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Ingo Molnar 27a0a90d63 perf/core improvements and fixes: 
perf trace:
 
 - Add syscall failure stats to -s/--summary and -S/--with-summary, works in
   combination with specifying just a set of syscalls, see below first with
   -s/--summary, then with -S/--with-summary just for the syscalls we saw failing
   with -s:
 
     # perf trace -s sleep 1
 
      Summary of events:
 
      sleep (16218), 80 events, 93.0%
 
        syscall     calls  errors  total      min      avg      max   stddev
                                   (msec)   (msec)   (msec)   (msec)    (%)
        ----------- -----  ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- ------
        nanosleep       1      0  1000.091 1000.091 1000.091 1000.091  0.00%
        mmap            8      0     0.045    0.005    0.006    0.008  7.09%
        mprotect        4      0     0.028    0.005    0.007    0.009 11.38%
        openat          3      0     0.021    0.005    0.007    0.009 14.07%
        munmap          1      0     0.017    0.017    0.017    0.017  0.00%
        brk             4      0     0.010    0.001    0.002    0.004 23.15%
        read            4      0     0.009    0.002    0.002    0.003  8.13%
        close           5      0     0.008    0.001    0.002    0.002 10.83%
        fstat           3      0     0.006    0.002    0.002    0.002  6.97%
        access          1      1     0.006    0.006    0.006    0.006  0.00%
        lseek           3      0     0.005    0.001    0.002    0.002  7.37%
        arch_prctl      2      1     0.004    0.001    0.002    0.002 17.64%
        execve          1      0     0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000  0.00%
 
     # perf trace -e access,arch_prctl -S sleep 1
          0.000 ( 0.006 ms): sleep/19503 arch_prctl(option: 0x3001, arg2: 0x7fff165996b0) = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)
          0.024 ( 0.006 ms): sleep/19503 access(filename: 0x2177e510, mode: R)            = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
          0.136 ( 0.002 ms): sleep/19503 arch_prctl(option: SET_FS, arg2: 0x7f9421737580) = 0
 
      Summary of events:
 
      sleep (19503), 6 events, 50.0%
 
        syscall    calls  errors total    min    avg    max  stddev
                                 (msec) (msec) (msec) (msec)    (%)
        ---------- -----  ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
        arch_prctl   2       1    0.008  0.002  0.004  0.006 57.22%
        access       1       1    0.006  0.006  0.006  0.006  0.00%
 
     #
 
   - Introduce --errno-summary, to drill down a bit more in the errno stats:
 
     # perf trace --errno-summary -e access,arch_prctl -S sleep 1
          0.000 ( 0.006 ms): sleep/5587 arch_prctl(option: 0x3001, arg2: 0x7ffd6ba6aa00) = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)
          0.028 ( 0.007 ms): sleep/5587 access(filename: 0xb83d9510, mode: R)            = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
          0.172 ( 0.003 ms): sleep/5587 arch_prctl(option: SET_FS, arg2: 0x7f45b8392580) = 0
 
      Summary of events:
 
      sleep (5587), 6 events, 50.0%
 
        syscall    calls  errors total    min    avg    max  stddev
                                 (msec) (msec) (msec) (msec)   (%)
        ---------- -----  ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
        arch_prctl     2     1    0.009  0.003  0.005  0.006 38.90%
 			   EINVAL: 1
        access         1     1    0.007  0.007  0.007  0.007  0.00%
                            ENOENT: 1
     #
 
   - Filter own pid to avoid a feedback look in 'perf trace record -a'
 
   - Add the glue for the auto generated x86 IRQ vector array.
 
