) {
		pte = mk_pte(pages[1], pgprot);
		set_pte_at(poking_mm, poking_addr + PAGE_SIZE, ptep + 1, pte);
	}

	/*
	 * Loading the temporary mm behaves as a compiler barrier, which
	 * guarantees that the PTE will be set at the time memcpy() is done.
	 */
	prev = use_temporary_mm(poking_mm);

	kasan_disable_current();
	func((u8 *)poking_addr + offset_in_page(addr), src, len);
	kasan_enable_current();

	/*
	 * Ensure that the PTE is only cleared after the instructions of memcpy
	 * were issued by using a compiler barrier.
	 */
	barrier();

	pte_clear(poking_mm, poking_addr, ptep);
	if (cross_page_boundary)
		pte_clear(poking_mm, poking_addr + PAGE_SIZE, ptep + 1);

	/*
	 * Loading the previous page-table hierarchy requires a serializing
	 * instruction that already allows the core to see the updated version.
	 * Xen-PV is assumed to serialize execution in a similar manner.
	 */
	unuse_temporary_mm(prev);

	/*
	 * Flushing the TLB might involve IPIs, which would require enabled
	 * IRQs, but not if the mm is not used, as it is in this point.
	 */
	flush_tlb_mm_range(poking_mm, poking_addr, poking_addr +
			   (cross_page_boundary ? 2 : 1) * PAGE_SIZE,
			   PAGE_SHIFT, false);

	if (func == text_poke_memcpy) {
		/*
		 * If the text does not match what we just wrote then something is
		 * fundamentally screwy; there's nothing we can really do about that.
		 */
		BUG_ON(memcmp(addr, src, len));
	}

	local_irq_restore(flags);
	pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
	return addr;
}

/**
 * text_poke - Update instructions on a live kernel
 * @addr: address to modify
 * @opcode: source of the copy
 * @len: length to copy
 *
 * Only atomic text poke/set should be allowed when not doing early patching.
 * It means the size must be writable atomically and the address must be aligned
 * in a way that permits an atomic write. It also makes sure we fit on a single
 * page.
 *
 * Note that the caller must ensure that if the modified code is part of a
 * module, the module would not be removed during poking. This can be achieved
 * by registering a module notifier, and ordering module removal and patching
 * trough a mutex.
 */
void *text_poke(void *addr, const void *opcode, size_t len)
{
	lockdep_assert_held(&text_mutex);

	return __text_poke(text_poke_memcpy, addr, opcode, len);
}

/**
 * text_poke_kgdb - Update instructions on a live kernel by kgdb
 * @addr: address to modify
 * @opcode: source of the copy
 * @len: length to copy
 *
 * Only atomic text poke/set should be allowed when not doing early patching.
 * It means the size must be writable atomically and the address must be aligned
 * in a way that permits an atomic write. It also makes sure we fit on a single
 * page.
 *
 * Context: should only be used by kgdb, which ensures no other core is running,
 *	    despite the fact it does not hold the text_mutex.
 */
void *text_poke_kgdb(void *addr, const void *opcode, size_t len)
{
	return __text_poke(text_poke_memcpy, addr, opcode, len);
}

void *text_poke_copy_locked(void *addr, const void *opcode, size_t len,
			    bool core_ok)
{
	unsigned long start = (unsigned long)addr;
	size_t patched = 0;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!core_ok && core_kernel_text(start)))
		return NULL;

	while (patched < len) {
		unsigned long ptr = start + patched;
		size_t s;

		s = min_t(size_t, PAGE_SIZE * 2 - offset_in_page(ptr), len - patched);

		__text_poke(text_poke_memcpy, (void *)ptr, opcode + patched, s);
		patched += s;
	}
	return addr;
}

/**
 * text_poke_copy - Copy instructions into (an unused part of) RX memory
 * @addr: address to modify
 * @opcode: source of the copy
 * @len: length to copy, could be more than 2x PAGE_SIZE
 *
 * Not safe against concurrent execution; useful for JITs to dump
 * new code blocks into unused regions of RX memory. Can be used in
 * conjunction with synchronize_rcu_tasks() to wait for existing
 * execution to quiesce after having made sure no existing functions
 * pointers are live.
 */
void *text_poke_copy(void *addr, const void *opcode, size_t len)
{
	mutex_lock(&text_mutex);
	addr = text_poke_copy_locked(addr, opcode, len, false);
	mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
	return addr;
}

