The current shrinker implementation requires the registered callback
to have global state to work from. This makes it difficult to shrink
caches that are not global (e.g. per-filesystem caches). Pass the shrinker
structure to the callback so that users can embed the shrinker structure
in the context the shrinker needs to operate on and get back to it in the
callback via container_of().
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
* 'kmemleak' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cmarinas/linux-2.6-cm:
kmemleak: Add support for NO_BOOTMEM configurations
kmemleak: Annotate false positive in init_section_page_cgroup()
The cacheline with the flags is reachable from the hot paths after the
percpu allocator changes went in. So there is no need anymore to put a
flag into each slab page. Get rid of the SlubDebug flag and use
the flags in kmem_cache instead.
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
If a slab cache is removed before we have setup sysfs then simply skip over
the sysfs handling.
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Roland Dreier <rdreier@cisco.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Small allocations may fail during slab bringup which is fatal. Add a BUG_ON()
so that we fail immediately rather than failing later during sysfs
processing.
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
UL suffix is missing in some constants. Conform to how slab.h uses constants.
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
kmalloc_node() and friends can be passed a constant -1 to indicate
that no choice was made for the node from which the object needs to
come.
Use NUMA_NO_NODE instead of -1.
CC: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
SLOB has alloced smaller objects from their own list in reduce overall external
fragmentation and increase repeatability, free to their own list also.
This is /proc/meminfo result in my test machine:
without this patch:
===
MemTotal: 1030720 kB
MemFree: 750012 kB
Buffers: 15496 kB
Cached: 160396 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 105024 kB
Inactive: 145604 kB
Active(anon): 74816 kB
Inactive(anon): 2180 kB
Active(file): 30208 kB
Inactive(file): 143424 kB
Unevictable: 16 kB
....
with this patch:
===
MemTotal: 1030720 kB
MemFree: 751908 kB
Buffers: 15492 kB
Cached: 160280 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 102720 kB
Inactive: 146140 kB
Active(anon): 73168 kB
Inactive(anon): 2180 kB
Active(file): 29552 kB
Inactive(file): 143960 kB
Unevictable: 16 kB
...
The result shows an improvement of 1 MB!
And when I tested it on a embeded system with 64 MB, I found this path is never
called during kernel bootup.
Acked-by: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Signed-off-by: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
via following scripts
FILES=$(find * -type f | grep -vE 'oprofile|[^K]config')
sed -i \
-e 's/lmb/memblock/g' \
-e 's/LMB/MEMBLOCK/g' \
$FILES
for N in $(find . -name lmb.[ch]); do
M=$(echo $N | sed 's/lmb/memblock/g')
mv $N $M
done
and remove some wrong change like lmbench and dlmb etc.
also move memblock.c from lib/ to mm/
Suggested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Acked-by: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Acked-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Current x86 ioremap() doesn't handle physical address higher than
32-bit properly in X86_32 PAE mode. When physical address higher than
32-bit is passed to ioremap(), higher 32-bits in physical address is
cleared wrongly. Due to this bug, ioremap() can map wrong address to
linear address space.
In my case, 64-bit MMIO region was assigned to a PCI device (ioat
device) on my system. Because of the ioremap()'s bug, wrong physical
address (instead of MMIO region) was mapped to linear address space.
Because of this, loading ioatdma driver caused unexpected behavior
(kernel panic, kernel hangup, ...).
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
LKML-Reference: <4C1AE680.7090408@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block:
writeback: simplify the write back thread queue
writeback: split writeback_inodes_wb
writeback: remove writeback_inodes_wbc
fs-writeback: fix kernel-doc warnings
splice: check f_mode for seekable file
splice: direct_splice_actor() should not use pos in sd
First remove items from work_list as soon as we start working on them. This
means we don't have to track any pending or visited state and can get
rid of all the RCU magic freeing the work items - we can simply free
them once the operation has finished. Second use a real completion for
tracking synchronous requests - if the caller sets the completion pointer
we complete it, otherwise use it as a boolean indicator that we can free
the work item directly. Third unify struct wb_writeback_args and struct
bdi_work into a single data structure, wb_writeback_work. Previous we
set all parameters into a struct wb_writeback_args, copied it into
struct bdi_work, copied it again on the stack to use it there. Instead
of just allocate one structure dynamically or on the stack and use it
all the way through the stack.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
This was just an odd wrapper around writeback_inodes_wb. Removing this
also allows to get rid of the bdi member of struct writeback_control
which was rather out of place there.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Conflicts:
fs/fs-writeback.c
Merge reason: Resolve the conflict
Note, i picked the version from Linus's tree, which effectively reverts
the fs-writeback.c bits of:
b97181f: fs: remove all rcu head initializations, except on_stack initializations
As the upstream changes to this file changed this code heavily and the
first attempt to resolve the conflict resulted in a non-booting kernel.
It's safer to re-try this portion of the commit cleanly.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
My patch to "Factor out duplicate put/frees in mpol_shared_policy_init()
to a common return path"; and Dan Carpenter's fix thereto both left a
dangling reference to the incoming tmpfs superblock mempolicy structure.
A similar leak was introduced earlier when the nodemask was moved offstack
to the scratch area despite the note in the comment block regarding the
incoming ref.
Move the remaining 'put of the incoming "mpol" to the common exit path to
drop the reference.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
OOM-waitqueue should be waken up when oom_disable is canceled. This is a
fix for 3c11ecf448 ("memcg: oom kill disable and oom status").
How to test:
Create a cgroup A...
1. set memory.limit and memory.memsw.limit to be small value
2. echo 1 > /cgroup/A/memory.oom_control, this disables oom-kill.
3. run a program which must cause OOM.
A program executed in 3 will sleep by oom_waiqueue in memcg. Then, how to
wake it up is problem.
1. echo 0 > /cgroup/A/memory.oom_control (enable OOM-killer)
2. echo big mem > /cgroup/A/memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes(allow more swap)
etc..
Without the patch, a task in slept can not be waken up.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block:
block: Don't count_vm_events for discard bio in submit_bio.
cfq: fix recursive call in cfq_blkiocg_update_completion_stats()
cfq-iosched: Fixed boot warning with BLK_CGROUP=y and CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED=n
cfq: Don't allow queue merges for queues that have no process references
block: fix DISCARD_BARRIER requests
cciss: set SCSI max cmd len to 16, as default is wrong
cpqarray: fix two more wrong section type
cpqarray: fix wrong __init type on pci probe function
drbd: Fixed a race between disk-attach and unexpected state changes
writeback: fix pin_sb_for_writeback
writeback: add missing requeue_io in writeback_inodes_wb
writeback: simplify and split bdi_start_writeback
writeback: simplify wakeup_flusher_threads
writeback: fix writeback_inodes_wb from writeback_inodes_sb
writeback: enforce s_umount locking in writeback_inodes_sb
writeback: queue work on stack in writeback_inodes_sb
writeback: fix writeback completion notifications
This patch updates percpu allocator such that it can serve limited
amount of allocation before slab comes online. This is primarily to
allow slab to depend on working percpu allocator.
Two parameters, PERCPU_DYNAMIC_EARLY_SIZE and SLOTS, determine how
much memory space and allocation map slots are reserved. If this
reserved area is exhausted, WARN_ON_ONCE() will trigger and allocation
will fail till slab comes online.
The following changes are made to implement early alloc.
* pcpu_mem_alloc() now checks slab_is_available()
* Chunks are allocated using pcpu_mem_alloc()
* Init paths make sure ai->dyn_size is at least as large as
PERCPU_DYNAMIC_EARLY_SIZE.
* Initial alloc maps are allocated in __initdata and copied to
kmalloc'd areas once slab is online.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
In pcpu_build_alloc_info() and pcpu_embed_first_chunk(), @dyn_size was
ssize_t, -1 meant auto-size, 0 forced 0 and positive meant minimum
size. There's no use case for forcing 0 and the upcoming early alloc
support always requires non-zero dynamic size. Make @dyn_size always
mean minimum dyn_size.
While at it, make pcpu_build_alloc_info() static which doesn't have
any external caller as suggested by David Rientjes.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
per_cpu_ptr_to_phys() determines whether the passed in @addr belongs
to the first_chunk or not by just matching the address against the
address range of the base unit (unit0, used by cpu0). When an adress
from another cpu was passed in, it will always determine that the
address doesn't belong to the first chunk even when it does. This
makes the function return a bogus physical address which may lead to
crash.
This problem was discovered by Cliff Wickman while investigating a
crash during kdump on a SGI UV system.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Cliff Wickman <cpw@sgi.com>
Tested-by: Cliff Wickman <cpw@sgi.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Fix the following two trivial bugs in pcpu_build_alloc_info()
* we should memset group_cnt to 0 by size of group_cnt, not size of
group_map (both are of the same size, so the bug isn't dangerous)
* we can delete useless variable group_cnt_max.
Signed-off-by: Pavel V. Panteleev <pp_84@mail.ru>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Remove all rcu head inits. We don't care about the RCU head state before passing
it to call_rcu() anyway. Only leave the "on_stack" variants so debugobjects can
keep track of objects on stack.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
bdi_start_writeback now never gets a superblock passed, so we can just remove
that case. And to further untangle the code and flatten the call stack
split it into two trivial helpers for it's two callers.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
We have been resisting new ftrace plugins and removing existing
ones, and kmemtrace has been superseded by kmem trace events
and perf-kmem, so we remove it.
Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
[ remove kmemtrace from the makefile, handle slob too ]
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Add the capacility to track data mmap()s. This can be used together
with PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR for data profiling.
Signed-off-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
[Updated code for stable perf ABI]
Signed-off-by: Eric B Munson <ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
LKML-Reference: <1274193049-25997-1-git-send-email-ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
sync can currently take a really long time if a concurrent writer is
extending a file. The problem is that the dirty pages on the address
space grow in the same direction as write_cache_pages scans, so if
the writer keeps ahead of writeback, the writeback will not
terminate until the writer stops adding dirty pages.
For a data integrity sync, we only need to write the pages dirty at
the time we start the writeback, so we can stop scanning once we get
to the page that was at the end of the file at the time the scan
started.
This will prevent operations like copying a large file preventing
sync from completing as it will not write back pages that were
dirtied after the sync was started. This does not impact the
existing integrity guarantees, as any dirty page (old or new)
within the EOF range at the start of the scan will still be
captured.
This patch will not prevent sync from blocking on large writes into
holes. That requires more complex intervention while this patch only
addresses the common append-case of this sync holdoff.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If a filesystem writes more than one page in ->writepage, write_cache_pages
fails to notice this and continues to attempt writeback when wbc->nr_to_write
has gone negative - this trace was captured from XFS:
wbc_writeback_start: towrt=1024
wbc_writepage: towrt=1024
wbc_writepage: towrt=0
wbc_writepage: towrt=-1
wbc_writepage: towrt=-5
wbc_writepage: towrt=-21
wbc_writepage: towrt=-85
This has adverse effects on filesystem writeback behaviour. write_cache_pages()
needs to terminate after a certain number of pages are written, not after a
certain number of calls to ->writepage are made. This is a regression
introduced by 17bc6c30cf ("vfs: Add
no_nrwrite_index_update writeback control flag"), but cannot be reverted
directly due to subsequent bug fixes that have gone in on top of it.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6:
Minix: Clean up left over label
fix truncate inode time modification breakage
fix setattr error handling in sysfs, configfs
fcntl: return -EFAULT if copy_to_user fails
wrong type for 'magic' argument in simple_fill_super()
fix the deadlock in qib_fs
mqueue doesn't need make_bad_inode()
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (27 commits)
block: make blk_init_free_list and elevator_init idempotent
block: avoid unconditionally freeing previously allocated request_queue
pipe: change /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-pages to byte sized interface
pipe: change the privilege required for growing a pipe beyond system max
pipe: adjust minimum pipe size to 1 page
block: disable preemption before using sched_clock()
cciss: call BUG() earlier
Preparing 8.3.8rc2
drbd: Reduce verbosity
drbd: use drbd specific ratelimit instead of global printk_ratelimit
drbd: fix hang on local read errors while disconnected
drbd: Removed the now empty w_io_error() function
drbd: removed duplicated #includes
drbd: improve usage of MSG_MORE
drbd: need to set socket bufsize early to take effect
drbd: improve network latency, TCP_QUICKACK
drbd: Revert "drbd: Create new current UUID as late as possible"
brd: support discard
Revert "writeback: fix WB_SYNC_NONE writeback from umount"
Revert "writeback: ensure that WB_SYNC_NONE writeback with sb pinned is sync"
...
Greg Thelen reported recent Johannes's stack diet patch makes kernel hang.
His test is following.
mount -t cgroup none /cgroups -o memory
mkdir /cgroups/cg1
echo $$ > /cgroups/cg1/tasks
dd bs=1024 count=1024 if=/dev/null of=/data/foo
echo $$ > /cgroups/tasks
echo 1 > /cgroups/cg1/memory.force_empty
Actually, This OOM hard to try logic have been corrupted since following
two years old patch.
commit a41f24ea9f
Author: Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@us.ibm.com>
Date: Tue Apr 29 00:58:25 2008 -0700
page allocator: smarter retry of costly-order allocations
Original intention was "return success if the system have shrinkable zones
though priority==0 reclaim was failure". But the above patch changed to
"return nr_reclaimed if .....". Oh, That forgot nr_reclaimed may be 0 if
priority==0 reclaim failure.
And Johannes's patch 0aeb2339e5 ("vmscan: remove all_unreclaimable scan
control") made it more corrupt. Originally, priority==0 reclaim failure
on memcg return 0, but this patch changed to return 1. It totally
confused memcg.
This patch fixes it completely.
Reported-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mtime and ctime should be changed only if the file size has actually
changed. Patches changing ext2 and tmpfs from vmtruncate to new truncate
sequence has caused regressions where they always update timestamps.
There is some strange cases in POSIX where truncate(2) must not update
times unless the size has acutally changed, see 6e656be89.
This area is all still rather buggy in different ways in a lot of
filesystems and needs a cleanup and audit (ideally the vfs will provide
a simple attribute or call to direct all filesystems exactly which
attributes to change). But coming up with the best solution will take a
while and is not appropriate for rc anyway.
So fix recent regression for now.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This reverts commit e913fc825d.
We are investigating a hang associated with the WB_SYNC_NONE changes,
so revert them for now.
Conflicts:
fs/fs-writeback.c
mm/page-writeback.c
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
* 'slub/urgent' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/penberg/slab-2.6:
SLUB: Allow full duplication of kmalloc array for 390
slub: move kmem_cache_node into it's own cacheline
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/fuse:
mm: export generic_pipe_buf_*() to modules
fuse: support splice() reading from fuse device
fuse: allow splice to move pages
mm: export remove_from_page_cache() to modules
mm: export lru_cache_add_*() to modules
fuse: support splice() writing to fuse device
fuse: get page reference for readpages
fuse: use get_user_pages_fast()
fuse: remove unneeded variable
Introduce a new truncate calling sequence into fs/mm subsystems. Rather than
setattr > vmtruncate > truncate, have filesystems call their truncate sequence
from ->setattr if filesystem specific operations are required. vmtruncate is
deprecated, and truncate_pagecache and inode_newsize_ok helpers introduced
previously should be used.
simple_setattr is introduced for simple in-ram filesystems to implement
the new truncate sequence. Eventually all filesystems should be converted
to implement a setattr, and the default code in notify_change should go
away.
simple_setsize is also introduced to perform just the ATTR_SIZE portion
of simple_setattr (ie. changing i_size and trimming pagecache).
To implement the new truncate sequence:
- filesystem specific manipulations (eg freeing blocks) must be done in
the setattr method rather than ->truncate.
- vmtruncate can not be used by core code to trim blocks past i_size in
the event of write failure after allocation, so this must be performed
in the fs code.
- convert usage of helpers block_write_begin, nobh_write_begin,
cont_write_begin, and *blockdev_direct_IO* to use _newtrunc postfixed
variants. These avoid calling vmtruncate to trim blocks (see previous).
- inode_setattr should not be used. generic_setattr is a new function
to be used to copy simple attributes into the generic inode.
- make use of the better opportunity to handle errors with the new sequence.
Big problem with the previous calling sequence: the filesystem is not called
until i_size has already changed. This means it is not allowed to fail the
call, and also it does not know what the previous i_size was. Also, generic
code calling vmtruncate to truncate allocated blocks in case of error had
no good way to return a meaningful error (or, for example, atomically handle
block deallocation).
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We don't name our generic fsync implementations very well currently.
The no-op implementation for in-memory filesystems currently is called
simple_sync_file which doesn't make too much sense to start with,
the the generic one for simple filesystems is called simple_fsync
which can lead to some confusion.
This patch renames the generic file fsync method to generic_file_fsync
to match the other generic_file_* routines it is supposed to be used
with, and the no-op implementation to noop_fsync to make it obvious
what to expect. In addition add some documentation for both methods.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mason/btrfs-unstable: (27 commits)
Btrfs: add more error checking to btrfs_dirty_inode
Btrfs: allow unaligned DIO
Btrfs: drop verbose enospc printk
Btrfs: Fix block generation verification race
Btrfs: fix preallocation and nodatacow checks in O_DIRECT
Btrfs: avoid ENOSPC errors in btrfs_dirty_inode
Btrfs: move O_DIRECT space reservation to btrfs_direct_IO
Btrfs: rework O_DIRECT enospc handling
Btrfs: use async helpers for DIO write checksumming
Btrfs: don't walk around with task->state != TASK_RUNNING
Btrfs: do aio_write instead of write
Btrfs: add basic DIO read/write support
direct-io: do not merge logically non-contiguous requests
direct-io: add a hook for the fs to provide its own submit_bio function
fs: allow short direct-io reads to be completed via buffered IO
Btrfs: Metadata ENOSPC handling for balance
Btrfs: Pre-allocate space for data relocation
Btrfs: Metadata ENOSPC handling for tree log
Btrfs: Metadata reservation for orphan inodes
Btrfs: Introduce global metadata reservation
...