   - Show error message when not finding a field used in a filter expression
 
     # perf trace --max-events=4 -e syscalls:sys_enter_write --filter="cnt>32767"
     Failed to set filter "(cnt>32767) && (common_pid != 19938 && common_pid != 8922)" on event syscalls:sys_enter_write with 22 (Invalid argument)
     #
     # perf trace --max-events=4 -e syscalls:sys_enter_write --filter="count>32767"
          0.000 python3.5/17535 syscalls:sys_enter_write(fd: 3, buf: 0x564b0dc53600, count: 172086)
         12.641 python3.5.post/17535 syscalls:sys_enter_write(fd: 3, buf: 0x564b0db63660, count: 75994)
         27.738 python3.5.post/17535 syscalls:sys_enter_write(fd: 3, buf: 0x564b0db4b1e0, count: 41635)
        136.070 python3.5.post/17535 syscalls:sys_enter_write(fd: 3, buf: 0x564b0dbab510, count: 62232)
     #
 
   - Add a generator for x86's IRQ vectors -> strings
 
   - Introduce stroul() (string -> number) methods for the strarray and
     strarrays classes, also strtoul_flags, allowing to go from both strings
     and or-ed strings to numbers, allowing things like:
 
     # perf trace -e syscalls:sys_enter_mmap --filter="flags==DENYWRITE|PRIVATE|FIXED" sleep 1
          0.000 sleep/22588 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7f42d2aa5000, len: 1363968, prot: READ|EXEC, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x22000)
          0.011 sleep/22588 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7f42d2bf2000, len: 311296, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x16f000)
          0.015 sleep/22588 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7f42d2c3f000, len: 24576, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x1bb000)
     #
 
   Allowing to narrow down from the complete set of mmap calls for that workload:
 
     # perf trace -e syscalls:sys_enter_mmap sleep 1
          0.000 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 134773, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 3)
          0.041 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 8192, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: PRIVATE|ANONYMOUS)
          0.053 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 1857472, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE|DENYWRITE, fd: 3)
          0.069 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7fd23ffb6000, len: 1363968, prot: READ|EXEC, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x22000)
          0.077 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7fd240103000, len: 311296, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x16f000)
          0.083 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7fd240150000, len: 24576, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x1bb000)
          0.095 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7fd240156000, len: 14272, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|ANONYMOUS)
          0.339 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 217750512, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 3)
     #
 
   Works with all targets, so, for system wide, looking at who calls mmap with flags set to just "PRIVATE":
 
     # perf trace --max-events=5 -e syscalls:sys_enter_mmap --filter="flags==PRIVATE"
          0.000 pool/2242 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 14)
          0.050 pool/2242 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 14)
          0.062 pool/2242 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 14)
          0.145 goa-identity-s/2240 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 18)
          0.183 goa-identity-s/2240 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 18)
     #
 
   # perf trace --max-events=2 -e syscalls:sys_enter_lseek --filter="whence==SET && offset != 0"
          0.000 Cache2 I/O/12047 syscalls:sys_enter_lseek(fd: 277, offset: 43, whence: SET)
       1142.070 mozStorage #5/12302 syscalls:sys_enter_lseek(fd: 44</home/acme/.mozilla/firefox/ina67tev.default/cookies.sqlite-wal>, offset: 393536, whence: SET)
   #
 
 perf annotate:
 
   - Fix objdump --no-show-raw-insn flag to work with goth gcc and clang.
 
   - Streamline objdump execution, preserving the right error codes for better
     reporting to user.
 
 perf report:
 
   - Add warning when libunwind not compiled in.
 
 perf stat:
 
   Jin Yao:
 
   - Support --all-kernel/--all-user, to match options available in 'perf record',
     asking that all the events specified work just with kernel or user events.
 
 perf list:
 
   Jin Yao:
 
   - Hide deprecated events by default, allow showing them with --deprecated.
 
 libbperf:
 
   Jiri Olsa:
 
   - Allow to build with -ltcmalloc.
 
   - Finish mmap interface, getting more stuff from tools/perf while adding
     abstractions to avoid pulling too much stuff, to get libperf to grow as
     tools needs things like auxtrace, etc.
 
 perf scripting engines:
 
   Steven Rostedt (VMware):
 
   - Iterate on tep event arrays directly, fixing script generation with
     '-g python' when having multiple tracepoints in a perf.data file.
 
 core:
 
   - Allow to build with -ltcmalloc.
 
 perf test:
 
   Leo Yan:
 
   - Report failure for mmap events.
 
   - Avoid infinite loop for task exit case.
 
   - Remove needless headers for bp_account test.
 
   - Add dedicated checking helper is_supported().
 
   - Disable bp_signal testing for arm64.
 
 Vendor events:
 
 arm64:
 
   John Garry:
 
   - Fix Hisi hip08 DDRC PMU eventname.
 
