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Done by bash script:
cvt_lkml_to_lore ()
{
tmpfile=$(mktemp ./.cvt_links.XXXXXXX)
header=$(echo $1 | sed 's@/lkml/@/lkml/headers/@')
wget -qO - $header > $tmpfile
if [[ $? == 0 ]] ; then
link=$(grep -i '^Message-Id:' $tmpfile | head -1 | \
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# echo "testlink: $link"
if [ -n "$link" ] ; then
wget -qO - $link > /dev/null
if [[ $? == 0 ]] ; then
echo $link
fi
fi
fi
rm -f $tmpfile
}
git grep -P -o "\bhttps?://(?:www.)?lkml.org/lkml[\/\w]+" $@ |
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echo $line
file=$(echo $line | cut -f1 -d':')
link=$(echo $line | cut -f2- -d':')
newlink=$(cvt_lkml_to_lore $link)
if [[ -n "$newlink" ]] ; then
sed -i -e "s#\b$link\b#$newlink#" $file
fi
done
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1265849/#1462688
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/77cdb7f32cfb087955bfc3600b86c40bed5d4104.camel@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
118 lines
3.0 KiB
ReStructuredText
118 lines
3.0 KiB
ReStructuredText
========
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CPU load
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========
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Linux exports various bits of information via ``/proc/stat`` and
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``/proc/uptime`` that userland tools, such as top(1), use to calculate
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the average time system spent in a particular state, for example::
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$ iostat
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Linux 2.6.18.3-exp (linmac) 02/20/2007
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avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
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10.01 0.00 2.92 5.44 0.00 81.63
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...
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Here the system thinks that over the default sampling period the
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system spent 10.01% of the time doing work in user space, 2.92% in the
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kernel, and was overall 81.63% of the time idle.
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In most cases the ``/proc/stat`` information reflects the reality quite
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closely, however due to the nature of how/when the kernel collects
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this data sometimes it can not be trusted at all.
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So how is this information collected? Whenever timer interrupt is
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signalled the kernel looks what kind of task was running at this
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moment and increments the counter that corresponds to this tasks
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kind/state. The problem with this is that the system could have
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switched between various states multiple times between two timer
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interrupts yet the counter is incremented only for the last state.
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Example
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-------
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If we imagine the system with one task that periodically burns cycles
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in the following manner::
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time line between two timer interrupts
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|--------------------------------------|
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^ ^
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|_ something begins working |
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|_ something goes to sleep
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(only to be awaken quite soon)
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In the above situation the system will be 0% loaded according to the
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``/proc/stat`` (since the timer interrupt will always happen when the
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system is executing the idle handler), but in reality the load is
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closer to 99%.
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One can imagine many more situations where this behavior of the kernel
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will lead to quite erratic information inside ``/proc/stat``::
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/* gcc -o hog smallhog.c */
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#include <time.h>
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#include <limits.h>
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#include <signal.h>
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#include <sys/time.h>
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#define HIST 10
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static volatile sig_atomic_t stop;
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static void sighandler(int signr)
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{
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(void) signr;
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stop = 1;
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}
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static unsigned long hog (unsigned long niters)
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{
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stop = 0;
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while (!stop && --niters);
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return niters;
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}
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int main (void)
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{
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int i;
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struct itimerval it = {
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.it_interval = { .tv_sec = 0, .tv_usec = 1 },
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.it_value = { .tv_sec = 0, .tv_usec = 1 } };
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sigset_t set;
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unsigned long v[HIST];
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double tmp = 0.0;
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unsigned long n;
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signal(SIGALRM, &sighandler);
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setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &it, NULL);
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hog (ULONG_MAX);
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for (i = 0; i < HIST; ++i) v[i] = ULONG_MAX - hog(ULONG_MAX);
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for (i = 0; i < HIST; ++i) tmp += v[i];
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tmp /= HIST;
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n = tmp - (tmp / 3.0);
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sigemptyset(&set);
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sigaddset(&set, SIGALRM);
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for (;;) {
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hog(n);
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sigwait(&set, &i);
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}
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return 0;
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}
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References
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----------
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- https://lore.kernel.org/r/loom.20070212T063225-663@post.gmane.org
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- Documentation/filesystems/proc.rst (1.8)
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Thanks
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------
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Con Kolivas, Pavel Machek
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