Example usage of generic "numa_mem_id()":
The mainline slab code, since ~ 2.6.19, does not handle memoryless nodes
well. Specifically, the "fast path"--____cache_alloc()--will never
succeed as slab doesn't cache offnode object on the per cpu queues, and
for memoryless nodes, all memory will be "off node" relative to
numa_node_id(). This adds significant overhead to all kmem cache
allocations, incurring a significant regression relative to earlier
kernels [from before slab.c was reorganized].
This patch uses the generic topology function "numa_mem_id()" to return
the "effective local memory node" for the calling context. This is the
first node in the local node's generic fallback zonelist-- the same node
that "local" mempolicy-based allocations would use. This lets slab cache
these "local" allocations and avoid fallback/refill on every allocation.
N.B.: Slab will need to handle node and memory hotplug events that could
change the value returned by numa_mem_id() for any given node if recent
changes to address memory hotplug don't already address this. E.g., flush
all per cpu slab queues before rebuilding the zonelists while the
"machine" is held in the stopped state.
Performance impact on "hackbench 400 process 200"
2.6.34-rc3-mmotm-100405-1609 no-patch this-patch
ia64 no memoryless nodes [avg of 10]: 11.713 11.637 ~0.65 diff
ia64 cpus all on memless nodes [10]: 228.259 26.484 ~8.6x speedup
The slowdown of the patched kernel from ~12 sec to ~28 seconds when
configured with memoryless nodes is the result of all cpus allocating from
a single node's mm pagepool. The cache lines of the single node are
distributed/interleaved over the memory of the real physical nodes, but
the zone lock, list heads, ... of the single node with memory still each
live in a single cache line that is accessed from all processors.
x86_64 [8x6 AMD] [avg of 40]: 2.883 2.845
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Eric Whitney <eric.whitney@hp.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce numa_mem_id(), based on generic percpu variable infrastructure
to track "nearest node with memory" for archs that support memoryless
nodes.
Define API in <linux/topology.h> when CONFIG_HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES
defined, else stubs. Architectures will define HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES
if/when they support them.
Archs can override definitions of:
numa_mem_id() - returns node number of "local memory" node
set_numa_mem() - initialize [this cpus'] per cpu variable 'numa_mem'
cpu_to_mem() - return numa_mem for specified cpu; may be used as lvalue
Generic initialization of 'numa_mem' occurs in __build_all_zonelists().
This will initialize the boot cpu at boot time, and all cpus on change of
numa_zonelist_order, or when node or memory hot-plug requires zonelist
rebuild. Archs that support memoryless nodes will need to initialize
'numa_mem' for secondary cpus as they're brought on-line.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Eric Whitney <eric.whitney@hp.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rework the generic version of the numa_node_id() function to use the new
generic percpu variable infrastructure.
Guard the new implementation with a new config option:
CONFIG_USE_PERCPU_NUMA_NODE_ID.
Archs which support this new implemention will default this option to 'y'
when NUMA is configured. This config option could be removed if/when all
archs switch over to the generic percpu implementation of numa_node_id().
Arch support involves:
1) converting any existing per cpu variable implementations to use
this implementation. x86_64 is an instance of such an arch.
2) archs that don't use a per cpu variable for numa_node_id() will
need to initialize the new per cpu variable "numa_node" as cpus
are brought on-line. ia64 is an example.
3) Defining USE_PERCPU_NUMA_NODE_ID in arch dependent Kconfig--e.g.,
when NUMA is configured. This is required because I have
retained the old implementation by default to allow archs to
be modified incrementally, as desired.
Subsequent patches will convert x86_64 and ia64 to use this implemenation.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Eric Whitney <eric.whitney@hp.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
By the previous modification, the cpu notifier can return encapsulate
errno value. This converts the cpu notifiers for slab.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have observed several workloads running on multi-node systems where
memory is assigned unevenly across the nodes in the system. There are
numerous reasons for this but one is the round-robin rotor in
cpuset_mem_spread_node().
For example, a simple test that writes a multi-page file will allocate
pages on nodes 0 2 4 6 ... Odd nodes are skipped. (Sometimes it
allocates on odd nodes & skips even nodes).
An example is shown below. The program "lfile" writes a file consisting
of 10 pages. The program then mmaps the file & uses get_mempolicy(...,
MPOL_F_NODE) to determine the nodes where the file pages were allocated.
The output is shown below:
# ./lfile
allocated on nodes: 2 4 6 0 1 2 6 0 2
There is a single rotor that is used for allocating both file pages & slab
pages. Writing the file allocates both a data page & a slab page
(buffer_head). This advances the RR rotor 2 nodes for each page
allocated.
A quick confirmation seems to confirm this is the cause of the uneven
allocation:
# echo 0 >/dev/cpuset/memory_spread_slab
# ./lfile
allocated on nodes: 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
This patch introduces a second rotor that is used for slab allocations.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce struct mem_cgroup_thresholds. It helps to reduce number of
checks of thresholds type (memory or mem+swap).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: repair comment]
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since we are unable to handle an error returned by
cftype.unregister_event() properly, let's make the callback
void-returning.
mem_cgroup_unregister_event() has been rewritten to be a "never fail"
function. On mem_cgroup_usage_register_event() we save old buffer for
thresholds array and reuse it in mem_cgroup_usage_unregister_event() to
avoid allocation.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
FILE_MAPPED per memcg of migrated file cache is not properly updated,
because our hook in page_add_file_rmap() can't know to which memcg
FILE_MAPPED should be counted.
Basically, this patch is for fixing the bug but includes some big changes
to fix up other messes.
Now, at migrating mapped file, events happen in following sequence.
1. allocate a new page.
2. get memcg of an old page.
3. charge ageinst a new page before migration. But at this point,
no changes to new page's page_cgroup, no commit for the charge.
(IOW, PCG_USED bit is not set.)
4. page migration replaces radix-tree, old-page and new-page.
5. page migration remaps the new page if the old page was mapped.
6. Here, the new page is unlocked.
7. memcg commits the charge for newpage, Mark the new page's page_cgroup
as PCG_USED.
Because "commit" happens after page-remap, we can count FILE_MAPPED
at "5", because we should avoid to trust page_cgroup->mem_cgroup.
if PCG_USED bit is unset.
(Note: memcg's LRU removal code does that but LRU-isolation logic is used
for helping it. When we overwrite page_cgroup->mem_cgroup, page_cgroup is
not on LRU or page_cgroup->mem_cgroup is NULL.)
We can lose file_mapped accounting information at 5 because FILE_MAPPED
is updated only when mapcount changes 0->1. So we should catch it.
BTW, historically, above implemntation comes from migration-failure
of anonymous page. Because we charge both of old page and new page
with mapcount=0, we can't catch
- the page is really freed before remap.
- migration fails but it's freed before remap
or .....corner cases.
New migration sequence with memcg is:
1. allocate a new page.
2. mark PageCgroupMigration to the old page.
3. charge against a new page onto the old page's memcg. (here, new page's pc
is marked as PageCgroupUsed.)
4. page migration replaces radix-tree, page table, etc...
5. At remapping, new page's page_cgroup is now makrked as "USED"
We can catch 0->1 event and FILE_MAPPED will be properly updated.
And we can catch SWAPOUT event after unlock this and freeing this
page by unmap() can be caught.
7. Clear PageCgroupMigration of the old page.
So, FILE_MAPPED will be correctly updated.
Then, for what MIGRATION flag is ?
Without it, at migration failure, we may have to charge old page again
because it may be fully unmapped. "charge" means that we have to dive into
memory reclaim or something complated. So, it's better to avoid
charge it again. Before this patch, __commit_charge() was working for
both of the old/new page and fixed up all. But this technique has some
racy condtion around FILE_MAPPED and SWAPOUT etc...
Now, the kernel use MIGRATION flag and don't uncharge old page until
the end of migration.
I hope this change will make memcg's page migration much simpler. This
page migration has caused several troubles. Worth to add a flag for
simplification.
Reviewed-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Tested-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Reported-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Only an out of memory error will cause ret to be set.
Signed-off-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The bottom 4 hunks are atomically changing memory to which there are no
aliases as it's freshly allocated, so there's no need to use atomic
operations.
The other hunks are just atomic_read and atomic_set, and do not involve
any read-modify-write. The use of atomic_{read,set} doesn't prevent a
read/write or write/write race, so if a race were possible (I'm not saying
one is), then it would still be there even with atomic_set.
See:
http://digitalvampire.org/blog/index.php/2007/05/13/atomic-cargo-cults/
Signed-off-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It's pointless to try to kill current if select_bad_process() did not find
an eligible task to kill in mem_cgroup_out_of_memory() since it's
guaranteed that current is a member of the memcg that is oom and it is, by
definition, unkillable.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds support for moving charge of file pages, which include
normal file, tmpfs file and swaps of tmpfs file. It's enabled by setting
bit 1 of <target cgroup>/memory.move_charge_at_immigrate.
Unlike the case of anonymous pages, file pages(and swaps) in the range
mmapped by the task will be moved even if the task hasn't done page fault,
i.e. they might not be the task's "RSS", but other task's "RSS" that maps
the same file. And mapcount of the page is ignored(the page can be moved
even if page_mapcount(page) > 1). So, conditions that the page/swap
should be met to be moved is that it must be in the range mmapped by the
target task and it must be charged to the old cgroup.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning]
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch cleans up move charge code by:
- define functions to handle pte for each types, and make
is_target_pte_for_mc() cleaner.
- instead of checking the MOVE_CHARGE_TYPE_ANON bit, define a function
that checks the bit.
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This adds a feature to disable oom-killer for memcg, if disabled, of
course, tasks under memcg will stop.
But now, we have oom-notifier for memcg. And the world around memcg is
not under out-of-memory. memcg's out-of-memory just shows memcg hits
limit. Then, administrator or management daemon can recover the situation
by
- kill some process
- enlarge limit, add more swap.
- migrate some tasks
- remove file cache on tmps (difficult ?)
Unlike oom-killer, you can take enough information before killing tasks.
(by gcore, or, ps etc.)
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Considering containers or other resource management softwares in userland,
event notification of OOM in memcg should be implemented. Now, memcg has
"threshold" notifier which uses eventfd, we can make use of it for oom
notification.
This patch adds oom notification eventfd callback for memcg. The usage is
very similar to threshold notifier, but control file is memory.oom_control
and no arguments other than eventfd is required.
% cgroup_event_notifier /cgroup/A/memory.oom_control dummy
(About cgroup_event_notifier, see Documentation/cgroup/)
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Davide Libenzi <davidel@xmailserver.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
memcg's oom waitqueue is a system-wide wait_queue (for handling
hierarchy.) So, it's better to add custom wake function and do filtering
in wake up path.
This patch adds a filtering feature for waking up oom-waiters. Hierarchy
is properly handled.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I/O errors can happen due to temporary failures, like multipath
errors or losing network contact with the iSCSI server. Because
of that, the VM will retry readpage on the page.
However, do_generic_file_read does not clear PG_error. This
causes the system to be unable to actually use the data in the
page cache page, even if the subsequent readpage completes
successfully!
The function filemap_fault has had a ClearPageError before
readpage forever. This patch simply adds the same to
do_generic_file_read.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Slightly rearrange the logic that determines capabilities and vm_flags.
Disable BDI_CAP_MAP_DIRECT in all cases if the device can't support the
protections. Allow private readonly mappings of readonly backing devices.
Signed-off-by: Bernd Schmidt <bernds_cb1@t-online.de>
Signed-off-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Acked-by: David McCullough <davidm@snapgear.com>
Acked-by: Greg Ungerer <gerg@uclinux.org>
Acked-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The original code called mpol_put(new) while "new" was an ERR_PTR.
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add global mutex zonelists_mutex to fix the possible race:
CPU0 CPU1 CPU2
(1) zone->present_pages += online_pages;
(2) build_all_zonelists();
(3) alloc_page();
(4) free_page();
(5) build_all_zonelists();
(6) __build_all_zonelists();
(7) zone->pageset = alloc_percpu();
In step (3,4), zone->pageset still points to boot_pageset, so bad
things may happen if 2+ nodes are in this state. Even if only 1 node
is accessing the boot_pageset, (3) may still consume too much memory
to fail the memory allocations in step (7).
Besides, atomic operation ensures alloc_percpu() in step (7) will never fail
since there is a new fresh memory block added in step(6).
[haicheng.li@linux.intel.com: hold zonelists_mutex when build_all_zonelists]
Signed-off-by: Haicheng Li <haicheng.li@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For each new populated zone of hotadded node, need to update its pagesets
with dynamically allocated per_cpu_pageset struct for all possible CPUs:
1) Detach zone->pageset from the shared boot_pageset
at end of __build_all_zonelists().
2) Use mutex to protect zone->pageset when it's still
shared in onlined_pages()
Otherwises, multiple zones of different nodes would share same boot strapping
boot_pageset for same CPU, which will finally cause below kernel panic:
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at mm/page_alloc.c:1239!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP
...
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff811300c1>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x131/0x7b0
[<ffffffff81162e67>] alloc_pages_current+0x87/0xd0
[<ffffffff81128407>] __page_cache_alloc+0x67/0x70
[<ffffffff811325f0>] __do_page_cache_readahead+0x120/0x260
[<ffffffff81132751>] ra_submit+0x21/0x30
[<ffffffff811329c6>] ondemand_readahead+0x166/0x2c0
[<ffffffff81132ba0>] page_cache_async_readahead+0x80/0xa0
[<ffffffff8112a0e4>] generic_file_aio_read+0x364/0x670
[<ffffffff81266cfa>] nfs_file_read+0xca/0x130
[<ffffffff8117b20a>] do_sync_read+0xfa/0x140
[<ffffffff8117bf75>] vfs_read+0xb5/0x1a0
[<ffffffff8117c151>] sys_read+0x51/0x80
[<ffffffff8103c032>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
RIP [<ffffffff8112ff13>] get_page_from_freelist+0x883/0x900
RSP <ffff88000d1e78a8>
---[ end trace 4bda28328b9990db ]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: merge fix]
Signed-off-by: Haicheng Li <haicheng.li@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
No behavior change here.
Move some of setup_per_cpu_pageset() code into a new function
setup_zone_pageset() that will be useful for memory hotplug.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Haicheng Li <haicheng.li@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In f4112de6b6 ("mm: introduce
debug_kmap_atomic") I said that debug_kmap_atomic() needs
CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT.
It was wrong. (I thought irqs_disabled() is only available when the
architecture has CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT)
Remove the #ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT check to enable
kmap_atomic() debugging for the architectures which do not have
CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT.
Reported-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Enable users to online CPUs even if the CPUs belongs to a numa node which
doesn't have onlined local memory.
The zonlists(pg_data_t.node_zonelists[]) of a numa node are created either
in system boot/init period, or at the time of local memory online. For a
numa node without onlined local memory, its zonelists are not initialized
at present. As a result, any memory allocation operations executed by
CPUs within this node will fail. In fact, an out-of-memory error is
triggered when attempt to online CPUs before memory comes to online.
This patch tries to create zonelists for such numa nodes, so that the
memory allocation for this node can be fallback'ed to other nodes.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unneeded export]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: minskey guo<chaohong.guo@intel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For now, we have global isolation vs. memory control group isolation, do
not allow the reclaim entry function to set an arbitrary page isolation
callback, we do not need that flexibility.
And since we already pass around the group descriptor for the memory
control group isolation case, just use it to decide which one of the two
isolator functions to use.
The decisions can be merged into nearby branches, so no extra cost there.
In fact, we save the indirect calls.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This scan control is abused to communicate a return value from
shrink_zones(). Write this idiomatically and remove the knob.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If vmscan is under lumpy reclaim mode, it have to ignore referenced bit
for making contenious free pages. but current page_check_references()
doesn't.
Fix it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
get_scan_ratio() calculates percentage and if the percentage is < 1%, it
will round percentage down to 0% and cause we completely ignore scanning
anon/file pages to reclaim memory even the total anon/file pages are very
big.
To avoid underflow, we don't use percentage, instead we directly calculate
how many pages should be scaned. In this way, we should get several
scanned pages for < 1% percent.
This has some benefits:
1. increase our calculation precision
2. making our scan more smoothly. Without this, if percent[x] is
underflow, shrink_zone() doesn't scan any pages and suddenly it scans
all pages when priority is zero. With this, even priority isn't zero,
shrink_zone() gets chance to scan some pages.
Note, this patch doesn't really change logics, but just increase
precision. For system with a lot of memory, this might slightly changes
behavior. For example, in a sequential file read workload, without the
patch, we don't swap any anon pages. With it, if anon memory size is
bigger than 16G, we will see one anon page swapped. The 16G is calculated
as PAGE_SIZE * priority(4096) * (fp/ap). fp/ap is assumed to be 1024
which is common in this workload. So the impact sounds not a big deal.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use mm->task_size instead of TASK_SIZE to ensure that the entire user
address space is migrated. mm->task_size is independent of the calling
task context. TASK SIZE may be dependant on the address space size of the
calling process. Usage of TASK_SIZE can lead to partial address space
migration if the calling process was 32 bit and the migrating process was
64 bit.
Here is the test script used on 64 system with a 32 bit echo process:
mount -t cgroup none /cgroup -o cpuset
cd /cgroup
mkdir 0
echo 1 > 0/cpuset.cpus
echo 0 > 0/cpuset.mems
echo 1 > 0/cpuset.memory_migrate
mkdir 1
echo 1 > 1/cpuset.cpus
echo 1 > 1/cpuset.mems
echo 1 > 1/cpuset.memory_migrate
echo $$ > 0/tasks
64_bit_process &
pid=$!
echo $pid > 1/tasks # This does not migrate all process pages without
# this patch. If 64 bit echo is used or this patch is
# applied, then the full address space of $pid is
# migrated.
To check memory migration, I watched:
grep MemUsed /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo
Signed-off-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fragmentation index may indicate that a failure is due to external
fragmentation but after a compaction run completes, it is still possible
for an allocation to fail. There are two obvious reasons as to why
o Page migration cannot move all pages so fragmentation remains
o A suitable page may exist but watermarks are not met
In the event of compaction followed by an allocation failure, this patch
defers further compaction in the zone (1 << compact_defer_shift) times.