/**
 * text_poke_set - memset into (an unused part of) RX memory
 * @addr: address to modify
 * @c: the byte to fill the area with
 * @len: length to copy, could be more than 2x PAGE_SIZE
 *
 * This is useful to overwrite unused regions of RX memory with illegal
 * instructions.
 */
void *text_poke_set(void *addr, int c, size_t len)
{
	unsigned long start = (unsigned long)addr;
	size_t patched = 0;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(core_kernel_text(start)))
		return NULL;

	mutex_lock(&text_mutex);
	while (patched < len) {
		unsigned long ptr = start + patched;
		size_t s;

		s = min_t(size_t, PAGE_SIZE * 2 - offset_in_page(ptr), len - patched);

		__text_poke(text_poke_memset, (void *)ptr, (void *)&c, s);
		patched += s;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
	return addr;
}

static void do_sync_core(void *info)
{
	sync_core();
}

void text_poke_sync(void)
{
	on_each_cpu(do_sync_core, NULL, 1);
}

/*
 * NOTE: crazy scheme to allow patching Jcc.d32 but not increase the size of
 * this thing. When len == 6 everything is prefixed with 0x0f and we map
 * opcode to Jcc.d8, using len to distinguish.
 */
struct text_poke_loc {
	/* addr := _stext + rel_addr */
	s32 rel_addr;
	s32 disp;
	u8 len;
	u8 opcode;
	const u8 text[POKE_MAX_OPCODE_SIZE];
	/* see text_poke_bp_batch() */
	u8 old;
};

struct bp_patching_desc {
	struct text_poke_loc *vec;
	int nr_entries;
	atomic_t refs;
};

static struct bp_patching_desc bp_desc;

static __always_inline
struct bp_patching_desc *try_get_desc(void)
{
	struct bp_patching_desc *desc = &bp_desc;

	if (!raw_atomic_inc_not_zero(&desc->refs))
		return NULL;

	return desc;
}

static __always_inline void put_desc(void)
{
	struct bp_patching_desc *desc = &bp_desc;

	smp_mb__before_atomic();
	raw_atomic_dec(&desc->refs);
}

static __always_inline void *text_poke_addr(struct text_poke_loc *tp)
{
	return _stext + tp->rel_addr;
}

static __always_inline int patch_cmp(const void *key, const void *elt)
{
	struct text_poke_loc *tp = (struct text_poke_loc *) elt;

	if (key < text_poke_addr(tp))
		return -1;
	if (key > text_poke_addr(tp))
		return 1;
	return 0;
}

noinstr int poke_int3_handler(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	struct bp_patching_desc *desc;
	struct text_poke_loc *tp;
	int ret = 0;
	void *ip;

	if (user_mode(regs))
		return 0;

	/*
	 * Having observed our INT3 instruction, we now must observe
	 * bp_desc with non-zero refcount:
	 *
	 *	bp_desc.refs = 1		INT3
	 *	WMB				RMB
	 *	write INT3			if (bp_desc.refs != 0)
	 */
	smp_rmb();

	desc = try_get_desc();
	if (!desc)
		return 0;

	/*
	 * Discount the INT3. See text_poke_bp_batch().
	 */
	ip = (void *) regs->ip - INT3_INSN_SIZE;

	/*
	 * Skip the binary search if there is a single member in the vector.
	 */
	if (unlikely(desc->nr_entries > 1)) {
		tp = __inline_bsearch(ip, desc->vec, desc->nr_entries,
				      sizeof(struct text_poke_loc),
				      patch_cmp);
		if (!tp)
			goto out_put;
	} else {
		tp = desc->vec;
		if (text_poke_addr(tp) != ip)
			goto out_put;
	}

	ip += tp->len;

	switch (tp->opcode) {
	case INT3_INSN_OPCODE:
		/*
		 * Someone poked an explicit INT3, they'll want to handle it,
		 * do not consume.
		 */
		goto out_put;

	case RET_INSN_OPCODE:
		int3_emulate_ret(regs);
		break;

	case CALL_INSN_OPCODE:
		int3_emulate_call(regs, (long)ip + tp->disp);
		break;

	case JMP32_INSN_OPCODE:
	case JMP8_INSN_OPCODE:
		int3_emulate_jmp(regs, (long)ip + tp->disp);
		break;

	case 0x70 ... 0x7f: /* Jcc */
		int3_emulate_jcc(regs, tp->opcode & 0xf, (long)ip, tp->disp);
		break;

	default:
		BUG();
	}

	ret = 1;

out_put:
	put_desc();
	return ret;
}

#define TP_VEC_MAX (PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(struct text_poke_loc))
static struct text_poke_loc tp_vec[TP_VEC_MAX];
static int tp_vec_nr;