   - Add some missing events for Hisi hip08 DDRC, L3C and HHA PMUs.
 
 Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
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Merge tag 'perf-core-for-mingo-5.5-20191021' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux into perf/core

Pull perf/core improvements and fixes from Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo:

perf trace:

- Add syscall failure stats to -s/--summary and -S/--with-summary, works in
  combination with specifying just a set of syscalls, see below first with
  -s/--summary, then with -S/--with-summary just for the syscalls we saw failing
  with -s:

    # perf trace -s sleep 1

     Summary of events:

     sleep (16218), 80 events, 93.0%

       syscall     calls  errors  total      min      avg      max   stddev
                                  (msec)   (msec)   (msec)   (msec)    (%)
       ----------- -----  ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- ------
       nanosleep       1      0  1000.091 1000.091 1000.091 1000.091  0.00%
       mmap            8      0     0.045    0.005    0.006    0.008  7.09%
       mprotect        4      0     0.028    0.005    0.007    0.009 11.38%
       openat          3      0     0.021    0.005    0.007    0.009 14.07%
       munmap          1      0     0.017    0.017    0.017    0.017  0.00%
       brk             4      0     0.010    0.001    0.002    0.004 23.15%
       read            4      0     0.009    0.002    0.002    0.003  8.13%
       close           5      0     0.008    0.001    0.002    0.002 10.83%
       fstat           3      0     0.006    0.002    0.002    0.002  6.97%
       access          1      1     0.006    0.006    0.006    0.006  0.00%
       lseek           3      0     0.005    0.001    0.002    0.002  7.37%
       arch_prctl      2      1     0.004    0.001    0.002    0.002 17.64%
       execve          1      0     0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000  0.00%

    # perf trace -e access,arch_prctl -S sleep 1
         0.000 ( 0.006 ms): sleep/19503 arch_prctl(option: 0x3001, arg2: 0x7fff165996b0) = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)
         0.024 ( 0.006 ms): sleep/19503 access(filename: 0x2177e510, mode: R)            = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
         0.136 ( 0.002 ms): sleep/19503 arch_prctl(option: SET_FS, arg2: 0x7f9421737580) = 0

     Summary of events:

     sleep (19503), 6 events, 50.0%

       syscall    calls  errors total    min    avg    max  stddev
                                (msec) (msec) (msec) (msec)    (%)
       ---------- -----  ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
       arch_prctl   2       1    0.008  0.002  0.004  0.006 57.22%
       access       1       1    0.006  0.006  0.006  0.006  0.00%

    #

  - Introduce --errno-summary, to drill down a bit more in the errno stats:

    # perf trace --errno-summary -e access,arch_prctl -S sleep 1
         0.000 ( 0.006 ms): sleep/5587 arch_prctl(option: 0x3001, arg2: 0x7ffd6ba6aa00) = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)
         0.028 ( 0.007 ms): sleep/5587 access(filename: 0xb83d9510, mode: R)            = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
         0.172 ( 0.003 ms): sleep/5587 arch_prctl(option: SET_FS, arg2: 0x7f45b8392580) = 0

     Summary of events:

     sleep (5587), 6 events, 50.0%

       syscall    calls  errors total    min    avg    max  stddev
                                (msec) (msec) (msec) (msec)   (%)
       ---------- -----  ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
       arch_prctl     2     1    0.009  0.003  0.005  0.006 38.90%
			   EINVAL: 1
       access         1     1    0.007  0.007  0.007  0.007  0.00%
                           ENOENT: 1
    #

  - Filter own pid to avoid a feedback look in 'perf trace record -a'

  - Add the glue for the auto generated x86 IRQ vector array.