If the next compaction attempt also fails, compact_defer_shift is
increased up to a maximum of 6. If compaction succeeds, the defer
counters are reset again.
The zone that is deferred is the first zone in the zonelist - i.e. the
preferred zone. To defer compaction in the other zones, the information
would need to be stored in the zonelist or implemented similar to the
zonelist_cache. This would impact the fast-paths and is not justified at
this time.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The kernel applies some heuristics when deciding if memory should be
compacted or reclaimed to satisfy a high-order allocation. One of these
is based on the fragmentation. If the index is below 500, memory will not
be compacted. This choice is arbitrary and not based on data. To help
optimise the system and set a sensible default for this value, this patch
adds a sysctl extfrag_threshold. The kernel will only compact memory if
the fragmentation index is above the extfrag_threshold.
[randy.dunlap@oracle.com: Fix build errors when proc fs is not configured]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ordinarily when a high-order allocation fails, direct reclaim is entered
to free pages to satisfy the allocation. With this patch, it is
determined if an allocation failed due to external fragmentation instead
of low memory and if so, the calling process will compact until a suitable
page is freed. Compaction by moving pages in memory is considerably
cheaper than paging out to disk and works where there are locked pages or
no swap. If compaction fails to free a page of a suitable size, then
reclaim will still occur.
Direct compaction returns as soon as possible. As each block is
compacted, it is checked if a suitable page has been freed and if so, it
returns.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Fix build errors]
[aarcange@redhat.com: fix count_vm_event preempt in memory compaction direct reclaim]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a per-node sysfs file called compact. When the file is written to,
each zone in that node is compacted. The intention that this would be
used by something like a job scheduler in a batch system before a job
starts so that the job can allocate the maximum number of hugepages
without significant start-up cost.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a proc file /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory. When an arbitrary value is
written to the file, all zones are compacted. The expected user of such a
trigger is a job scheduler that prepares the system before the target
application runs.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is the core of a mechanism which compacts memory in a zone by
relocating movable pages towards the end of the zone.
A single compaction run involves a migration scanner and a free scanner.
Both scanners operate on pageblock-sized areas in the zone. The migration
scanner starts at the bottom of the zone and searches for all movable
pages within each area, isolating them onto a private list called
migratelist. The free scanner starts at the top of the zone and searches
for suitable areas and consumes the free pages within making them
available for the migration scanner. The pages isolated for migration are
then migrated to the newly isolated free pages.
[aarcange@redhat.com: Fix unsafe optimisation]
[mel@csn.ul.ie: do not schedule work on other CPUs for compaction]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fragmentation fragmentation index, is only meaningful if an allocation
would fail and indicates what the failure is due to. A value of -1 such
as in many of the examples above states that the allocation would succeed.
If it would fail, the value is between 0 and 1. A value tending towards
0 implies the allocation failed due to a lack of memory. A value tending
towards 1 implies it failed due to external fragmentation.
For the most part, the huge page size will be the size of interest but not
necessarily so it is exported on a per-order and per-zo basis via
/sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/extfrag_index
> cat /sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/extfrag_index
Node 0, zone DMA -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.00
Node 0, zone Normal -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 0.954
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The unusable free space index measures how much of the available free
memory cannot be used to satisfy an allocation of a given size and is a
value between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the more of free memory is
unusable and by implication, the worse the external fragmentation is. For
the most part, the huge page size will be the size of interest but not
necessarily so it is exported on a per-order and per-zone basis via
/sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/unusable_index.
> cat /sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/unusable_index
Node 0, zone DMA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.013 0.021 0.037 0.037 0.101 0.230
Node 0, zone Normal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.015 0.028 0.028 0.054
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Fix allnoconfig]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Page migration requires rmap to be able to find all ptes mapping a page
at all times, otherwise the migration entry can be instantiated, but it
is possible to leave one behind if the second rmap_walk fails to find
the page. If this page is later faulted, migration_entry_to_page() will
call BUG because the page is locked indicating the page was migrated by
the migration PTE not cleaned up. For example
kernel BUG at include/linux/swapops.h:105!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
...
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff810e951a>] handle_mm_fault+0x3f8/0x76a
[<ffffffff8130c7a2>] do_page_fault+0x44a/0x46e
[<ffffffff813099b5>] page_fault+0x25/0x30
[<ffffffff8114de33>] load_elf_binary+0x152a/0x192b
[<ffffffff8111329b>] search_binary_handler+0x173/0x313
[<ffffffff81114896>] do_execve+0x219/0x30a
[<ffffffff8100a5c6>] sys_execve+0x43/0x5e
[<ffffffff8100320a>] stub_execve+0x6a/0xc0
RIP [<ffffffff811094ff>] migration_entry_wait+0xc1/0x129
There is a race between shift_arg_pages and migration that triggers this
bug. A temporary stack is setup during exec and later moved. If
migration moves a page in the temporary stack and the VMA is then removed
before migration completes, the migration PTE may not be found leading to
a BUG when the stack is faulted.
This patch causes pages within the temporary stack during exec to be
skipped by migration. It does this by marking the VMA covering the
temporary stack with an otherwise impossible combination of VMA flags.
These flags are cleared when the temporary stack is moved to its final
location.
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: idea for having migration skip temporary stacks]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
CONFIG_MIGRATION currently depends on CONFIG_NUMA or on the architecture
being able to hot-remove memory. The main users of page migration such as
sys_move_pages(), sys_migrate_pages() and cpuset process migration are
only beneficial on NUMA so it makes sense.
As memory compaction will operate within a zone and is useful on both NUMA
and non-NUMA systems, this patch allows CONFIG_MIGRATION to be set if the
user selects CONFIG_COMPACTION as an option.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Depend on CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
PageAnon pages that are unmapped may or may not have an anon_vma so are
not currently migrated. However, a swap cache page can be migrated and
fits this description. This patch identifies page swap caches and allows
them to be migrated but ensures that no attempt to made to remap the pages
would would potentially try to access an already freed anon_vma.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
rmap_walk_anon() was triggering errors in memory compaction that look like
use-after-free errors. The problem is that between the page being
isolated from the LRU and rcu_read_lock() being taken, the mapcount of the
page dropped to 0 and the anon_vma gets freed. This can happen during
memory compaction if pages being migrated belong to a process that exits
before migration completes. Hence, the use-after-free race looks like
1. Page isolated for migration
2. Process exits
3. page_mapcount(page) drops to zero so anon_vma was no longer reliable
4. unmap_and_move() takes the rcu_lock but the anon_vma is already garbage
4. call try_to_unmap, looks up tha anon_vma and "locks" it but the lock
is garbage.
This patch checks the mapcount after the rcu lock is taken. If the
mapcount is zero, the anon_vma is assumed to be freed and no further
action is taken.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For clarity of review, KSM and page migration have separate refcounts on
the anon_vma. While clear, this is a waste of memory. This patch gets
KSM and page migration to share their toys in a spirit of harmony.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset is a memory compaction mechanism that reduces external
fragmentation memory by moving GFP_MOVABLE pages to a fewer number of
pageblocks. The term "compaction" was chosen as there are is a number of
mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive that can be used to defragment
memory. For example, lumpy reclaim is a form of defragmentation as was
slub "defragmentation" (really a form of targeted reclaim). Hence, this
is called "compaction" to distinguish it from other forms of
defragmentation.
In this implementation, a full compaction run involves two scanners
operating within a zone - a migration and a free scanner. The migration
scanner starts at the beginning of a zone and finds all movable pages
within one pageblock_nr_pages-sized area and isolates them on a
migratepages list. The free scanner begins at the end of the zone and
searches on a per-area basis for enough free pages to migrate all the
pages on the migratepages list. As each area is respectively migrated or
exhausted of free pages, the scanners are advanced one area. A compaction
run completes within a zone when the two scanners meet.
This method is a bit primitive but is easy to understand and greater
sophistication would require maintenance of counters on a per-pageblock
basis. This would have a big impact on allocator fast-paths to improve
compaction which is a poor trade-off.
It also does not try relocate virtually contiguous pages to be physically
contiguous. However, assuming transparent hugepages were in use, a
hypothetical khugepaged might reuse compaction code to isolate free pages,
split them and relocate userspace pages for promotion.
Memory compaction can be triggered in one of three ways. It may be
triggered explicitly by writing any value to /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
and compacting all of memory. It can be triggered on a per-node basis by
writing any value to /sys/devices/system/node/nodeN/compact where N is the
node ID to be compacted. When a process fails to allocate a high-order
page, it may compact memory in an attempt to satisfy the allocation
instead of entering direct reclaim. Explicit compaction does not finish
until the two scanners meet and direct compaction ends if a suitable page
becomes available that would meet watermarks.
The series is in 14 patches. The first three are not "core" to the series
but are important pre-requisites.
Patch 1 reference counts anon_vma for rmap_walk_anon(). Without this
patch, it's possible to use anon_vma after free if the caller is
not holding a VMA or mmap_sem for the pages in question. While
there should be no existing user that causes this problem,
it's a requirement for memory compaction to be stable. The patch
is at the start of the series for bisection reasons.
Patch 2 merges the KSM and migrate counts. It could be merged with patch 1
but would be slightly harder to review.
Patch 3 skips over unmapped anon pages during migration as there are no
guarantees about the anon_vma existing. There is a window between
when a page was isolated and migration started during which anon_vma
could disappear.
Patch 4 notes that PageSwapCache pages can still be migrated even if they
are unmapped.
Patch 5 allows CONFIG_MIGRATION to be set without CONFIG_NUMA
Patch 6 exports a "unusable free space index" via debugfs. It's
a measure of external fragmentation that takes the size of the
allocation request into account. It can also be calculated from
userspace so can be dropped if requested
Patch 7 exports a "fragmentation index" which only has meaning when an
allocation request fails. It determines if an allocation failure
would be due to a lack of memory or external fragmentation.
Patch 8 moves the definition for LRU isolation modes for use by compaction
Patch 9 is the compaction mechanism although it's unreachable at this point
Patch 10 adds a means of compacting all of memory with a proc trgger
Patch 11 adds a means of compacting a specific node with a sysfs trigger
Patch 12 adds "direct compaction" before "direct reclaim" if it is
determined there is a good chance of success.
Patch 13 adds a sysctl that allows tuning of the threshold at which the
kernel will compact or direct reclaim
Patch 14 temporarily disables compaction if an allocation failure occurs
after compaction.
Testing of compaction was in three stages. For the test, debugging,
preempt, the sleep watchdog and lockdep were all enabled but nothing nasty
popped out. min_free_kbytes was tuned as recommended by hugeadm to help
fragmentation avoidance and high-order allocations. It was tested on X86,
X86-64 and PPC64.
Ths first test represents one of the easiest cases that can be faced for
lumpy reclaim or memory compaction.
1. Machine freshly booted and configured for hugepage usage with
a) hugeadm --create-global-mounts
b) hugeadm --pool-pages-max DEFAULT:8G
c) hugeadm --set-recommended-min_free_kbytes
d) hugeadm --set-recommended-shmmax
The min_free_kbytes here is important. Anti-fragmentation works best
when pageblocks don't mix. hugeadm knows how to calculate a value that
will significantly reduce the worst of external-fragmentation-related
events as reported by the mm_page_alloc_extfrag tracepoint.
2. Load up memory
a) Start updatedb
b) Create in parallel a X files of pagesize*128 in size. Wait
until files are created. By parallel, I mean that 4096 instances
of dd were launched, one after the other using &. The crude
objective being to mix filesystem metadata allocations with
the buffer cache.
c) Delete every second file so that pageblocks are likely to
have holes
d) kill updatedb if it's still running
At this point, the system is quiet, memory is full but it's full with
clean filesystem metadata and clean buffer cache that is unmapped.
This is readily migrated or discarded so you'd expect lumpy reclaim
to have no significant advantage over compaction but this is at
the POC stage.
3. In increments, attempt to allocate 5% of memory as hugepages.
Measure how long it took, how successful it was, how many
direct reclaims took place and how how many compactions. Note
the compaction figures might not fully add up as compactions
can take place for orders other than the hugepage size
X86 vanilla compaction
Final page count 913 916 (attempted 1002)
pages reclaimed 68296 9791
X86-64 vanilla compaction
Final page count: 901 902 (attempted 1002)
Total pages reclaimed: 112599 53234
PPC64 vanilla compaction
Final page count: 93 94 (attempted 110)
Total pages reclaimed: 103216 61838
There was not a dramatic improvement in success rates but it wouldn't be
expected in this case either. What was important is that fewer pages were
reclaimed in all cases reducing the amount of IO required to satisfy a
huge page allocation.
The second tests were all performance related - kernbench, netperf, iozone
and sysbench. None showed anything too remarkable.
The last test was a high-order allocation stress test. Many kernel
compiles are started to fill memory with a pressured mix of unmovable and
movable allocations. During this, an attempt is made to allocate 90% of
memory as huge pages - one at a time with small delays between attempts to
avoid flooding the IO queue.
vanilla compaction
Percentage of request allocated X86 98 99
Percentage of request allocated X86-64 95 98
Percentage of request allocated PPC64 55 70
This patch:
rmap_walk_anon() does not use page_lock_anon_vma() for looking up and
locking an anon_vma and it does not appear to have sufficient locking to
ensure the anon_vma does not disappear from under it.
This patch copies an approach used by KSM to take a reference on the
anon_vma while pages are being migrated. This should prevent rmap_walk()
running into nasty surprises later because anon_vma has been freed.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are two types of zonelist ordering methodologies:
- node order, preferring allocations on a node to stay local to and
- zone order, preferring allocations come from a higher zone to avoid
allocating in lowmem zones even though they may not be local.
The ordering technique used by the kernel is configurable on the command
line, but also has some logic to determine what the default should be.
This logic currently lacks knowledge of systems where a node may only have
lowmem. For such systems, it is necessary to use node order so that
GFP_KERNEL allocations may be satisfied by nodes consisting of only
lowmem.
If zone order is used, GFP_KERNEL allocations to such nodes are actually
allocated on a node with local affinity that includes ZONE_NORMAL.
This change defaults to node zonelist ordering if any node lacks
ZONE_NORMAL.
To force zone order, append 'numa_zonelist_order=zone' to the kernel
command line.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Do page table walks with the well-known nested loops we use in several
other places already.
This avoids doing full page table walks after every pte range and also
allows to handle unmapped areas bigger than one pte range in one go.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Instead of passing a start address and a number of pages into the helper
functions, convert them to use a start and an end address.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Split out functions to handle hugetlb ranges, pte ranges and unmapped
ranges, to improve readability but also to prepare the file structure for
nested page table walks.
No semantic changes intended.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This fixes some minor issues that bugged me while going over the code:
o adjust argument order of do_mincore() to match the syscall
o simplify range length calculation
o drop superfluous shift in huge tlb calculation, address is page aligned
o drop dead nr_huge calculation
o check pte_none() before pte_present()
o comment and whitespace fixes
No semantic changes intended.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Before applying this patch, cpuset updates task->mems_allowed and
mempolicy by setting all new bits in the nodemask first, and clearing all
old unallowed bits later. But in the way, the allocator may find that
there is no node to alloc memory.
The reason is that cpuset rebinds the task's mempolicy, it cleans the
nodes which the allocater can alloc pages on, for example:
(mpol: mempolicy)
task1 task1's mpol task2
alloc page 1
alloc on node0? NO 1
1 change mems from 1 to 0
1 rebind task1's mpol
0-1 set new bits
0 clear disallowed bits
alloc on node1? NO 0
...
can't alloc page
goto oom
This patch fixes this problem by expanding the nodes range first(set newly
allowed bits) and shrink it lazily(clear newly disallowed bits). So we
use a variable to tell the write-side task that read-side task is reading
nodemask, and the write-side task clears newly disallowed nodes after
read-side task ends the current memory allocation.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix spello]
Signed-off-by: Miao Xie <miaox@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nick Piggin reported that the allocator may see an empty nodemask when
changing cpuset's mems[1]. It happens only on the kernel that do not do
atomic nodemask_t stores. (MAX_NUMNODES > BITS_PER_LONG)
But I found that there is also a problem on the kernel that can do atomic
nodemask_t stores. The problem is that the allocator can't find a node to
alloc page when changing cpuset's mems though there is a lot of free
memory. The reason is like this:
(mpol: mempolicy)
task1 task1's mpol task2
alloc page 1
alloc on node0? NO 1
1 change mems from 1 to 0
1 rebind task1's mpol
0-1 set new bits
0 clear disallowed bits
alloc on node1? NO 0
...
can't alloc page
goto oom
I can use the attached program reproduce it by the following step:
# mkdir /dev/cpuset
# mount -t cpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset
# mkdir /dev/cpuset/1
# echo `cat /dev/cpuset/cpus` > /dev/cpuset/1/cpus
# echo `cat /dev/cpuset/mems` > /dev/cpuset/1/mems
# echo $$ > /dev/cpuset/1/tasks
# numactl --membind=`cat /dev/cpuset/mems` ./cpuset_mem_hog <nr_tasks> &
<nr_tasks> = max(nr_cpus - 1, 1)
# killall -s SIGUSR1 cpuset_mem_hog
# ./change_mems.sh
several hours later, oom will happen though there is a lot of free memory.
This patchset fixes this problem by expanding the nodes range first(set
newly allowed bits) and shrink it lazily(clear newly disallowed bits). So
we use a variable to tell the write-side task that read-side task is
reading nodemask, and the write-side task clears newly disallowed nodes
after read-side task ends the current memory allocation.