/**
 * text_poke_bp_batch() -- update instructions on live kernel on SMP
 * @tp:			vector of instructions to patch
 * @nr_entries:		number of entries in the vector
 *
 * Modify multi-byte instruction by using int3 breakpoint on SMP.
 * We completely avoid stop_machine() here, and achieve the
 * synchronization using int3 breakpoint.
 *
 * The way it is done:
 *	- For each entry in the vector:
 *		- add a int3 trap to the address that will be patched
 *	- sync cores
 *	- For each entry in the vector:
 *		- update all but the first byte of the patched range
 *	- sync cores
 *	- For each entry in the vector:
 *		- replace the first byte (int3) by the first byte of
 *		  replacing opcode
 *	- sync cores
 */
static void text_poke_bp_batch(struct text_poke_loc *tp, unsigned int nr_entries)
{
	unsigned char int3 = INT3_INSN_OPCODE;
	unsigned int i;
	int do_sync;

	lockdep_assert_held(&text_mutex);

	bp_desc.vec = tp;
	bp_desc.nr_entries = nr_entries;

	/*
	 * Corresponds to the implicit memory barrier in try_get_desc() to
	 * ensure reading a non-zero refcount provides up to date bp_desc data.
	 */
	atomic_set_release(&bp_desc.refs, 1);

	/*
	 * Function tracing can enable thousands of places that need to be
	 * updated. This can take quite some time, and with full kernel debugging
	 * enabled, this could cause the softlockup watchdog to trigger.
	 * This function gets called every 256 entries added to be patched.
	 * Call cond_resched() here to make sure that other tasks can get scheduled
	 * while processing all the functions being patched.
	 */
	cond_resched();

	/*
	 * Corresponding read barrier in int3 notifier for making sure the
	 * nr_entries and handler are correctly ordered wrt. patching.
	 */
	smp_wmb();

	/*
	 * First step: add a int3 trap to the address that will be patched.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < nr_entries; i++) {
		tp[i].old = *(u8 *)text_poke_addr(&tp[i]);
		text_poke(text_poke_addr(&tp[i]), &int3, INT3_INSN_SIZE);
	}

	text_poke_sync();

	/*
	 * Second step: update all but the first byte of the patched range.
	 */
	for (do_sync = 0, i = 0; i < nr_entries; i++) {
		u8 old[POKE_MAX_OPCODE_SIZE+1] = { tp[i].old, };
		u8 _new[POKE_MAX_OPCODE_SIZE+1];
		const u8 *new = tp[i].text;
		int len = tp[i].len;

		if (len - INT3_INSN_SIZE > 0) {
			memcpy(old + INT3_INSN_SIZE,
			       text_poke_addr(&tp[i]) + INT3_INSN_SIZE,
			       len - INT3_INSN_SIZE);

			if (len == 6) {
				_new[0] = 0x0f;
				memcpy(_new + 1, new, 5);
				new = _new;
			}

			text_poke(text_poke_addr(&tp[i]) + INT3_INSN_SIZE,
				  new + INT3_INSN_SIZE,
				  len - INT3_INSN_SIZE);

			do_sync++;
		}

		/*
		 * Emit a perf event to record the text poke, primarily to
		 * support Intel PT decoding which must walk the executable code
		 * to reconstruct the trace. The flow up to here is:
		 *   - write INT3 byte
		 *   - IPI-SYNC
		 *   - write instruction tail
		 * At this point the actual control flow will be through the
		 * INT3 and handler and not hit the old or new instruction.
		 * Intel PT outputs FUP/TIP packets for the INT3, so the flow
		 * can still be decoded. Subsequently:
		 *   - emit RECORD_TEXT_POKE with the new instruction
		 *   - IPI-SYNC
		 *   - write first byte
		 *   - IPI-SYNC
		 * So before the text poke event timestamp, the decoder will see
		 * either the old instruction flow or FUP/TIP of INT3. After the
		 * text poke event timestamp, the decoder will see either the
		 * new instruction flow or FUP/TIP of INT3. Thus decoders can
		 * use the timestamp as the point at which to modify the
		 * executable code.
		 * The old instruction is recorded so that the event can be
		 * processed forwards or backwards.
		 */
		perf_event_text_poke(text_poke_addr(&tp[i]), old, len, new, len);
	}

	if (do_sync) {
		/*
		 * According to Intel, this core syncing is very likely
		 * not necessary and we'd be safe even without it. But
		 * better safe than sorry (plus there's not only Intel).
		 */
		text_poke_sync();
	}