  - Show error message when not finding a field used in a filter expression

    # perf trace --max-events=4 -e syscalls:sys_enter_write --filter="cnt>32767"
    Failed to set filter "(cnt>32767) && (common_pid != 19938 && common_pid != 8922)" on event syscalls:sys_enter_write with 22 (Invalid argument)
    #
    # perf trace --max-events=4 -e syscalls:sys_enter_write --filter="count>32767"
         0.000 python3.5/17535 syscalls:sys_enter_write(fd: 3, buf: 0x564b0dc53600, count: 172086)
        12.641 python3.5.post/17535 syscalls:sys_enter_write(fd: 3, buf: 0x564b0db63660, count: 75994)
        27.738 python3.5.post/17535 syscalls:sys_enter_write(fd: 3, buf: 0x564b0db4b1e0, count: 41635)
       136.070 python3.5.post/17535 syscalls:sys_enter_write(fd: 3, buf: 0x564b0dbab510, count: 62232)
    #

  - Add a generator for x86's IRQ vectors -> strings

  - Introduce stroul() (string -> number) methods for the strarray and
    strarrays classes, also strtoul_flags, allowing to go from both strings
    and or-ed strings to numbers, allowing things like:

    # perf trace -e syscalls:sys_enter_mmap --filter="flags==DENYWRITE|PRIVATE|FIXED" sleep 1
         0.000 sleep/22588 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7f42d2aa5000, len: 1363968, prot: READ|EXEC, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x22000)
         0.011 sleep/22588 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7f42d2bf2000, len: 311296, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x16f000)
         0.015 sleep/22588 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7f42d2c3f000, len: 24576, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x1bb000)
    #

  Allowing to narrow down from the complete set of mmap calls for that workload:

    # perf trace -e syscalls:sys_enter_mmap sleep 1
         0.000 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 134773, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 3)
         0.041 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 8192, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: PRIVATE|ANONYMOUS)
         0.053 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 1857472, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE|DENYWRITE, fd: 3)
         0.069 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7fd23ffb6000, len: 1363968, prot: READ|EXEC, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x22000)
         0.077 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7fd240103000, len: 311296, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x16f000)
         0.083 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7fd240150000, len: 24576, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|DENYWRITE, fd: 3, off: 0x1bb000)
         0.095 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(addr: 0x7fd240156000, len: 14272, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: PRIVATE|FIXED|ANONYMOUS)
         0.339 sleep/22695 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 217750512, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 3)
    #

  Works with all targets, so, for system wide, looking at who calls mmap with flags set to just "PRIVATE":

    # perf trace --max-events=5 -e syscalls:sys_enter_mmap --filter="flags==PRIVATE"
         0.000 pool/2242 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 14)
         0.050 pool/2242 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 14)
         0.062 pool/2242 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 14)
         0.145 goa-identity-s/2240 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 18)
         0.183 goa-identity-s/2240 syscalls:sys_enter_mmap(len: 756, prot: READ, flags: PRIVATE, fd: 18)
    #

  # perf trace --max-events=2 -e syscalls:sys_enter_lseek --filter="whence==SET && offset != 0"
         0.000 Cache2 I/O/12047 syscalls:sys_enter_lseek(fd: 277, offset: 43, whence: SET)
      1142.070 mozStorage #5/12302 syscalls:sys_enter_lseek(fd: 44</home/acme/.mozilla/firefox/ina67tev.default/cookies.sqlite-wal>, offset: 393536, whence: SET)
  #

perf annotate:

  - Fix objdump --no-show-raw-insn flag to work with goth gcc and clang.

  - Streamline objdump execution, preserving the right error codes for better
    reporting to user.

perf report:

  - Add warning when libunwind not compiled in.

perf stat:

  Jin Yao:

  - Support --all-kernel/--all-user, to match options available in 'perf record',
    asking that all the events specified work just with kernel or user events.

perf list:

  Jin Yao:

  - Hide deprecated events by default, allow showing them with --deprecated.

libbperf:

  Jiri Olsa:

  - Allow to build with -ltcmalloc.

  - Finish mmap interface, getting more stuff from tools/perf while adding
    abstractions to avoid pulling too much stuff, to get libperf to grow as
    tools needs things like auxtrace, etc.

perf scripting engines:

  Steven Rostedt (VMware):

  - Iterate on tep event arrays directly, fixing script generation with
    '-g python' when having multiple tracepoints in a perf.data file.

core:

  - Allow to build with -ltcmalloc.

perf test:

  Leo Yan:

  - Report failure for mmap events.

  - Avoid infinite loop for task exit case.

  - Remove needless headers for bp_account test.

  - Add dedicated checking helper is_supported().

  - Disable bp_signal testing for arm64.