This patch:
In order to fix no node to alloc memory, when we want to update mempolicy
and mems_allowed, we expand the set of nodes first (set all the newly
nodes) and shrink the set of nodes lazily(clean disallowed nodes), But the
mempolicy's rebind functions may breaks the expanding.
So we restructure the mempolicy's rebind functions and split the rebind
work to two steps, just like the update of cpuset's mems: The 1st step:
expand the set of the mempolicy's nodes. The 2nd step: shrink the set of
the mempolicy's nodes. It is used when there is no real lock to protect
the mempolicy in the read-side. Otherwise we can do rebind work at once.
In order to implement it, we define
enum mpol_rebind_step {
MPOL_REBIND_ONCE,
MPOL_REBIND_STEP1,
MPOL_REBIND_STEP2,
MPOL_REBIND_NSTEP,
};
If the mempolicy needn't be updated by two steps, we can pass
MPOL_REBIND_ONCE to the rebind functions. Or we can pass
MPOL_REBIND_STEP1 to do the first step of the rebind work and pass
MPOL_REBIND_STEP2 to do the second step work.
Besides that, it maybe long time between these two step and we have to
release the lock that protects mempolicy and mems_allowed. If we hold the
lock once again, we must check whether the current mempolicy is under the
rebinding (the first step has been done) or not, because the task may
alloc a new mempolicy when we don't hold the lock. So we defined the
following flag to identify it:
#define MPOL_F_REBINDING (1 << 2)
The new functions will be used in the next patch.
Signed-off-by: Miao Xie <miaox@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Factor out duplicate put/frees in mpol_shared_policy_init() to a common
return path.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rename 'policy_types[]' to 'policy_modes[]' to better match the array
contents.
Use designated intializer syntax for policy_modes[].
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We don't really need the extra variable 'i' in mpol_parse_str(). The only
use is as the the loop variable. Then, it's assigned to 'mode'. Just use
mode, and loose the 'uninitialized_var()' macro.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
No need to call mpol_set_nodemask() when we have no context for the
mempolicy. This can occur when we're parsing a tmpfs 'mpol' mount option.
Just save the raw nodemask in the mempolicy's w.user_nodemask member for
use when a tmpfs/shmem file is created. mpol_shared_policy_init() will
"contextualize" the policy for the new file based on the creating task's
context.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Lee's patch "mempolicy: use MPOL_PREFERRED for system-wide default policy"
has made the MPOL_DEFAULT only used in the memory policy APIs. So, no
need to check in __mpol_equal also. Also get rid of mpol_match_intent()
and move its logic directly into __mpol_equal().
Signed-off-by: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In policy_zonelist() mode MPOL_INTERLEAVE shouldn't happen, so fall
through to BUG() instead of break to return. I also fixed the comment.
Signed-off-by: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
1. In funtion is_valid_nodemask(), varibable k will be inited to 0 in
the following loop, needn't init to policy_zone anymore.
2. (MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES | MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES) has already defined
to MPOL_MODE_FLAGS in mempolicy.h.
Signed-off-by: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
putback_lru_page() never can fail. So it doesn't matter count of "the
number of pages put back".
In addition, users of this functions don't use return value.
Let's remove unnecessary code.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
prep_new_page() will call set_page_private(page, 0) to initialise the
page, so the code is redundant.
Signed-off-by: Huang Shijie <shijie8@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In order to reduce fragmentation, this patch classifies freed pages in two
groups according to their probability of being part of a high order merge.
Pages belonging to a compound whose next-highest buddy is free are more
likely to be part of a high order merge in the near future, so they will
be added at the tail of the freelist. The remaining pages are put at the
front of the freelist.
In this way, the pages that are more likely to cause a big merge are kept
free longer. Consequently there is a tendency to aggregate the
long-living allocations on a subset of the compounds, reducing the
fragmentation.
This heuristic was tested on three machines, x86, x86-64 and ppc64 with
3GB of RAM in each machine. The tests were kernbench, netperf, sysbench
and STREAM for performance and a high-order stress test for huge page
allocations.
KernBench X86
Elapsed mean 374.77 ( 0.00%) 375.10 (-0.09%)
User mean 649.53 ( 0.00%) 650.44 (-0.14%)
System mean 54.75 ( 0.00%) 54.18 ( 1.05%)
CPU mean 187.75 ( 0.00%) 187.25 ( 0.27%)
KernBench X86-64
Elapsed mean 94.45 ( 0.00%) 94.01 ( 0.47%)
User mean 323.27 ( 0.00%) 322.66 ( 0.19%)
System mean 36.71 ( 0.00%) 36.50 ( 0.57%)
CPU mean 380.75 ( 0.00%) 381.75 (-0.26%)
KernBench PPC64
Elapsed mean 173.45 ( 0.00%) 173.74 (-0.17%)
User mean 587.99 ( 0.00%) 587.95 ( 0.01%)
System mean 60.60 ( 0.00%) 60.57 ( 0.05%)
CPU mean 373.50 ( 0.00%) 372.75 ( 0.20%)
Nothing notable for kernbench.
NetPerf UDP X86
64 42.68 ( 0.00%) 42.77 ( 0.21%)
128 85.62 ( 0.00%) 85.32 (-0.35%)
256 170.01 ( 0.00%) 168.76 (-0.74%)
1024 655.68 ( 0.00%) 652.33 (-0.51%)
2048 1262.39 ( 0.00%) 1248.61 (-1.10%)
3312 1958.41 ( 0.00%) 1944.61 (-0.71%)
4096 2345.63 ( 0.00%) 2318.83 (-1.16%)
8192 4132.90 ( 0.00%) 4089.50 (-1.06%)
16384 6770.88 ( 0.00%) 6642.05 (-1.94%)*
NetPerf UDP X86-64
64 148.82 ( 0.00%) 154.92 ( 3.94%)
128 298.96 ( 0.00%) 312.95 ( 4.47%)
256 583.67 ( 0.00%) 626.39 ( 6.82%)
1024 2293.18 ( 0.00%) 2371.10 ( 3.29%)
2048 4274.16 ( 0.00%) 4396.83 ( 2.79%)
3312 6356.94 ( 0.00%) 6571.35 ( 3.26%)
4096 7422.68 ( 0.00%) 7635.42 ( 2.79%)*
8192 12114.81 ( 0.00%)* 12346.88 ( 1.88%)
16384 17022.28 ( 0.00%)* 17033.19 ( 0.06%)*
1.64% 2.73%
NetPerf UDP PPC64
64 49.98 ( 0.00%) 50.25 ( 0.54%)
128 98.66 ( 0.00%) 100.95 ( 2.27%)
256 197.33 ( 0.00%) 191.03 (-3.30%)
1024 761.98 ( 0.00%) 785.07 ( 2.94%)
2048 1493.50 ( 0.00%) 1510.85 ( 1.15%)
3312 2303.95 ( 0.00%) 2271.72 (-1.42%)
4096 2774.56 ( 0.00%) 2773.06 (-0.05%)
8192 4918.31 ( 0.00%) 4793.59 (-2.60%)
16384 7497.98 ( 0.00%) 7749.52 ( 3.25%)
The tests are run to have confidence limits within 1%. Results marked
with a * were not confident although in this case, it's only outside by
small amounts. Even with some results that were not confident, the
netperf UDP results were generally positive.
NetPerf TCP X86
64 652.25 ( 0.00%)* 648.12 (-0.64%)*
23.80% 22.82%
128 1229.98 ( 0.00%)* 1220.56 (-0.77%)*
21.03% 18.90%
256 2105.88 ( 0.00%) 1872.03 (-12.49%)*
1.00% 16.46%
1024 3476.46 ( 0.00%)* 3548.28 ( 2.02%)*
13.37% 11.39%
2048 4023.44 ( 0.00%)* 4231.45 ( 4.92%)*
9.76% 12.48%
3312 4348.88 ( 0.00%)* 4396.96 ( 1.09%)*
6.49% 8.75%
4096 4726.56 ( 0.00%)* 4877.71 ( 3.10%)*
9.85% 8.50%
8192 4732.28 ( 0.00%)* 5777.77 (18.10%)*
9.13% 13.04%
16384 5543.05 ( 0.00%)* 5906.24 ( 6.15%)*
7.73% 8.68%
NETPERF TCP X86-64
netperf-tcp-vanilla-netperf netperf-tcp
tcp-vanilla pgalloc-delay
64 1895.87 ( 0.00%)* 1775.07 (-6.81%)*
5.79% 4.78%
128 3571.03 ( 0.00%)* 3342.20 (-6.85%)*
3.68% 6.06%
256 5097.21 ( 0.00%)* 4859.43 (-4.89%)*
3.02% 2.10%
1024 8919.10 ( 0.00%)* 8892.49 (-0.30%)*
5.89% 6.55%
2048 10255.46 ( 0.00%)* 10449.39 ( 1.86%)*
7.08% 7.44%
3312 10839.90 ( 0.00%)* 10740.15 (-0.93%)*
6.87% 7.33%
4096 10814.84 ( 0.00%)* 10766.97 (-0.44%)*
6.86% 8.18%
8192 11606.89 ( 0.00%)* 11189.28 (-3.73%)*
7.49% 5.55%
16384 12554.88 ( 0.00%)* 12361.22 (-1.57%)*
7.36% 6.49%
NETPERF TCP PPC64
netperf-tcp-vanilla-netperf netperf-tcp
tcp-vanilla pgalloc-delay
64 594.17 ( 0.00%) 596.04 ( 0.31%)*
1.00% 2.29%
128 1064.87 ( 0.00%)* 1074.77 ( 0.92%)*
1.30% 1.40%
256 1852.46 ( 0.00%)* 1856.95 ( 0.24%)
1.25% 1.00%
1024 3839.46 ( 0.00%)* 3813.05 (-0.69%)
1.02% 1.00%
2048 4885.04 ( 0.00%)* 4881.97 (-0.06%)*
1.15% 1.04%
3312 5506.90 ( 0.00%) 5459.72 (-0.86%)
4096 6449.19 ( 0.00%) 6345.46 (-1.63%)
8192 7501.17 ( 0.00%) 7508.79 ( 0.10%)
16384 9618.65 ( 0.00%) 9490.10 (-1.35%)
There was a distinct lack of confidence in the X86* figures so I included
what the devation was where the results were not confident. Many of the
results, whether gains or losses were within the standard deviation so no
solid conclusion can be reached on performance impact. Looking at the
figures, only the X86-64 ones look suspicious with a few losses that were
outside the noise. However, the results were so unstable that without
knowing why they vary so much, a solid conclusion cannot be reached.
SYSBENCH X86
sysbench-vanilla pgalloc-delay
1 7722.85 ( 0.00%) 7756.79 ( 0.44%)
2 14901.11 ( 0.00%) 13683.44 (-8.90%)
3 15171.71 ( 0.00%) 14888.25 (-1.90%)
4 14966.98 ( 0.00%) 15029.67 ( 0.42%)
5 14370.47 ( 0.00%) 14865.00 ( 3.33%)
6 14870.33 ( 0.00%) 14845.57 (-0.17%)
7 14429.45 ( 0.00%) 14520.85 ( 0.63%)
8 14354.35 ( 0.00%) 14362.31 ( 0.06%)
SYSBENCH X86-64
1 17448.70 ( 0.00%) 17484.41 ( 0.20%)
2 34276.39 ( 0.00%) 34251.00 (-0.07%)
3 50805.25 ( 0.00%) 50854.80 ( 0.10%)
4 66667.10 ( 0.00%) 66174.69 (-0.74%)
5 66003.91 ( 0.00%) 65685.25 (-0.49%)
6 64981.90 ( 0.00%) 65125.60 ( 0.22%)
7 64933.16 ( 0.00%) 64379.23 (-0.86%)
8 63353.30 ( 0.00%) 63281.22 (-0.11%)
9 63511.84 ( 0.00%) 63570.37 ( 0.09%)
10 62708.27 ( 0.00%) 63166.25 ( 0.73%)
11 62092.81 ( 0.00%) 61787.75 (-0.49%)
12 61330.11 ( 0.00%) 61036.34 (-0.48%)
13 61438.37 ( 0.00%) 61994.47 ( 0.90%)
14 62304.48 ( 0.00%) 62064.90 (-0.39%)
15 63296.48 ( 0.00%) 62875.16 (-0.67%)
16 63951.76 ( 0.00%) 63769.09 (-0.29%)
SYSBENCH PPC64
-sysbench-pgalloc-delay-sysbench
sysbench-vanilla pgalloc-delay
1 7645.08 ( 0.00%) 7467.43 (-2.38%)
2 14856.67 ( 0.00%) 14558.73 (-2.05%)
3 21952.31 ( 0.00%) 21683.64 (-1.24%)
4 27946.09 ( 0.00%) 28623.29 ( 2.37%)
5 28045.11 ( 0.00%) 28143.69 ( 0.35%)
6 27477.10 ( 0.00%) 27337.45 (-0.51%)
7 26489.17 ( 0.00%) 26590.06 ( 0.38%)
8 26642.91 ( 0.00%) 25274.33 (-5.41%)
9 25137.27 ( 0.00%) 24810.06 (-1.32%)
10 24451.99 ( 0.00%) 24275.85 (-0.73%)
11 23262.20 ( 0.00%) 23674.88 ( 1.74%)
12 24234.81 ( 0.00%) 23640.89 (-2.51%)
13 24577.75 ( 0.00%) 24433.50 (-0.59%)
14 25640.19 ( 0.00%) 25116.52 (-2.08%)
15 26188.84 ( 0.00%) 26181.36 (-0.03%)
16 26782.37 ( 0.00%) 26255.99 (-2.00%)
Again, there is little to conclude here. While there are a few losses,
the results vary by +/- 8% in some cases. They are the results of most
concern as there are some large losses but it's also within the variance
typically seen between kernel releases.
The STREAM results varied so little and are so verbose that I didn't
include them here.
The final test stressed how many huge pages can be allocated. The
absolute number of huge pages allocated are the same with or without the
page. However, the "unusability free space index" which is a measure of
external fragmentation was slightly lower (lower is better) throughout the
lifetime of the system. I also measured the latency of how long it took
to successfully allocate a huge page. The latency was slightly lower and
on X86 and PPC64, more huge pages were allocated almost immediately from
the free lists. The improvement is slight but there.
[mel@csn.ul.ie: Tested, reworked for less branches]
[czoccolo@gmail.com: fix oops by checking pfn_valid_within()]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Corrado Zoccolo <czoccolo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Shaohua Li reported parallel file copy on tmpfs can lead to OOM killer.
This is regression of caused by commit 9ff473b9a7 ("vmscan: evict
streaming IO first"). Wow, It is 2 years old patch!
Currently, tmpfs file cache is inserted active list at first. This means
that the insertion doesn't only increase numbers of pages in anon LRU, but
it also reduces anon scanning ratio. Therefore, vmscan will get totally
confused. It scans almost only file LRU even though the system has plenty
unused tmpfs pages.
Historically, lru_cache_add_active_anon() was used for two reasons.
1) Intend to priotize shmem page rather than regular file cache.
2) Intend to avoid reclaim priority inversion of used once pages.
But we've lost both motivation because (1) Now we have separate anon and
file LRU list. then, to insert active list doesn't help such priotize.
(2) In past, one pte access bit will cause page activation. then to
insert inactive list with pte access bit mean higher priority than to
insert active list. Its priority inversion may lead to uninteded lru
chun. but it was already solved by commit 645747462 (vmscan: detect
mapped file pages used only once). (Thanks Hannes, you are great!)
Thus, now we can use lru_cache_add_anon() instead.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@hmh.eng.br>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is similar to what already happens in the write case. If we have a short
read while doing O_DIRECT, instead of just returning, fallthrough and try to
read the rest via buffered IO. BTRFS needs this because if we encounter a
compressed or inline extent during DIO, we need to fallback on buffered. If the
extent is compressed we need to read the entire thing into memory and
de-compress it into the users pages. I have tested this with fsx and everything
works great. Thanks,
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
This patch is meant to improve the performance of SLUB by moving the local
kmem_cache_node lock into it's own cacheline separate from kmem_cache.
This is accomplished by simply removing the local_node when NUMA is enabled.
On my system with 2 nodes I saw around a 5% performance increase w/
hackbench times dropping from 6.2 seconds to 5.9 seconds on average. I
suspect the performance gain would increase as the number of nodes
increases, but I do not have the data to currently back that up.
Bugzilla-Reference: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15713
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Tested-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Acked-by: Yanmin Zhang <yanmin_zhang@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Duyck <alexander.h.duyck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
The alloc_slab_page() in SLUB uses alloc_pages() if node is '-1'. This means
that node validity check in alloc_pages_node is unnecessary and we can use
alloc_pages_exact_node() to avoid comparison and branch as commit
6484eb3e2a ("page allocator: do not check NUMA node ID when the caller
knows the node is valid") did for the page allocator.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
commit 94b528d (kmemtrace: SLUB hooks for caller-tracking functions)
missed tracing kmalloc_large_node in __kmalloc_node_track_caller. We
should trace it same as __kmalloc_node.
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiaotian Feng <dfeng@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
I discovered that we can overflow stack if CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and use slabs
with many objects, since list_slab_objects() and process_slab() use
DECLARE_BITMAP(map, page->objects).
With 65535 bits, we use 8192 bytes of stack ...
Switch these allocations to dynamic allocations.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6: (69 commits)
fix handling of offsets in cris eeprom.c, get rid of fake on-stack files
get rid of home-grown mutex in cris eeprom.c
switch ecryptfs_write() to struct inode *, kill on-stack fake files
switch ecryptfs_get_locked_page() to struct inode *
simplify access to ecryptfs inodes in ->readpage() and friends
AFS: Don't put struct file on the stack
Ban ecryptfs over ecryptfs
logfs: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
ufs: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
udf: replace inode uid,gid,mode init with helper
ubifs: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
sysv: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
reiserfs: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
ramfs: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
omfs: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
bfs: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
ocfs2: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
nilfs2: replace inode uid,gid,mode initialization with helper function
minix: replace inode uid,gid,mode init with helper
ext4: replace inode uid,gid,mode init with helper
...