	/*
	 * Third step: replace the first byte (int3) by the first byte of
	 * replacing opcode.
	 */
	for (do_sync = 0, i = 0; i < nr_entries; i++) {
		u8 byte = tp[i].text[0];

		if (tp[i].len == 6)
			byte = 0x0f;

		if (byte == INT3_INSN_OPCODE)
			continue;

		text_poke(text_poke_addr(&tp[i]), &byte, INT3_INSN_SIZE);
		do_sync++;
	}

	if (do_sync)
		text_poke_sync();

	/*
	 * Remove and wait for refs to be zero.
	 */
	if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&bp_desc.refs))
		atomic_cond_read_acquire(&bp_desc.refs, !VAL);
}

static void text_poke_loc_init(struct text_poke_loc *tp, void *addr,
			       const void *opcode, size_t len, const void *emulate)
{
	struct insn insn;
	int ret, i = 0;

	if (len == 6)
		i = 1;
	memcpy((void *)tp->text, opcode+i, len-i);
	if (!emulate)
		emulate = opcode;

	ret = insn_decode_kernel(&insn, emulate);
	BUG_ON(ret < 0);

	tp->rel_addr = addr - (void *)_stext;
	tp->len = len;
	tp->opcode = insn.opcode.bytes[0];

	if (is_jcc32(&insn)) {
		/*
		 * Map Jcc.d32 onto Jcc.d8 and use len to distinguish.
		 */
		tp->opcode = insn.opcode.bytes[1] - 0x10;
	}

	switch (tp->opcode) {
	case RET_INSN_OPCODE:
	case JMP32_INSN_OPCODE:
	case JMP8_INSN_OPCODE:
		/*
		 * Control flow instructions without implied execution of the
		 * next instruction can be padded with INT3.
		 */
		for (i = insn.length; i < len; i++)
			BUG_ON(tp->text[i] != INT3_INSN_OPCODE);
		break;

	default:
		BUG_ON(len != insn.length);
	}

	switch (tp->opcode) {
	case INT3_INSN_OPCODE:
	case RET_INSN_OPCODE:
		break;

	case CALL_INSN_OPCODE:
	case JMP32_INSN_OPCODE:
	case JMP8_INSN_OPCODE:
	case 0x70 ... 0x7f: /* Jcc */
		tp->disp = insn.immediate.value;
		break;

	default: /* assume NOP */
		switch (len) {
		case 2: /* NOP2 -- emulate as JMP8+0 */
			BUG_ON(memcmp(emulate, x86_nops[len], len));
			tp->opcode = JMP8_INSN_OPCODE;
			tp->disp = 0;
			break;

		case 5: /* NOP5 -- emulate as JMP32+0 */
			BUG_ON(memcmp(emulate, x86_nops[len], len));
			tp->opcode = JMP32_INSN_OPCODE;
			tp->disp = 0;
			break;

		default: /* unknown instruction */
			BUG();
		}
		break;
	}
}

/*
 * We hard rely on the tp_vec being ordered; ensure this is so by flushing
 * early if needed.
 */
static bool tp_order_fail(void *addr)
{
	struct text_poke_loc *tp;

	if (!tp_vec_nr)
		return false;

	if (!addr) /* force */
		return true;

	tp = &tp_vec[tp_vec_nr - 1];
	if ((unsigned long)text_poke_addr(tp) > (unsigned long)addr)
		return true;

	return false;
}

static void text_poke_flush(void *addr)
{
	if (tp_vec_nr == TP_VEC_MAX || tp_order_fail(addr)) {
		text_poke_bp_batch(tp_vec, tp_vec_nr);
		tp_vec_nr = 0;
	}
}

void text_poke_finish(void)
{
	text_poke_flush(NULL);
}

void __ref text_poke_queue(void *addr, const void *opcode, size_t len, const void *emulate)
{
	struct text_poke_loc *tp;

	text_poke_flush(addr);

	tp = &tp_vec[tp_vec_nr++];
	text_poke_loc_init(tp, addr, opcode, len, emulate);
}

/**
 * text_poke_bp() -- update instructions on live kernel on SMP
 * @addr:	address to patch
 * @opcode:	opcode of new instruction
 * @len:	length to copy
 * @emulate:	instruction to be emulated
 *
 * Update a single instruction with the vector in the stack, avoiding
 * dynamically allocated memory. This function should be used when it is
 * not possible to allocate memory.
 */
void __ref text_poke_bp(void *addr, const void *opcode, size_t len, const void *emulate)
{
	struct text_poke_loc tp;

	text_poke_loc_init(&tp, addr, opcode, len, emulate);
	text_poke_bp_batch(&tp, 1);
}