Vendor events:

arm64:

  John Garry:

  - Fix Hisi hip08 DDRC PMU eventname.

  - Add some missing events for Hisi hip08 DDRC, L3C and HHA PMUs.

Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2019-10-22 01:15:45 +02:00
arch Merge branch 'perf/urgent' into perf/core, to pick up fixes 2019-10-22 01:15:32 +02:00
block blk-wbt: fix performance regression in wbt scale_up/scale_down 2019-10-06 09:26:41 -06:00
certs PKCS#7: Refactor verify_pkcs7_signature() 2019-08-05 18:40:18 -04:00
crypto Merge branch 'next-lockdown' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security 2019-09-28 08:14:15 -07:00
Documentation hwmon fixes for v5.4-rc3 2019-10-13 08:40:31 -07:00
drivers hwmon fixes for v5.4-rc3 2019-10-13 08:40:31 -07:00
fs A few tracing fixes: 2019-10-13 14:47:10 -07:00
include perf/core: Fix !CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS build warnings and failures 2019-10-19 09:15:27 +02:00
init Merge branch 'next-lockdown' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security 2019-09-28 08:14:15 -07:00
ipc ipc/sem.c: convert to use built-in RCU list checking 2019-09-25 17:51:41 -07:00
kernel Merge branch 'perf/urgent' into perf/core, to pick up fixes 2019-10-22 01:15:32 +02:00
lib Merge branch 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip 2019-10-12 14:46:14 -07:00
LICENSES LICENSES: Rename other to deprecated 2019-05-03 06:34:32 -06:00
mm for-linus-20191010 2019-10-11 08:45:32 -07:00
net NFS Client Bugfixes for Linux 5.4-rc3 2019-10-11 14:28:59 -07:00
samples samples/bpf: fix build by setting HAVE_ATTR_TEST to zero 2019-10-07 12:22:18 -03:00
scripts A few tracing fixes: 2019-10-13 14:47:10 -07:00
security perf_event: Add support for LSM and SELinux checks 2019-10-17 21:31:55 +02:00
sound sound fixes for 5.4-rc1 2019-09-24 16:46:16 -07:00
tools perf/core improvements and fixes: 2019-10-22 01:15:45 +02:00
usr kbuild: update compile-test header list for v5.4-rc2 2019-10-05 15:29:49 +09:00
virt KVM/arm fixes for 5.4, take #1 2019-10-03 12:08:50 +02:00
.clang-format clang-format: Update with the latest for_each macro list 2019-08-31 10:00:51 +02:00
.cocciconfig
.get_maintainer.ignore Opt out of scripts/get_maintainer.pl 2019-05-16 10:53:40 -07:00
.gitattributes .gitattributes: set git diff driver for C source code files 2016-10-07 18:46:30 -07:00
.gitignore Modules updates for v5.4 2019-09-22 10:34:46 -07:00
.mailmap Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next 2019-09-18 12:34:53 -07:00
COPYING COPYING: use the new text with points to the license files 2018-03-23 12:41:45 -06:00
CREDITS MAINTAINERS: Remove Simon as Renesas SoC Co-Maintainer 2019-10-10 08:12:51 -07:00
Kbuild kbuild: do not descend to ./Kbuild when cleaning 2019-08-21 21:03:58 +09:00
Kconfig docs: kbuild: convert docs to ReST and rename to *.rst 2019-06-14 14:21:21 -06:00
MAINTAINERS perf/core improvements and fixes: 2019-10-15 07:19:55 +02:00
Makefile Linux 5.4-rc3 2019-10-13 16:37:36 -07:00
README Drop all 00-INDEX files from Documentation/ 2018-09-09 15:08:58 -06:00

README 

Linux kernel
============

There are several guides for kernel developers and users. These guides can
be rendered in a number of formats, like HTML and PDF. Please read
Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst first.

In order to build the documentation, use ``make htmldocs`` or
``make pdfdocs``.  The formatted documentation can also be read online at:

    https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/

There are various text files in the Documentation/ subdirectory,
several of them using the Restructured Text markup notation.

Please read the Documentation/process/changes.rst file, as it contains the
requirements for building and running the kernel, and information about
the problems which may result by upgrading your kernel.