Trivial conflict in fs/fs-writeback.c (mark bitfields unsigned)
- seems what ramfs_get_inode is only locally, make it static.
[AV: the hell it is; it's used by shmem, so shmem needed conversion too
and no, that function can't be made static]
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Now that the last user passing a NULL file pointer is gone we can remove
the redundant dentry argument and associated hacks inside vfs_fsynmc_range.
The next step will be removig the dentry argument from ->fsync, but given
the luck with the last round of method prototype changes I'd rather
defer this until after the main merge window.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The entries in xattr handler table should be immutable (ie const)
like other operation tables.
Later patches convert common filesystems. Uncoverted filesystems
will still work, but will generate a compiler warning.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/staging-2.6: (577 commits)
Staging: ramzswap: Handler for swap slot free callback
swap: Add swap slot free callback to block_device_operations
swap: Add flag to identify block swap devices
Staging: vt6655: use ETH_FRAME_LEN macro instead of custom one
Staging: vt6655: use ETH_DATA_LEN macro instead of custom one
Staging: vt6655: use ETH_FCS_LEN macro instead of custom one
Staging: vt6656: use ETH_HLEN macro instead of custom one
Staging: comedi: quatech_daqp_cs.c Replace eos semaphore with a completion.
Staging: dt3155v4l: remove private memory allocator
Staging: crystalhd: Remove typedefs from driver
Staging: winbond: Fix for pointer name format issue in mds.c
Staging: vt6656: removed custom UCHAR/USHORT/UINT/ULONG/ULONGLONG typedefs
Staging: vt6656: removed custom CHAR/SHORT/INT/LONG typedefs
Staging: comedi: Altered the way printk is used in 8255.c
staging: iio: adis16350 and similar IMU driver
Staging: iio: max1363 Fix two bugs in single_channel_from_ring
Staging: iio: adis16220 extract bin_attribute structures from state
Staging: iio: adis16220 vibration sensor driver
Staging: comedi: Kconfig dependancy fixes
Staging: comedi: fix up build error from last Kconfig changes
...
Conflicts:
drivers/staging/arlan/arlan-main.c
drivers/staging/comedi/drivers/cb_das16_cs.c
drivers/staging/cx25821/cx25821-alsa.c
drivers/staging/dt3155/dt3155_drv.c
drivers/staging/hv/hv.c
drivers/staging/netwave/netwave_cs.c
drivers/staging/wavelan/wavelan.c
drivers/staging/wavelan/wavelan_cs.c
drivers/staging/wlags49_h2/wl_cs.c
This required a bit of hand merging due to the conflicts
that happened in the later .34-rc releases, as well as
some staging driver changing coming in through other trees
(v4l and pcmcia).
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
When CONFIG_BLOCK isn't enabled:
mm/page-writeback.c: In function 'laptop_mode_timer_fn':
mm/page-writeback.c:708: error: dereferencing pointer to incomplete type
mm/page-writeback.c:709: error: dereferencing pointer to incomplete type
Fix this by essentially eliminating the laptop sync handlers when
CONFIG_BLOCK isn't set, as most are only used from the block layer code.
The exception is laptop_sync_completion() which is used from sys_sync(),
make that an empty declaration in that case.
Reported-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Commit 69b62d01 fixed up most of the places where we would enter
busy schedule() spins when disabling the periodic background
writeback. This fixes up the sb timer so that it doesn't get
hammered on with the delay disabled, and ensures that it gets
rearmed if needed when /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
gets modified.
bdi_forker_task() also needs to check for !dirty_writeback_centisecs
and use schedule() appropriately, fix that up too.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (44 commits)
vlynq: make whole Kconfig-menu dependant on architecture
add descriptive comment for TIF_MEMDIE task flag declaration.
EEPROM: max6875: Header file cleanup
EEPROM: 93cx6: Header file cleanup
EEPROM: Header file cleanup
agp: use NULL instead of 0 when pointer is needed
rtc-v3020: make bitfield unsigned
PCI: make bitfield unsigned
jbd2: use NULL instead of 0 when pointer is needed
cciss: fix shadows sparse warning
doc: inode uses a mutex instead of a semaphore.
uml: i386: Avoid redefinition of NR_syscalls
fix "seperate" typos in comments
cocbalt_lcdfb: correct sections
doc: Change urls for sparse
Powerpc: wii: Fix typo in comment
i2o: cleanup some exit paths
Documentation/: it's -> its where appropriate
UML: Fix compiler warning due to missing task_struct declaration
UML: add kernel.h include to signal.c
...
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu:
ia64: add sparse annotation to __ia64_per_cpu_var()
percpu: implement kernel memory based chunk allocation
percpu: move vmalloc based chunk management into percpu-vm.c
percpu: misc preparations for nommu support
percpu: reorganize chunk creation and destruction
percpu: factor out pcpu_addr_in_first/reserved_chunk() and update per_cpu_ptr_to_phys()
Acked-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <David.Woodhouse@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <David.Woodhouse@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <David.Woodhouse@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
This callback is required when RAM based devices are used as swap disks.
One such device is ramzswap which is used as compressed in-memory swap
disk. For such devices, we need a callback as soon as a swap slot is no
longer used to allow freeing memory allocated for this slot. Without this
callback, stale data can quickly accumulate in memory defeating the whole
purpose of such devices.
Signed-off-by: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Nigel Cunningham <nigel@tuxonice.net>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Added SWP_BLKDEV flag to distinguish block and regular file backed
swap devices. We could also check if a swap is entire block device,
rather than a file, by:
S_ISBLK(swap_info_struct->swap_file->f_mapping->host->i_mode)
but, I think, simply checking this flag is more convenient.
Signed-off-by: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Nigel Cunningham <nigel@tuxonice.net>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
* 'perf-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (311 commits)
perf tools: Add mode to build without newt support
perf symbols: symbol inconsistency message should be done only at verbose=1
perf tui: Add explicit -lslang option
perf options: Type check all the remaining OPT_ variants
perf options: Type check OPT_BOOLEAN and fix the offenders
perf options: Check v type in OPT_U?INTEGER
perf options: Introduce OPT_UINTEGER
perf tui: Add workaround for slang < 2.1.4
perf record: Fix bug mismatch with -c option definition
perf options: Introduce OPT_U64
perf tui: Add help window to show key associations
perf tui: Make <- exit menus too
perf newt: Add single key shortcuts for zoom into DSO and threads
perf newt: Exit browser unconditionally when CTRL+C, q or Q is pressed
perf newt: Fix the 'A'/'a' shortcut for annotate
perf newt: Make <- exit the ui_browser
x86, perf: P4 PMU - fix counters management logic
perf newt: Make <- zoom out filters
perf report: Report number of events, not samples
perf hist: Clarify events_stats fields usage
...
Fix up trivial conflicts in kernel/fork.c and tools/perf/builtin-record.c
When umount calls sync_filesystem(), we first do a WB_SYNC_NONE
writeback to kick off writeback of pending dirty inodes, then follow
that up with a WB_SYNC_ALL to wait for it. Since umount already holds
the sb s_umount mutex, WB_SYNC_NONE ends up doing nothing and all
writeback happens as WB_SYNC_ALL. This can greatly slow down umount,
since WB_SYNC_ALL writeback is a data integrity operation and thus
a bigger hammer than simple WB_SYNC_NONE. For barrier aware file systems
it's a lot slower.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Some callers (in memcontrol.c) calls css_is_ancestor() without
rcu_read_lock. Because css_is_ancestor() has to access RCU protected
data, it should be under rcu_read_lock().
This makes css_is_ancestor() itself does safe access to RCU protected
area. (At least, "root" can have refcnt==0 if it's not an ancestor of
"child". So, we need rcu_read_lock().)
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit ad4ba37537 ("memcg: css_id() must be
called under rcu_read_lock()") modifies memcontol.c for fixing RCU check
message. But Andrew Morton pointed out that the fix doesn't seems sane
and it was just for hidining lockdep messages.
This is a patch for do proper things. Checking again, all places,
accessing without rcu_read_lock, that commit fixies was intentional....
all callers of css_id() has reference count on it. So, it's not necessary
to be under rcu_read_lock().
Considering again, we can use rcu_dereference_check for css_id(). We know
css->id is valid if css->refcnt > 0. (css->id never changes and freed
after css->refcnt going to be 0.)
This patch makes use of rcu_dereference_check() in css_id/depth and remove
unnecessary rcu-read-lock added by the commit.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently page_address_in_vma() compares vma->anon_vma and
page_anon_vma(page) for parameter check, but in 2.6.34 a vma can have
multiple anon_vmas with anon_vma_chain, so current check does not work.
(For anonymous page shared by multiple processes, some verified (page,vma)
pairs return -EFAULT wrongly.)
We can go to checking all anon_vmas in the "same_vma" chain, but it needs
to meet lock requirement. Instead, we can remove anon_vma check safely
because page_address_in_vma() assumes that page and vma are already
checked to belong to the identical process.
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ordinarily, application using hugetlbfs will create mappings with
reserves. For shared mappings, these pages are reserved before mmap()
returns success and for private mappings, the caller process is guaranteed
and a child process that cannot get the pages gets killed with sigbus.
An application that uses MAP_NORESERVE gets no reservations and mmap()
will always succeed at the risk the page will not be available at fault
time. This might be used for example on very large sparse mappings where
the developer is confident the necessary huge pages exist to satisfy all
faults even though the whole mapping cannot be backed by huge pages.
Unfortunately, if an allocation does fail, VM_FAULT_OOM is returned to the
fault handler which proceeds to trigger the OOM-killer. This is
unhelpful.
Even without hugetlbfs mounted, a user using mmap() can trivially trigger
the OOM-killer because VM_FAULT_OOM is returned (will provide example
program if desired - it's a whopping 24 lines long). It could be
considered a DOS available to an unprivileged user.
This patch alters hugetlbfs to kill a process that uses MAP_NORESERVE
where huge pages were not available with SIGBUS instead of triggering the
OOM killer.
This change affects hugetlb_cow() as well. I feel there is a failure case
in there, but I didn't create one. It would need a fairly specific target
in terms of the faulting application and the hugepage pool size. The
hugetlb_no_page() path is much easier to hit but both might as well be
closed.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'core-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
rcu: create rcu_my_thread_group_empty() wrapper
memcg: css_id() must be called under rcu_read_lock()
cgroup: Check task_lock in task_subsys_state()
sched: Fix an RCU warning in print_task()
cgroup: Fix an RCU warning in alloc_css_id()
cgroup: Fix an RCU warning in cgroup_path()
KEYS: Fix an RCU warning in the reading of user keys
KEYS: Fix an RCU warning
Function init_kmem_cache_nodes is incorrect when checking upper limitation of
kmalloc_caches. The breakage was introduced by commit
91efd773c7 ("dma kmalloc handling fixes").
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
This patch fixes task_in_mem_cgroup(), mem_cgroup_uncharge_swapcache(),
mem_cgroup_move_swap_account(), and is_target_pte_for_mc() to protect
calls to css_id(). An additional RCU lockdep splat was reported for
memcg_oom_wake_function(), however, this function is not yet in
mainline as of 2.6.34-rc5.
Reported-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Implement an alternate percpu chunk management based on kernel memeory
for nommu SMP architectures. Instead of mapping into vmalloc area,
chunks are allocated as a contiguous kernel memory using
alloc_pages(). As such, percpu allocator on nommu will have the
following restrictions.
* It can't fill chunks on-demand page-by-page. It has to allocate
each chunk fully upfront.
* It can't support sparse chunk for NUMA configurations. SMP w/o mmu
is crazy enough. Let's hope no one does NUMA w/o mmu. :-P
* If chunk size isn't power-of-two multiple of PAGE_SIZE, the
unaligned amount will be wasted on each chunk. So, archs which use
this better align chunk size.
For instructions on how to use this, read the comment on top of
mm/percpu-km.c.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Graff Yang <graff.yang@gmail.com>
Cc: Sonic Zhang <sonic.adi@gmail.com>
Separate out and move chunk management (creation/desctruction and
[de]population) code into percpu-vm.c which is included by percpu.c
and compiled together. The interface for chunk management is defined
as follows.
* pcpu_populate_chunk - populate the specified range of a chunk
* pcpu_depopulate_chunk - depopulate the specified range of a chunk
* pcpu_create_chunk - create a new chunk
* pcpu_destroy_chunk - destroy a chunk, always preceded by full depop
* pcpu_addr_to_page - translate address to physical address
* pcpu_verify_alloc_info - check alloc_info is acceptable during init
Other than wrapping vmalloc_to_page() inside pcpu_addr_to_page() and
dummy pcpu_verify_alloc_info() implementation, this patch only moves
code around. This separation is to allow alternate chunk management
implementation.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Graff Yang <graff.yang@gmail.com>
Cc: Sonic Zhang <sonic.adi@gmail.com>
Make the following misc preparations for percpu nommu support.
* Remove refernces to vmalloc in common comments as nommu percpu won't
use it.
* Rename chunk->vms to chunk->data and make it void *. Its use is
determined by chunk management implementation.
* Relocate utility functions and add __maybe_unused to functions which
might not be used by different chunk management implementations.
This patch doesn't cause any functional change. This is to allow
alternate chunk management implementation for percpu nommu support.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Graff Yang <graff.yang@gmail.com>
Cc: Sonic Zhang <sonic.adi@gmail.com>
Reorganize alloc/free_pcpu_chunk() such that chunk struct alloc/free
live in pcpu_alloc/free_chunk() and the rest in
pcpu_create/destroy_chunk(). While at it, add missing error handling
for chunk->map allocation failure.
This is to allow alternate chunk management implementation for percpu
nommu support.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Graff Yang <graff.yang@gmail.com>
Cc: Sonic Zhang <sonic.adi@gmail.com>
Factor out pcpu_addr_in_first/reserved_chunk() from
pcpu_chunk_addr_search() and use it to update per_cpu_ptr_to_phys()
such that it handles first chunk differently from the rest.
This patch doesn't cause any functional change and is to prepare for
percpu nommu support.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Graff Yang <graff.yang@gmail.com>
Cc: Sonic Zhang <sonic.adi@gmail.com>
The patch just convert all blkdev_issue_xxx function to common
set of flags. Wait/allocation semantics preserved.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block:
coda: move backing-dev.h kernel include inside __KERNEL__
mtd: ensure that bdi entries are properly initialized and registered
Move mtd_bdi_*mappable to mtdcore.c
btrfs: convert to using bdi_setup_and_register()
Catch filesystems lacking s_bdi
drbd: Terminate a connection early if sending the protocol fails
drbd: fix memory leak
Fix JFFS2 sync silent failure
smbfs: add bdi backing to mount session
ncpfs: add bdi backing to mount session
exofs: add bdi backing to mount session
ecryptfs: add bdi backing to mount session
coda: add bdi backing to mount session
cifs: add bdi backing to mount session
afs: add bdi backing to mount session.
9p: add bdi backing to mount session
bdi: add helper function for doing init and register of a bdi for a file system
block: ensure jiffies wrap is handled correctly in blk_rq_timed_out_timer
Check whether the VMA has a vm_ops before calling close, just
like we check vm_ops before calling open a few dozen lines
higher up in the function.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
noop_backing_dev_info is used only as a flag to mark filesystems that
don't have any backing store, like tmpfs, procfs, spufs, etc.
Signed-off-by: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Changed the BUG_ON() to a WARN_ON(). Note that adding dirty inodes
to the noop_backing_dev_info is not legal and will not result in
them being flushed, but we already catch this condition in
__mark_inode_dirty() when checking for a registered bdi.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The follow_page() function can potentially return -EFAULT so I added
checks for this.
Also I silenced an uninitialized variable warning on my version of gcc
(version 4.3.2).
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Izik Eidus <ieidus@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If find_mergeable_anon_vma() succeeds but another thread installs
->anon_vma before we take ptl, then allocated == NULL but avc should be
freed. Change the code to check avc != NULL to detect this case.
Also, a couple of whitespace changes to make the critical section more
visible.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Pete Zaitcev <zaitcev@redhat.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If a futex key happens to be located within a huge page mapped
MAP_PRIVATE, get_futex_key() can go into an infinite loop waiting for a
page->mapping that will never exist.
See https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=552257 for more details
about the problem.
This patch makes page->mapping a poisoned value that includes
PAGE_MAPPING_ANON mapped MAP_PRIVATE. This is enough for futex to
continue but because of PAGE_MAPPING_ANON, the poisoned value is not
dereferenced or used by futex. No other part of the VM should be
dereferencing the page->mapping of a hugetlbfs page as its page cache is
not on the LRU.
This patch fixes the problem with the test case described in the bugzilla.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: mel cant spel]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Darren Hart <darren@dvhart.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pretty trivial helper, just sets up the bdi and registers it. An atomic
sequence count is used to ensure that the registered sysfs names are
unique.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The recent anon_vma fixes cause many anonymous pages to end up
in the parent process anon_vma, even when the page is exclusively
owned by the current process.
Adding exclusively owned anonymous pages to the top anon_vma
reduces rmap scanning overhead, especially in workloads with
forking servers.
This patch adds a parameter to __page_set_anon_rmap that can
be used to indicate whether or not the added page is exclusively
owned by the current process.
Pages added through page_add_new_anon_rmap are exclusively
owned by the current process, and can be added to the top
anon_vma.
Pages added through page_add_anon_rmap can be either shared
or exclusively owned, so we do the conservative thing and
add it to the oldest anon_vma.
A next step would be to add the exclusive parameter to
page_add_anon_rmap, to be used from functions where we do
know for sure whether a page is exclusively owned.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Lightly-tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
[ Edited to look nicer - Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Even with SLAB_RED_ZONE and SLAB_STORE_USER enabled, kernel would NOT store
redzone and last user data around allocated memory space if "arch cache line >
sizeof(unsigned long long)". As a result, last user information is unexpectedly
MISSED while dumping slab corruption log.
This fix makes sure that redzone and last user tags get stored unless the
required alignment breaks redzone's.
Signed-off-by: Shiyong Li <shi-yong.li@motorola.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Otherwise we might be mapping in a page in a new mapping, but that page
(through the swapcache) would later be mapped into an old mapping too.
The page->mapping must be the case that works for everybody, not just
the mapping that happened to page it in first.
Here's the scenario:
- page gets allocated/mapped by process A. Let's call the anon_vma we
associate the page with 'A' to keep it easy to track.
- Process A forks, creating process B. The anon_vma in B is 'B', and has
a chain that looks like 'B' -> 'A'. Everything is fine.
- Swapping happens. The page (with mapping pointing to 'A') gets swapped
out (perhaps not to disk - it's enough to assume that it's just not
mapped any more, and lives entirely in the swap-cache)
- Process B pages it in, which goes like this:
do_swap_page ->
page = lookup_swap_cache(entry);
...
set_pte_at(mm, address, page_table, pte);
page_add_anon_rmap(page, vma, address);
And think about what happens here!
In particular, what happens is that this will now be the "first"
mapping of that page, so page_add_anon_rmap() used to do
if (first)
__page_set_anon_rmap(page, vma, address);
and notice what anon_vma it will use? It will use the anon_vma for
process B!
What happens then? Trivial: process 'A' also pages it in (nothing
happens, it's not the first mapping), and then process 'B' execve's
or exits or unmaps, making anon_vma B go away.
End result: process A has a page that points to anon_vma B, but
anon_vma B does not exist any more. This can go on forever. Forget
about RCU grace periods, forget about locking, forget anything like
that. The bug is simply that page->mapping points to an anon_vma
that was correct at one point, but was _not_ the one that was shared
by all users of that possible mapping.
Changing it to always use the deepest anon_vma in the anonvma chain gets
us to the safest model.
This can be improved in certain cases: if we know the page is private to
just this particular mapping (for example, it's a new page, or it is the
only swapcache entry), we could pick the top (most specific) anon_vma.
But that's a future optimization. Make it _work_ reliably first.
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> [ "What do you know, I think you fixed it!" ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We want to walk the chain in reverse order when cloning it, so that the
order of the result chain will be the same as the order in the source
chain. When we add entries to the chain, they go at the head of the
chain, so we want to add the source head last.
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> [ "No, it still oopses" ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When we move the boundaries between two vma's due to things like
mprotect, we need to make sure that the anon_vma of the pages that got
moved from one vma to another gets properly copied around. And that was
not always the case, in this rather hard-to-follow code sequence.
Clarify the code, and fix it so that it copies the anon_vma from the
right source.
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> [ "Yeah, not so much this one either" ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This changes the anon_vma reuse case to require that we only reuse
simple anon_vma's - ie the case when the vma only has a single anon_vma
associated with it.
This means that a reuse of an anon_vma from an adjacent vma will always
guarantee that both vma's are associated not only with the same
anon_vma, they will also have the same anon_vma chain (of just a single
entry in this case).
And since anon_vma re-use was the only case where the same anon_vma
might be associated with different chains of anon_vma's, we now have the
case that every vma that shares the same anon_vma will always also have
the same chain. That makes it much easier to think about merging vma's
that share the same anon_vma's: you can always just drop the other
anon_vma chain in anon_vma_merge() since you know that they are always
identical.
This also splits up the function to validate the anon_vma re-use, and
adds a lot of commentary about the possible races.
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> [ "That didn't fix it" ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (34 commits)
cfq-iosched: Fix the incorrect timeslice accounting with forced_dispatch
loop: Update mtime when writing using aops
block: expose the statistics in blkio.time and blkio.sectors for the root cgroup
backing-dev: Handle class_create() failure
Block: Fix block/elevator.c elevator_get() off-by-one error
drbd: lc_element_by_index() never returns NULL
cciss: unlock on error path
cfq-iosched: Do not merge queues of BE and IDLE classes
cfq-iosched: Add additional blktrace log messages in CFQ for easier debugging
i2o: Remove the dangerous kobj_to_i2o_device macro
block: remove 16 bytes of padding from struct request on 64bits
cfq-iosched: fix a kbuild regression
block: make CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP visible
Remove GENHD_FL_DRIVERFS
block: Export max number of segments and max segment size in sysfs
block: Finalize conversion of block limits functions
block: Fix overrun in lcm() and move it to lib
vfs: improve writeback_inodes_wb()
paride: fix off-by-one test
drbd: fix al-to-on-disk-bitmap for 4k logical_block_size
...
As suggested by Linus, fix up kmem_ptr_validate() to handle non-kernel pointers
more graciously. The patch changes kmem_ptr_validate() to use the newly
introduced kern_ptr_validate() helper to check that a pointer is a valid kernel
pointer before we attempt to convert it into a 'struct page'.
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
As suggested by Linus, introduce a kern_ptr_validate() helper that does some
sanity checks to make sure a pointer is a valid kernel pointer. This is a
preparational step for fixing SLUB kmem_ptr_validate().
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'x86-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/x86/linux-2.6-tip:
x86: Fix double enable_IR_x2apic() call on SMP kernel on !SMP boards
x86: Increase CONFIG_NODES_SHIFT max to 10
ibft, x86: Change reserve_ibft_region() to find_ibft_region()
x86, hpet: Fix bug in RTC emulation
x86, hpet: Erratum workaround for read after write of HPET comparator
bootmem, x86: Fix 32bit numa system without RAM on node 0
nobootmem, x86: Fix 32bit numa system without RAM on node 0
x86: Handle overlapping mptables
x86: Make e820_remove_range to handle all covered case
x86-32, resume: do a global tlb flush in S4 resume
Slab lacks any memory hotplug support for nodes that are hotplugged
without cpus being hotplugged. This is possible at least on x86
CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_SPARSE kernels where SRAT entries are marked
ACPI_SRAT_MEM_HOT_PLUGGABLE and the regions of RAM represent a seperate
node. It can also be done manually by writing the start address to
/sys/devices/system/memory/probe for kernels that have
CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE set, which is how this patch was tested, and
then onlining the new memory region.
When a node is hotadded, a nodelist for that node is allocated and
initialized for each slab cache. If this isn't completed due to a lack
of memory, the hotadd is aborted: we have a reasonable expectation that
kmalloc_node(nid) will work for all caches if nid is online and memory is
available.
Since nodelists must be allocated and initialized prior to the new node's
memory actually being online, the struct kmem_list3 is allocated off-node
due to kmalloc_node()'s fallback.
When an entire node would be offlined, its nodelists are subsequently
drained. If slab objects still exist and cannot be freed, the offline is
aborted. It is possible that objects will be allocated between this
drain and page isolation, so it's still possible that the offline will
still fail, however.
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Presently, memcg's FILE_MAPPED accounting has following race with
move_account (happens at rmdir()).
increment page->mapcount (rmap.c)
mem_cgroup_update_file_mapped() move_account()
lock_page_cgroup()
check page_mapped() if
page_mapped(page)>1 {
FILE_MAPPED -1 from old memcg
FILE_MAPPED +1 to old memcg
}
.....
overwrite pc->mem_cgroup
unlock_page_cgroup()
lock_page_cgroup()
FILE_MAPPED + 1 to pc->mem_cgroup
unlock_page_cgroup()
Then,
old memcg (-1 file mapped)
new memcg (+2 file mapped)
This happens because move_account see page_mapped() which is not guarded
by lock_page_cgroup(). This patch adds FILE_MAPPED flag to page_cgroup
and move account information based on it. Now, all checks are synchronous
with lock_page_cgroup().
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Andrea Righi <arighi@develer.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When we look into pagemap using page-types with option -p, the value of
pfn for hugepages looks wrong (see below.) This is because pte was
evaluated only once for one vma although it should be updated for each
hugepage. This patch fixes it.
$ page-types -p 3277 -Nl -b huge
voffset offset len flags
7f21e8a00 11e400 1 ___U___________H_G________________
7f21e8a01 11e401 1ff ________________TG________________
^^^
7f21e8c00 11e400 1 ___U___________H_G________________
7f21e8c01 11e401 1ff ________________TG________________
^^^
One hugepage contains 1 head page and 511 tail pages in x86_64 and each
two lines represent each hugepage. Voffset and offset mean virtual
address and physical address in the page unit, respectively. The
different hugepages should not have the same offset value.
With this patch applied:
$ page-types -p 3386 -Nl -b huge
voffset offset len flags
7fec7a600 112c00 1 ___UD__________H_G________________
7fec7a601 112c01 1ff ________________TG________________
^^^
7fec7a800 113200 1 ___UD__________H_G________________
7fec7a801 113201 1ff ________________TG________________
^^^
OK
More info:
- This patch modifies walk_page_range()'s hugepage walker. But the
change only affects pagemap_read(), which is the only caller of hugepage
callback.
- Without this patch, hugetlb_entry() callback is called per vma, that
doesn't match the natural expectation from its name.
- With this patch, hugetlb_entry() is called per hugepte entry and the
callback can become much simpler.
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Shaohua Li reported his tmpfs streaming I/O test can lead to make oom.
The test uses a 6G tmpfs in a system with 3G memory. In the tmpfs, there
are 6 copies of kernel source and the test does kbuild for each copy. His
investigation shows the test has a lot of rotated anon pages and quite few
file pages, so get_scan_ratio calculates percent[0] (i.e. scanning
percent for anon) to be zero. Actually the percent[0] shoule be a big
value, but our calculation round it to zero.
Although before commit 84b18490 ("vmscan: get_scan_ratio() cleanup") , we
have the same problem too. But the old logic can rescue percent[0]==0
case only when priority==0. It had hided the real issue. I didn't think
merely streaming io can makes percent[0]==0 && priority==0 situation. but
I was wrong.
So, definitely we have to fix such tmpfs streaming io issue. but anyway I
revert the regression commit at first.
This reverts commit 84b18490d1.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
- We weren't zeroing p->rss_stat[] at fork()
- Consequently sync_mm_rss() was dereferencing tsk->mm for kernel
threads and was oopsing.
- Make __sync_task_rss_stat() static, too.
Addresses https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15648
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove the BUG_ON(!mm->rss)]
Reported-by: Troels Liebe Bentsen <tlb@rapanden.dk>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
"Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
One of the features of laptop-mode is that it forces a writeout of dirty
pages if something else triggers a physical read or write from a device.
The current implementation flushes pages on all devices, rather than only
the one that triggered the flush. This patch alters the behaviour so that
only the recently accessed block device is flushed, preventing other
disks being spun up for no terribly good reason.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Garrett <mjg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
* 'slabh' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/misc:
eeepc-wmi: include slab.h
staging/otus: include slab.h from usbdrv.h
percpu: don't implicitly include slab.h from percpu.h
kmemcheck: Fix build errors due to missing slab.h
include cleanup: Update gfp.h and slab.h includes to prepare for breaking implicit slab.h inclusion from percpu.h
iwlwifi: don't include iwl-dev.h from iwl-devtrace.h
x86: don't include slab.h from arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_32.h
Fix up trivial conflicts in include/linux/percpu.h due to
is_kernel_percpu_address() having been introduced since the slab.h
cleanup with the percpu_up.c splitup.
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu:
module: add stub for is_module_percpu_address
percpu, module: implement and use is_kernel/module_percpu_address()
module: encapsulate percpu handling better and record percpu_size
Fix a memory leak in anon_vma_fork(), where we fail to tear down the
anon_vmas attached to the new VMA in case setting up the new anon_vma
fails.
This bug also has the potential to leave behind anon_vma_chain structs
with pointers to invalid memory.
Reported-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I hit this when we had a bug in IDR for a few days. Basically sysfs would
fail to create new inodes since it uses an IDR and therefore class_create would
fail.
While we are unlikely to see this fail we may as well handle it instead of
oopsing.
Signed-off-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
When 32bit numa is used, free_all_bootmem() will still only go over with
node id 0.
If node 0 doesn't have RAM installed, the lowest populated node
becomes low RAM.
This one fixes BOOTMEM path by iterating over the bdata_list.
-v3: add more comments, and fix bootmem path too.
-v4: seperate from one big patch
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
LKML-Reference: <4BB416D7.6090203@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
On one system without RAM on node0, got following boot dump with a 32
bit NUMA kernel:
early_node_map[4] active PFN ranges
1: 0x00000010 -> 0x00000099
1: 0x00000100 -> 0x0007da00
1: 0x0007e800 -> 0x0007ffa0
1: 0x0007ffae -> 0x0007ffb0
...
Subtract (29 early reservations)
#000 [0000001000 - 0000002000]
#001 [0000089000 - 000008f000]
#002 [0000091000 - 0000093500]
...
#027 [007cbfef40 - 007e800000]
#028 [007e9ca000 - 007ff95000]
(0 free memory ranges)
Initializing HighMem for node 0 (00000000:00000000)
Initializing HighMem for node 1 (00000000:00000000)
Memory: 0k/2096832k available (6662k kernel code, 2096300k reserved, 4829k data, 484k init, 0k highmem)
...
Checking if this processor honours the WP bit even in supervisor mode...Ok.
swapper: page allocation failure. order:0, mode:0x0
Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.34-rc3-tip-03818-g4b1ea6c-dirty #35
Call Trace:
[<4087a5dc>] ? printk+0xf/0x11
[<40286728>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x417/0x487
[<402a9ce1>] new_slab+0xe2/0x1fe
[<402aa5b2>] kmem_cache_open+0x185/0x358
[<402abbc0>] T.954+0x1c/0x60
[<40d52a29>] kmem_cache_init+0x24/0x113
[<40d39738>] start_kernel+0x166/0x2e4
[<40d3940e>] ? unknown_bootoption+0x0/0x18e
[<40d390ce>] i386_start_kernel+0xce/0xd5
Mem-Info:
Node 1 DMA per-cpu:
CPU 0: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0
Node 1 Normal per-cpu:
CPU 0: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0
active_anon:0 inactive_anon:0 isolated_anon:0
active_file:0 inactive_file:0 isolated_file:0
unevictable:0 dirty:0 writeback:0 unstable:0
free:0 slab_reclaimable:0 slab_unreclaimable:0
mapped:0 shmem:0 pagetables:0 bounce:0
When 32bit NUMA is used, free_all_bootmem() will still only go over with
node id 0.
If node 0 doesn't have RAM installed, We need to go with node1
because early_node_map still use 1 for all ranges, and ram from node1
become low ram.
Use MAX_NUMNODES like 64-bit NUMA does.
Note: BOOTMEM path has the same problem.
this bug exist before We have NO_BOOTMEM support.
-v3: add more comments, and fix bootmem path too.
-v4: seperate bootmem path fix
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
LKML-Reference: <4BB41689.9090502@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
percpu.h has always been including slab.h to get k[mz]alloc/free() for
UP inline implementation. percpu.h being used by very low level
headers including module.h and sched.h, this meant that a lot files
unintentionally got slab.h inclusion.
Lee Schermerhorn was trying to make topology.h use percpu.h and got
bitten by this implicit inclusion. The right thing to do is break
this ultimately unnecessary dependency. The previous patch added
explicit inclusion of either gfp.h or slab.h to the source files using
them. This patch updates percpu.h such that slab.h is no longer
included from percpu.h.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
mm/kmemcheck.c:69: error: dereferencing pointer to incomplete type
mm/kmemcheck.c:69: error: 'SLAB_NOTRACK' undeclared (first use in this function)
mm/kmemcheck.c:82: error: dereferencing pointer to incomplete type
mm/kmemcheck.c:94: error: dereferencing pointer to incomplete type
mm/kmemcheck.c:94: error: dereferencing pointer to incomplete type
mm/kmemcheck.c:94: error: 'SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU' undeclared (first use in this function)
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
lockdep has custom code to check whether a pointer belongs to static
percpu area which is somewhat broken. Implement proper
is_kernel/module_percpu_address() and replace the custom code.
On UP, percpu variables are regular static variables and can't be
distinguished from them. Always return %false on UP.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Support for the PMU's BTS features has been upstreamed in
v2.6.32, but we still have the old and disabled ptrace-BTS,
as Linus noticed it not so long ago.
It's buggy: TIF_DEBUGCTLMSR is trampling all over that MSR without
regard for other uses (perf) and doesn't provide the flexibility
needed for perf either.
Its users are ptrace-block-step and ptrace-bts, since ptrace-bts
was never used and ptrace-block-step can be implemented using a
much simpler approach.
So axe all 3000 lines of it. That includes the *locked_memory*()
APIs in mm/mlock.c as well.
Reported-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Markus Metzger <markus.t.metzger@intel.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
LKML-Reference: <20100325135413.938004390@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Fix __get_user_pages() to make it pin the last page on a buffer that doesn't
begin at the start of a page, but is a multiple of PAGE_SIZE in size.
The problem is that __get_user_pages() advances the pointer too much when it
iterates to the next page if the page it's currently looking at isn't used from
the first byte. This can cause the end of a short VMA to be reached
prematurely, resulting in the last page being lost.
Signed-off-by: Steven J. Magnani <steve@digidescorp.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert the following patch:
commit c08c6e1f54
Author: Steven J. Magnani <steve@digidescorp.com>
Date: Fri Mar 5 13:42:24 2010 -0800
nommu: get_user_pages(): pin last page on non-page-aligned start
As it assumes that the mappings begin at the start of pages - something that
isn't necessarily true on NOMMU systems. On NOMMU systems, it is possible for
a mapping to only occupy part of the page, and not necessarily touch either end
of it; in fact it's also possible for multiple non-overlapping mappings to
coexist on one page (consider direct mappings of ROMFS files, for example).
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Steven J. Magnani <steve@digidescorp.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Discovered while testing other mempolicy changes:
get_mempolicy() does not handle static/relative mode flags correctly.
Return the value that the user specified so that it can be restored
via set_mempolicy() if desired.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In 2.6.34-rc1, removing vhost_net module causes an oops in sync_mm_rss
(called from do_exit) when workqueue is destroyed. This does not happen
on net-next, or with vhost on top of to 2.6.33.
The issue seems to be introduced by
34e55232e5 ("mm: avoid false sharing of
mm_counter) which added sync_mm_rss() that is passed task->mm, and
dereferences it without checking. If task is a kernel thread, mm might be
NULL. I think this might also happen e.g. with aio.
This patch fixes the oops by calling sync_mm_rss when task->mm is set to
NULL. I also added BUG_ON to detect any other cases where counters get
incremented while mm is NULL.
The oops I observed looks like this:
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 00000000000002a8
IP: [<ffffffff810b436d>] sync_mm_rss+0x33/0x6f
PGD 0
Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP
last sysfs file: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu7/cache/index2/shared_cpu_map
CPU 2
Modules linked in: vhost_net(-) tun bridge stp sunrpc ipv6 cpufreq_ondemand acpi_cpufreq freq_table kvm_intel kvm i5000_edac edac_core rtc_cmos bnx2 button i2c_i801 i2c_core rtc_core e1000e sg joydev ide_cd_mod serio_raw pcspkr rtc_lib cdrom virtio_net virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_ring virtio af_packet e1000 shpchp aacraid uhci_hcd ohci_hcd ehci_hcd [last unloaded: microcode]
Pid: 2046, comm: vhost Not tainted 2.6.34-rc1-vhost #25 System Planar/IBM System x3550 -[7978B3G]-
RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff810b436d>] [<ffffffff810b436d>] sync_mm_rss+0x33/0x6f
RSP: 0018:ffff8802379b7e60 EFLAGS: 00010202
RAX: 0000000000000008 RBX: ffff88023f2390c0 RCX: 0000000000000000
RDX: ffff88023f2396b0 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffff88023f2390c0
RBP: ffff8802379b7e60 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: ffff88023aecfbc0 R11: 0000000000013240 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: ffffffff81051a6c R14: ffffe8ffffc0f540 R15: 0000000000000000
FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff880001e80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b
CR2: 00000000000002a8 CR3: 000000023af23000 CR4: 00000000000406e0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Process vhost (pid: 2046, threadinfo ffff8802379b6000, task ffff88023f2390c0)
Stack:
ffff8802379b7ee0 ffffffff81040687 ffffe8ffffc0f558 ffffffffa00a3e2d
<0> 0000000000000000 ffff88023f2390c0 ffffffff81055817 ffff8802379b7e98
<0> ffff8802379b7e98 0000000100000286 ffff8802379b7ee0 ffff88023ad47d78
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff81040687>] do_exit+0x147/0x6c4
[<ffffffffa00a3e2d>] ? handle_rx_net+0x0/0x17 [vhost_net]
[<ffffffff81055817>] ? autoremove_wake_function+0x0/0x39
[<ffffffff81051a6c>] ? worker_thread+0x0/0x229
[<ffffffff810553c9>] kthreadd+0x0/0xf2
[<ffffffff810038d4>] kernel_thread_helper+0x4/0x10
[<ffffffff81055342>] ? kthread+0x0/0x87
[<ffffffff810038d0>] ? kernel_thread_helper+0x0/0x10
Code: 00 8b 87 6c 02 00 00 85 c0 74 14 48 98 f0 48 01 86 a0 02 00 00 c7 87 6c 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 8b 87 70 02 00 00 85 c0 74 14 48 98 <f0> 48 01 86 a8 02 00 00 c7 87 70 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 8b 87 74
RIP [<ffffffff810b436d>] sync_mm_rss+0x33/0x6f
RSP <ffff8802379b7e60>
CR2: 00000000000002a8
---[ end trace 41603ba922beddd2 ]---
Fixing recursive fault but reboot is needed!
(note: handle_rx_net is a work item using workqueue in question).
sync_mm_rss+0x33/0x6f gave me a hint. I also tried reverting
34e55232e5 and the oops goes away.
The module in question calls use_mm and later unuse_mm from a kernel
thread. It is when this kernel thread is destroyed that the crash
happens.
Signed-off-by: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>
Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mpol_parse_str() made lots 'err' variable related bug. Because it is ugly
and reviewing unfriendly.
This patch simplifies it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
commit 71fe804b6d (mempolicy: use struct mempolicy pointer in
shmem_sb_info) added mpol=local mount option. but its feature is broken
since it was born. because such code always return 1 (i.e. mount
failure).
This patch fixes it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix an 'oops' when a tmpfs mount point is mounted with the mpol=default
mempolicy.
Upon remounting a tmpfs mount point with 'mpol=default' option, the mount
code crashed with a null pointer dereference. The initial problem report
was on 2.6.27, but the problem exists in mainline 2.6.34-rc as well. On
examining the code, we see that mpol_new returns NULL if default mempolicy
was requested. This 'NULL' mempolicy is accessed to store the node mask
resulting in oops.
The following patch fixes it.
Signed-off-by: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
ksm.c's write_protect_page implements a lockless means of verifying a page
does not have any users of the page which are not accounted for via other
kernel tracking means. It does this by removing the writable pte with TLB
flushes, checking the page_count against the total known users, and then
using set_pte_at_notify to make it a read-only entry.
An unneeded mmu_notifier callout is made in the case where the known users
does not match the page_count. In that event, we are inserting the
identical pte and there is no need for the set_pte_at_notify, but rather
the simpler set_pte_at suffices.
Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Izik Eidus <ieidus@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix an incorrect comment in the do_mmap_shared_file(). If a mapping is
requested MAP_SHARED, then a private copy cannot be made and still provide
correct semantics.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Dave Hudson <uclinux@blueteddy.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There was a potential null deref introduced in c62b1a3b31 ("memcg: use
generic percpu instead of private implementation").
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In commit 02491447 ("memcg: move charges of anonymous swap"), I tried to
disable move charge feature in no mmu case by enclosing all the related
functions with "#ifdef CONFIG_MMU", but the commit places these ifdefs in
wrong place. (it seems that it's mangled while handling some fixes...)
This patch fixes it up.
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 08677214e3 ("x86: Make 64 bit use early_res instead
of bootmem before slab") introduced early_res replacement for
bootmem, but left code in __free_pages_memory() which dumps all
the ranges that are beeing freed, without any additional
information, causing some noise in dmesg during bootup.
Just remove printing of the ranges, that doesn't provide
anything useful anyway.
While at it, remove other commented-out KERN_DEBUG messages in
the NO_BOOTMEM code as well.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Found-OK-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
LKML-Reference: <alpine.LNX.2.00.1003220931360.18642@pobox.suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
swap_cgroup uses 2bytes data and uses cmpxchg in a new operation. 2byte
cmpxchg/xchg is not available on some archs. This patch replaces
cmpxchg/xchg with operations under lock.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Sachin Sant <sachinp@in.ibm.com> wrote:
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'core-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
locking: Make sparse work with inline spinlocks and rwlocks
x86/mce: Fix RCU lockdep splats
rcu: Increase RCU CPU stall timeouts if PROVE_RCU
ftrace: Replace read_barrier_depends() with rcu_dereference_raw()
rcu: Suppress RCU lockdep warnings during early boot
rcu, ftrace: Fix RCU lockdep splat in ftrace_perf_buf_prepare()
rcu: Suppress __mpol_dup() false positive from RCU lockdep
rcu: Make rcu_read_lock_sched_held() handle !PREEMPT
rcu: Add control variables to lockdep_rcu_dereference() diagnostics
rcu, cgroup: Relax the check in task_subsys_state() as early boot is now handled by lockdep-RCU
rcu: Use wrapper function instead of exporting tasklist_lock
sched, rcu: Fix rcu_dereference() for RCU-lockdep
rcu: Make task_subsys_state() RCU-lockdep checks handle boot-time use
rcu: Fix holdoff for accelerated GPs for last non-dynticked CPU
x86/gart: Unexport gart_iommu_aperture
Fix trivial conflicts in kernel/trace/ftrace.c
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (56 commits)
doc: fix typo in comment explaining rb_tree usage
Remove fs/ntfs/ChangeLog
doc: fix console doc typo
doc: cpuset: Update the cpuset flag file
Fix of spelling in arch/sparc/kernel/leon_kernel.c no longer needed
Remove drivers/parport/ChangeLog
Remove drivers/char/ChangeLog
doc: typo - Table 1-2 should refer to "status", not "statm"
tree-wide: fix typos "ass?o[sc]iac?te" -> "associate" in comments
No need to patch AMD-provided drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/atombios.h
devres/irq: Fix devm_irq_match comment
Remove reference to kthread_create_on_cpu
tree-wide: Assorted spelling fixes
tree-wide: fix 'lenght' typo in comments and code
drm/kms: fix spelling in error message
doc: capitalization and other minor fixes in pnp doc
devres: typo fix s/dev/devm/
Remove redundant trailing semicolons from macros
fix typo "definetly" -> "definitely" in comment
tree-wide: s/widht/width/g typo in comments
...
Fix trivial conflict in Documentation/laptops/00-INDEX
In current page-fault code,
handle_mm_fault()
-> ...
-> mem_cgroup_charge()
-> map page or handle error.
-> check return code.
If page fault's return code is VM_FAULT_OOM, page_fault_out_of_memory() is
called. But if it's caused by memcg, OOM should have been already
invoked.
Then, I added a patch: a636b327f7. That
patch records last_oom_jiffies for memcg's sub-hierarchy and prevents
page_fault_out_of_memory from being invoked in near future.
But Nishimura-san reported that check by jiffies is not enough when the
system is terribly heavy.
This patch changes memcg's oom logic as.
* If memcg causes OOM-kill, continue to retry.
* remove jiffies check which is used now.
* add memcg-oom-lock which works like perzone oom lock.
* If current is killed(as a process), bypass charge.
Something more sophisticated can be added but this pactch does
fundamental things.
TODO:
- add oom notifier
- add permemcg disable-oom-kill flag and freezer at oom.
- more chances for wake up oom waiter (when changing memory limit etc..)
Reviewed-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Tested-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Events should be removed after rmdir of cgroup directory, but before
destroying subsystem state objects. Let's take reference to cgroup
directory dentry to do that.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hioryu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Acked-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: Dan Malek <dan@embeddedalley.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Presently, if panic_on_oom=2, the whole system panics even if the oom
happend in some special situation (as cpuset, mempolicy....). Then,
panic_on_oom=2 means painc_on_oom_always.
Now, memcg doesn't check panic_on_oom flag. This patch adds a check.
BTW, how it's useful ?
kdump+panic_on_oom=2 is the last tool to investigate what happens in
oom-ed system. When a task is killed, the sysytem recovers and there will
be few hint to know what happnes. In mission critical system, oom should
never happen. Then, panic_on_oom=2+kdump is useful to avoid next OOM by
knowing precise information via snapshot.
TODO:
- For memcg, it's for isolate system's memory usage, oom-notiifer and
freeze_at_oom (or rest_at_oom) should be implemented. Then, management
daemon can do similar jobs (as kdump) or taking snapshot per cgroup.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Memcg has 2 eventcountes which counts "the same" event. Just usages are
different from each other. This patch tries to reduce event counter.
Now logic uses "only increment, no reset" counter and masks for each
checks. Softlimit chesk was done per 1000 evetns. So, the similar check
can be done by !(new_counter & 0x3ff). Threshold check was done per 100
events. So, the similar check can be done by (!new_counter & 0x7f)
ALL event checks are done right after EVENT percpu counter is updated.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Presently, move_task does "batched" precharge. Because res_counter or
css's refcnt are not-scalable jobs for memcg, try_charge_().. tend to be
done in batched manner if allowed.
Now, softlimit and threshold check their event counter in try_charge, but
the charge is not a per-page event. And event counter is not updated at
charge(). Moreover, precharge doesn't pass "page" to try_charge() and
softlimit tree will be never updated until uncharge() causes an event."
So the best place to check the event counter is commit_charge(). This is
per-page event by its nature. This patch move checks to there.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When per-cpu counter for memcg was implemneted, dynamic percpu allocator
was not very good. But now, we have good one and useful macros. This
patch replaces memcg's private percpu counter implementation with generic
dynamic percpu allocator.
The benefits are
- We can remove private implementation.
- The counters will be NUMA-aware. (Current one is not...)
- This patch makes sizeof struct mem_cgroup smaller. Then,
struct mem_cgroup may be fit in page size on small config.
- About basic performance aspects, see below.
[Before]
# size mm/memcontrol.o
text data bss dec hex filename
24373 2528 4132 31033 7939 mm/memcontrol.o
[page-fault-throuput test on 8cpu/SMP in root cgroup]
# /root/bin/perf stat -a -e page-faults,cache-misses --repeat 5 ./multi-fault-fork 8
Performance counter stats for './multi-fault-fork 8' (5 runs):
45878618 page-faults ( +- 0.110% )
602635826 cache-misses ( +- 0.105% )
61.005373262 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.004% )
Then cache-miss/page fault = 13.14
[After]
#size mm/memcontrol.o
text data bss dec hex filename
23913 2528 4132 30573 776d mm/memcontrol.o
# /root/bin/perf stat -a -e page-faults,cache-misses --repeat 5 ./multi-fault-fork 8
Performance counter stats for './multi-fault-fork 8' (5 runs):
48179400 page-faults ( +- 0.271% )
588628407 cache-misses ( +- 0.136% )
61.004615021 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.004% )
Then cache-miss/page fault = 12.22
Text size is reduced.
This performance improvement is not big and will be invisible in real world
applications. But this result shows this patch has some good effect even
on (small) SMP.
Here is a test program I used.
1. fork() processes on each cpus.
2. do page fault repeatedly on each process.
3. after 60secs, kill all childredn and exit.
(3 is necessary for getting stable data, this is improvement from previous one.)
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/*
* For avoiding contention in page table lock, FAULT area is
* sparse. If FAULT_LENGTH is too large for your cpus, decrease it.
*/
#define FAULT_LENGTH (2 * 1024 * 1024)
#define PAGE_SIZE 4096
#define MAXNUM (128)
void alarm_handler(int sig)
{
}
void *worker(int cpu, int ppid)
{
void *start, *end;
char *c;
cpu_set_t set;
int i;
CPU_ZERO(&set);
CPU_SET(cpu, &set);
sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(set), &set);
start = mmap(NULL, FAULT_LENGTH, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, 0, 0);
if (start == MAP_FAILED) {
perror("mmap");
exit(1);
}
end = start + FAULT_LENGTH;
pause();
//fprintf(stderr, "run%d", cpu);
while (1) {
for (c = (char*)start; (void *)c < end; c += PAGE_SIZE)
*c = 0;
madvise(start, FAULT_LENGTH, MADV_DONTNEED);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int num, i, ret, pid, status;
int pids[MAXNUM];
if (argc < 2)
return 0;
setpgid(0, 0);
signal(SIGALRM, alarm_handler);
num = atoi(argv[1]);
pid = getpid();
for (i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
ret = fork();
if (!ret) {
worker(i, pid);
exit(0);
}
pids[i] = ret;
}
sleep(1);
kill(-pid, SIGALRM);
sleep(60);
for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
kill(pids[i], SIGKILL);
for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
waitpid(pids[i], &status, 0);
return 0;
}
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It allows to register multiple memory and memsw thresholds and gets
notifications when it crosses.
To register a threshold application need:
- create an eventfd;
- open memory.usage_in_bytes or memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes;
- write string like "<event_fd> <memory.usage_in_bytes> <threshold>" to
cgroup.event_control.
Application will be notified through eventfd when memory usage crosses
threshold in any direction.
It's applicable for root and non-root cgroup.
It uses stats to track memory usage, simmilar to soft limits. It checks
if we need to send event to userspace on every 100 page in/out. I guess
it's good compromise between performance and accuracy of thresholds.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp: fix documentation merge issue]
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: Dan Malek <dan@embeddedalley.com>
Cc: Vladislav Buzov <vbuzov@embeddedalley.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Alexander Shishkin <virtuoso@slind.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Instead of incrementing counter on each page in/out and comparing it with
constant, we set counter to constant, decrement counter on each page
in/out and compare it with zero. We want to make comparing as fast as
possible. On many RISC systems (probably not only RISC) comparing with
zero is more effective than comparing with a constant, since not every
constant can be immediate operand for compare instruction.
Also, I've renamed MEM_CGROUP_STAT_EVENTS to MEM_CGROUP_STAT_SOFTLIMIT,
since really it's not a generic counter.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: Dan Malek <dan@embeddedalley.com>
Cc: Vladislav Buzov <vbuzov@embeddedalley.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Alexander Shishkin <virtuoso@slind.org>
Cc: Davide Libenzi <davidel@xmailserver.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Try to reduce overheads in moving swap charge by:
- Adds a new function(__mem_cgroup_put), which takes "count" as a arg and
decrement mem->refcnt by "count".
- Removed res_counter_uncharge, css_put, and mem_cgroup_put from the path
of moving swap account, and consolidate all of them into mem_cgroup_clear_mc.
We cannot do that about mc.to->refcnt.
These changes reduces the overhead from 1.35sec to 0.9sec to move charges
of 1G anonymous memory(including 500MB swap) in my test environment.
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is another core part of this move-charge-at-task-migration
feature. It enables moving charges of anonymous swaps.
To move the charge of swap, we need to exchange swap_cgroup's record.
In current implementation, swap_cgroup's record is protected by:
- page lock: if the entry is on swap cache.
- swap_lock: if the entry is not on swap cache.
This works well in usual swap-in/out activity.
But this behavior make the feature of moving swap charge check many
conditions to exchange swap_cgroup's record safely.
So I changed modification of swap_cgroup's recored(swap_cgroup_record())
to use xchg, and define a new function to cmpxchg swap_cgroup's record.
This patch also enables moving charge of non pte_present but not uncharged
swap caches, which can be exist on swap-out path, by getting the target
pages via find_get_page() as do_mincore() does.
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: fix ia64 build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix typos]
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This move-charge-at-task-migration feature has extra charges on
"to"(pre-charges) and "from"(left-over charges) during moving charge.
This means unnecessary oom can happen.
This patch tries to avoid such oom.
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Try to reduce overheads in moving charge by:
- Instead of calling res_counter_uncharge() against the old cgroup in
__mem_cgroup_move_account() everytime, call res_counter_uncharge() at the end
of task migration once.
- removed css_get(&to->css) from __mem_cgroup_move_account() because callers
should have already called css_get(). And removed css_put(&to->css) too,
which was called by callers of move_account on success of move_account.
- Instead of calling __mem_cgroup_try_charge(), i.e. res_counter_charge(),
repeatedly, call res_counter_charge(PAGE_SIZE * count) in can_attach() if
possible.
- Instead of calling css_get()/css_put() repeatedly, make use of coalesce
__css_get()/__css_put() if possible.
These changes reduces the overhead from 1.7sec to 0.6sec to move charges
of 1G anonymous memory in my test environment.
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is the core part of this move-charge-at-task-migration feature.
It implements functions to move charges of anonymous pages mapped only by
the target task.
Implementation:
- define struct move_charge_struct and a valuable of it(mc) to remember the
count of pre-charges and other information.
- At can_attach(), get anon_rss of the target mm, call __mem_cgroup_try_charge()
repeatedly and count up mc.precharge.
- At attach(), parse the page table, find a target page to be move, and call
mem_cgroup_move_account() about the page.
- Cancel all precharges if mc.precharge > 0 on failure or at the end of
task move.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: a little simplification]
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In current memcg, charges associated with a task aren't moved to the new
cgroup at task migration. Some users feel this behavior to be strange.
These patches are for this feature, that is, for charging to the new
cgroup and, of course, uncharging from the old cgroup at task migration.
This patch adds "memory.move_charge_at_immigrate" file, which is a flag
file to determine whether charges should be moved to the new cgroup at
task migration or not and what type of charges should be moved. This
patch also adds read and write handlers of the file.
This patch also adds no-op handlers for this feature. These handlers will
be implemented in later patches. And you cannot write any values other
than 0 to move_charge_at_immigrate yet.
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a generic implementation of the old mmap() syscall, which expects its
argument in a memory block and switch all architectures over to use it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Hirokazu Takata <takata@linux-m32r.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Reviewed-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: Jesper Nilsson <jesper.nilsson@axis.com>
Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Greg Ungerer <gerg@uclinux.org>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
__zone_pcp_update() iterates over NR_CPUS instead of limiting the access
to the possible cpus. This might result in access to uninitialized areas
as the per cpu allocator only populates the per cpu memory for possible
cpus.
This problem was created as a result of the dynamic allocation of pagesets
from percpu memory that went in during the merge window - commit
99dcc3e5a9 ("this_cpu: Page allocator
conversion").
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 34e55232e5 ("mm: avoid false sharing
of mm_counter") added sync_mm_rss() for syncing loosely accounted rss
counters. It's for CONFIG_MMU but sync_mm_rss is called even in NOMMU
enviroment (kerne/exit.c, fs/exec.c). Above commit doesn't handle it
well.
This patch changes
SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING depends on SPLIT_PTLOCKS && CONFIG_MMU
And for avoid unnecessary function calls, sync_mm_rss changed to be inlined
noop function in header file.
Reported-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Signed-off-by: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gerg@snapgear.com>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Constify struct sysfs_ops.
This is part of the ops structure constification
effort started by Arjan van de Ven et al.
Benefits of this constification:
* prevents modification of data that is shared
(referenced) by many other structure instances
at runtime
* detects/prevents accidental (but not intentional)
modification attempts on archs that enforce
read-only kernel data at runtime
* potentially better optimized code as the compiler
can assume that the const data cannot be changed
* the compiler/linker move const data into .rodata
and therefore exclude them from false sharing
Signed-off-by: Emese Revfy <re.emese@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Teigland <teigland@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Matt Domsch <Matt_Domsch@dell.com>
Acked-by: Maciej Sosnowski <maciej.sosnowski@intel.com>
Acked-by: Hans J. Koch <hjk@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Constify struct kset_uevent_ops.
This is part of the ops structure constification
effort started by Arjan van de Ven et al.
Benefits of this constification:
* prevents modification of data that is shared
(referenced) by many other structure instances
at runtime
* detects/prevents accidental (but not intentional)
modification attempts on archs that enforce
read-only kernel data at runtime
* potentially better optimized code as the compiler
can assume that the const data cannot be changed
* the compiler/linker move const data into .rodata
and therefore exclude them from false sharing
Signed-off-by: Emese Revfy <re.emese@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
swap_duplicate()'s loop appears to miss out on returning the error code
from __swap_duplicate(), except when that's -ENOMEM. In fact this is
intentional: prior to -ENOMEM for swap_count_continuation,
swap_duplicate() was void (and the case only occurs when copy_one_pte()
hits a corrupt pte). But that's surprising behaviour, which certainly
deserves a comment.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reported-by: Huang Shijie <shijie8@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The noMMU version of get_user_pages() fails to pin the last page when the
start address isn't page-aligned. The patch fixes this in a way that
makes find_extend_vma() congruent to its MMU cousin.
Signed-off-by: Steven J. Magnani <steve@digidescorp.com>
Acked-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The VM currently assumes that an inactive, mapped and referenced file page
is in use and promotes it to the active list.
However, every mapped file page starts out like this and thus a problem
arises when workloads create a stream of such pages that are used only for
a short time. By flooding the active list with those pages, the VM
quickly gets into trouble finding eligible reclaim canditates. The result
is long allocation latencies and eviction of the wrong pages.
This patch reuses the PG_referenced page flag (used for unmapped file
pages) to implement a usage detection that scales with the speed of LRU
list cycling (i.e. memory pressure).
If the scanner encounters those pages, the flag is set and the page cycled
again on the inactive list. Only if it returns with another page table
reference it is activated. Otherwise it is reclaimed as 'not recently
used cache'.
This effectively changes the minimum lifetime of a used-once mapped file
page from a full memory cycle to an inactive list cycle, which allows it
to occur in linear streams without affecting the stable working set of the
system.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: OSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
page_mapping_inuse() is a historic predicate function for pages that are
about to be reclaimed or deactivated.
According to it, a page is in use when it is mapped into page tables OR
part of swap cache OR backing an mmapped file.
This function is used in combination with page_referenced(), which checks
for young bits in ptes and the page descriptor itself for the
PG_referenced bit. Thus, checking for unmapped swap cache pages is
meaningless as PG_referenced is not set for anonymous pages and unmapped
pages do not have young ptes. The test makes no difference.
Protecting file pages that are not by themselves mapped but are part of a
mapped file is also a historic leftover for short-lived things like the
exec() code in libc. However, the VM now does reference accounting and
activation of pages at unmap time and thus the special treatment on
reclaim is obsolete.
This patch drops page_mapping_inuse() and switches the two callsites to
use page_mapped() directly.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: OSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The used-once mapped file page detection patchset.
It is meant to help workloads with large amounts of shortly used file
mappings, like rtorrent hashing a file or git when dealing with loose
objects (git gc on a bigger site?).
Right now, the VM activates referenced mapped file pages on first
encounter on the inactive list and it takes a full memory cycle to
reclaim them again. When those pages dominate memory, the system
no longer has a meaningful notion of 'working set' and is required
to give up the active list to make reclaim progress. Obviously,
this results in rather bad scanning latencies and the wrong pages
being reclaimed.
This patch makes the VM be more careful about activating mapped file
pages in the first place. The minimum granted lifetime without
another memory access becomes an inactive list cycle instead of the
full memory cycle, which is more natural given the mentioned loads.
This test resembles a hashing rtorrent process. Sequentially, 32MB
chunks of a file are mapped into memory, hashed (sha1) and unmapped
again. While this happens, every 5 seconds a process is launched and
its execution time taken:
python2.4 -c 'import pydoc'
old: max=2.31s mean=1.26s (0.34)
new: max=1.25s mean=0.32s (0.32)
find /etc -type f
old: max=2.52s mean=1.44s (0.43)
new: max=1.92s mean=0.12s (0.17)
vim -c ':quit'
old: max=6.14s mean=4.03s (0.49)
new: max=3.48s mean=2.41s (0.25)
mplayer --help
old: max=8.08s mean=5.74s (1.02)
new: max=3.79s mean=1.32s (0.81)
overall hash time (stdev):
old: time=1192.30 (12.85) thruput=25.78mb/s (0.27)
new: time=1060.27 (32.58) thruput=29.02mb/s (0.88) (-11%)
I also tested kernbench with regular IO streaming in the background to
see whether the delayed activation of frequently used mapped file
pages had a negative impact on performance in the presence of pressure
on the inactive list. The patch made no significant difference in
timing, neither for kernbench nor for the streaming IO throughput.
The first patch submission raised concerns about the cost of the extra
faults for actually activated pages on machines that have no hardware
support for young page table entries.
I created an artificial worst case scenario on an ARM machine with
around 300MHz and 64MB of memory to figure out the dimensions
involved. The test would mmap a file of 20MB, then
1. touch all its pages to fault them in
2. force one full scan cycle on the inactive file LRU
-- old: mapping pages activated
-- new: mapping pages inactive
3. touch the mapping pages again
-- old and new: fault exceptions to set the young bits
4. force another full scan cycle on the inactive file LRU
5. touch the mapping pages one last time
-- new: fault exceptions to set the young bits
The test showed an overall increase of 6% in time over 100 iterations
of the above (old: ~212sec, new: ~225sec). 13 secs total overhead /
(100 * 5k pages), ignoring the execution time of the test itself,
makes for about 25us overhead for every page that gets actually
activated. Note:
1. File mapping the size of one third of main memory, _completely_
in active use across memory pressure - i.e., most pages referenced
within one LRU cycle. This should be rare to non-existant,
especially on such embedded setups.
2. Many huge activation batches. Those batches only occur when the
working set fluctuates. If it changes completely between every full
LRU cycle, you have problematic reclaim overhead anyway.
3. Access of activated pages at maximum speed: sequential loads from
every single page without doing anything in between. In reality,
the extra faults will get distributed between actual operations on
the data.
So even if a workload manages to get the VM into the situation of
activating a third of memory in one go on such a setup, it will take
2.2 seconds instead 2.1 without the patch.
Comparing the numbers (and my user-experience over several months),
I think this change is an overall improvement to the VM.
Patch 1 is only refactoring to break up that ugly compound conditional
in shrink_page_list() and make it easy to document and add new checks
in a readable fashion.
Patch 2 gets rid of the obsolete page_mapping_inuse(). It's not
strictly related to #3, but it was in the original submission and is a
net simplification, so I kept it.
Patch 3 implements used-once detection of mapped file pages.
This patch:
Moving the big conditional into its own predicate function makes the code
a bit easier to read and allows for better commenting on the checks
one-by-one.
This is just cleaning up, no semantics should have been changed.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: OSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
free_area_init_nodes() emits pfn ranges for all zones on the system.
There may be no pages on a higher zone, however, due to memory limitations
or the use of the mem= kernel parameter. For example:
Zone PFN ranges:
DMA 0x00000001 -> 0x00001000
DMA32 0x00001000 -> 0x00100000
Normal 0x00100000 -> 0x00100000
The implementation copies the previous zone's highest pfn, if any, as the
next zone's lowest pfn. If its highest pfn is then greater than the
amount of addressable memory, the upper memory limit is used instead.
Thus, both the lowest and highest possible pfn for higher zones without
memory may be the same.
The pfn range for zones without memory is now shown as "empty" instead.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are quite a few GFP_KERNEL memory allocations made during
suspend/hibernation and resume that may cause the system to hang, because
the I/O operations they depend on cannot be completed due to the
underlying devices being suspended.
Avoid this problem by clearing the __GFP_IO and __GFP_FS bits in
gfp_allowed_mask before suspend/hibernation and restoring the original
values of these bits in gfp_allowed_mask durig the subsequent resume.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_PM=n linkage]
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Reported-by: Maxim Levitsky <maximlevitsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Sebastian Ott <sebott@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There's an off-by-one disagreement between mkswap and swapon about the
meaning of swap_header last_page: mkswap (in all versions I've looked at:
util-linux-ng and BusyBox and old util-linux; probably as far back as
1999) consistently means the offset (in page units) of the last page of
the swap area, whereas kernel sys_swapon (as far back as 2.2 and 2.3)
strangely takes it to mean the size (in page units) of the swap area.
This disagreement is the safe way round; but it's worrying people, and
loses us one page of swap.
The fix is not just to add one to nr_good_pages: we need to get maxpages
(the size of the swap_map array) right before that; and though that is an
unsigned long, be careful not to overflow the unsigned int p->max which
later holds it (probably why header uses __u32 last_page instead of size).
Why did we subtract one from the maximum swp_offset to calculate maxpages?
Though it was probably me who made that change in 2.4.10, I don't get it:
and now we should be adding one (without risk of overflow in this case).
Fix the handling of swap_header badpages: it could have overrun the
swap_map when very large swap area used on a more limited architecture.
Remove pre-initializations of swap_header, nr_good_pages and maxpages:
those date from when sys_swapon was supporting other versions of header.
Reported-by: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Reported-by: Jarkko Lavinen <jarkko.lavinen@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When a VMA is in an inconsistent state during setup or teardown, the worst
that can happen is that the rmap code will not be able to find the page.
The mapping is in the process of being torn down (PTEs just got
invalidated by munmap), or set up (no PTEs have been instantiated yet).
It is also impossible for the rmap code to follow a pointer to an already
freed VMA, because the rmap code holds the anon_vma->lock, which the VMA
teardown code needs to take before the VMA is removed from the anon_vma
chain.
Hence, we should not need the VM_LOCK_RMAP locking at all.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When the parent process breaks the COW on a page, both the original which
is mapped at child and the new page which is mapped parent end up in that
same anon_vma. Generally this won't be a problem, but for some workloads
it could preserve the O(N) rmap scanning complexity.
A simple fix is to ensure that, when a page which is mapped child gets
reused in do_wp_page, because we already are the exclusive owner, the page
gets moved to our own exclusive child's anon_vma.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When an anonymous page is inherited from a parent process, the
vma->anon_vma can differ from the page anon_vma. This can trip up
__page_check_anon_rmap, which is indirectly called from do_swap_page().
Remove that obsolete check to prevent an oops.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The old anon_vma code can lead to scalability issues with heavily forking
workloads. Specifically, each anon_vma will be shared between the parent
process and all its child processes.
In a workload with 1000 child processes and a VMA with 1000 anonymous
pages per process that get COWed, this leads to a system with a million
anonymous pages in the same anon_vma, each of which is mapped in just one
of the 1000 processes. However, the current rmap code needs to walk them
all, leading to O(N) scanning complexity for each page.
This can result in systems where one CPU is walking the page tables of
1000 processes in page_referenced_one, while all other CPUs are stuck on
the anon_vma lock. This leads to catastrophic failure for a benchmark
like AIM7, where the total number of processes can reach in the tens of
thousands. Real workloads are still a factor 10 less process intensive
than AIM7, but they are catching up.
This patch changes the way anon_vmas and VMAs are linked, which allows us
to associate multiple anon_vmas with a VMA. At fork time, each child
process gets its own anon_vmas, in which its COWed pages will be
instantiated. The parents' anon_vma is also linked to the VMA, because
non-COWed pages could be present in any of the children.
This reduces rmap scanning complexity to O(1) for the pages of the 1000
child processes, with O(N) complexity for at most 1/N pages in the system.
This reduces the average scanning cost in heavily forking workloads from
O(N) to 2.
The only real complexity in this patch stems from the fact that linking a
VMA to anon_vmas now involves memory allocations. This means vma_adjust
can fail, if it needs to attach a VMA to anon_vma structures. This in
turn means error handling needs to be added to the calling functions.
A second source of complexity is that, because there can be multiple
anon_vmas, the anon_vma linking in vma_adjust can no longer be done under
"the" anon_vma lock. To prevent the rmap code from walking up an
incomplete VMA, this patch introduces the VM_LOCK_RMAP VMA flag. This bit
flag uses the same slot as the NOMMU VM_MAPPED_COPY, with an ifdef in mm.h
to make sure it is impossible to compile a kernel that needs both symbolic
values for the same bitflag.
Some test results:
Without the anon_vma changes, when AIM7 hits around 9.7k users (on a test
box with 16GB RAM and not quite enough IO), the system ends up running
>99% in system time, with every CPU on the same anon_vma lock in the
pageout code.
With these changes, AIM7 hits the cross-over point around 29.7k users.
This happens with ~99% IO wait time, there never seems to be any spike in
system time. The anon_vma lock contention appears to be resolved.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This fixes inefficient page-by-page reads on POSIX_FADV_RANDOM.
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM used to set ra_pages=0, which leads to poor performance:
a 16K read will be carried out in 4 _sync_ 1-page reads.
In other places, ra_pages==0 means
- it's ramfs/tmpfs/hugetlbfs/sysfs/configfs
- some IO error happened
where multi-page read IO won't help or should be avoided.
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM actually want a different semantics: to disable the
*heuristic* readahead algorithm, and to use a dumb one which faithfully
submit read IO for whatever application requests.
So introduce a flag FMODE_RANDOM for POSIX_FADV_RANDOM.
Note that the random hint is not likely to help random reads performance
noticeably. And it may be too permissive on huge request size (its IO
size is not limited by read_ahead_kb).
In Quentin's report (http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/12/24/145), the overall
(NFS read) performance of the application increased by 313%!
Tested-by: Quentin Barnes <qbarnes+nfs@yahoo-inc.com>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.33.x]
Cc: <qbarnes+nfs@yahoo-inc.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
