Compaction uses compact_checklock_irqsave() function to periodically check
for lock contention and need_resched() to either abort async compaction,
or to free the lock, schedule and retake the lock. When aborting,
cc->contended is set to signal the contended state to the caller. Two
problems have been identified in this mechanism.
First, compaction also calls directly cond_resched() in both scanners when
no lock is yet taken. This call either does not abort async compaction,
or set cc->contended appropriately. This patch introduces a new
compact_should_abort() function to achieve both. In isolate_freepages(),
the check frequency is reduced to once by SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pageblocks to
match what the migration scanner does in the preliminary page checks. In
case a pageblock is found suitable for calling isolate_freepages_block(),
the checks within there are done on higher frequency.
Second, isolate_freepages() does not check if isolate_freepages_block()
aborted due to contention, and advances to the next pageblock. This
violates the principle of aborting on contention, and might result in
pageblocks not being scanned completely, since the scanning cursor is
advanced. This problem has been noticed in the code by Joonsoo Kim when
reviewing related patches. This patch makes isolate_freepages_block()
check the cc->contended flag and abort.
In case isolate_freepages() has already isolated some pages before
aborting due to contention, page migration will proceed, which is OK since
we do not want to waste the work that has been done, and page migration
has own checks for contention. However, we do not want another isolation
attempt by either of the scanners, so cc->contended flag check is added
also to compaction_alloc() and compact_finished() to make sure compaction
is aborted right after the migration.
The outcome of the patch should be reduced lock contention by async
compaction and lower latencies for higher-order allocations where direct
compaction is involved.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix typo in comment]
Reported-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Tested-by: Shawn Guo <shawn.guo@linaro.org>
Tested-by: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
Tested-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com>
Tested-by: Fabio Estevam <fabio.estevam@freescale.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In previous commit(mm: use the light version __mod_zone_page_state in
mlocked_vma_newpage()) a irq-unsafe __mod_zone_page_state is used. And as
suggested by Andrew, to reduce the risks that new call sites incorrectly
using mlocked_vma_newpage() without knowing they are adding racing, this
patch folds mlocked_vma_newpage() into its only call site,
page_add_new_anon_rmap, to make it open-cocded for people to know what is
going on.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Jianyu Zhan <nasa4836@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Suggested-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mlocked_vma_newpage() is called with pte lock held(a spinlock), which
implies preemtion disabled, and the vm stat counter is not modified from
interrupt context, so we need not use an irq-safe mod_zone_page_state()
here, using a light-weight version __mod_zone_page_state() would be OK.
This patch also documents __mod_zone_page_state() and some of its
callsites. The comment above __mod_zone_page_state() is from Hugh
Dickins, and acked by Christoph.
Most credits to Hugh and Christoph for the clarification on the usage of
the __mod_zone_page_state().
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jianyu Zhan <nasa4836@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We're going to want to manipulate the migration mode for compaction in the
page allocator, and currently compact_control's sync field is only a bool.
Currently, we only do MIGRATE_ASYNC or MIGRATE_SYNC_LIGHT compaction
depending on the value of this bool. Convert the bool to enum
migrate_mode and pass the migration mode in directly. Later, we'll want
to avoid MIGRATE_SYNC_LIGHT for thp allocations in the pagefault patch to
avoid unnecessary latency.
This also alters compaction triggered from sysfs, either for the entire
system or for a node, to force MIGRATE_SYNC.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com: use MIGRATE_SYNC in alloc_contig_range()]
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Suggested-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mm/memory.c is overloaded: over 4k lines. get_user_pages() code is
pretty much self-contained let's move it to separate file.
No other changes made.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit f9acc8c7b3 ("readahead: sanify file_ra_state names") left
ra_submit with a single function call.
Move ra_submit to internal.h and inline it to save some stack. Thanks
to Andrew Morton for commenting different versions.
Signed-off-by: Fabian Frederick <fabf@skynet.be>
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On NUMA systems, a node may start thrashing cache or even swap anonymous
pages while there are still free pages on remote nodes.
This is a result of commits 81c0a2bb51 ("mm: page_alloc: fair zone
allocator policy") and fff4068cba ("mm: page_alloc: revert NUMA aspect
of fair allocation policy").
Before those changes, the allocator would first try all allowed zones,
including those on remote nodes, before waking any kswapds. But now,
the allocator fastpath doubles as the fairness pass, which in turn can
only consider the local node to prevent remote spilling based on
exhausted fairness batches alone. Remote nodes are only considered in
the slowpath, after the kswapds are woken up. But if remote nodes still
have free memory, kswapd should not be woken to rebalance the local node
or it may thrash cash or swap prematurely.
Fix this by adding one more unfair pass over the zonelist that is
allowed to spill to remote nodes after the local fairness pass fails but
before entering the slowpath and waking the kswapds.
This also gets rid of the GFP_THISNODE exemption from the fairness
protocol because the unfair pass is no longer tied to kswapd, which
GFP_THISNODE is not allowed to wake up.
However, because remote spills can be more frequent now - we prefer them
over local kswapd reclaim - the allocation batches on remote nodes could
underflow more heavily. When resetting the batches, use
atomic_long_read() directly instead of zone_page_state() to calculate the
delta as the latter filters negative counter values.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [3.12+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The VM is currently heavily tuned to avoid swapping. Whether that is
good or bad is a separate discussion, but as long as the VM won't swap
to make room for dirty cache, we can not consider anonymous pages when
calculating the amount of dirtyable memory, the baseline to which
dirty_background_ratio and dirty_ratio are applied.
A simple workload that occupies a significant size (40+%, depending on
memory layout, storage speeds etc.) of memory with anon/tmpfs pages and
uses the remainder for a streaming writer demonstrates this problem. In
that case, the actual cache pages are a small fraction of what is
considered dirtyable overall, which results in an relatively large
portion of the cache pages to be dirtied. As kswapd starts rotating
these, random tasks enter direct reclaim and stall on IO.
Only consider free pages and file pages dirtyable.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Developers occasionally try and optimise PFN scanners by using
page_order but miss that in general it requires zone->lock. This has
happened twice for compaction.c and rejected both times. This patch
clarifies the documentation of page_order and adds a note to
compaction.c why page_order is not used.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweaks]
[lauraa@codeaurora.org: Corrected a page_zone(page)->lock reference]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Laura Abbott <lauraa@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
min_free_kbytes may be raised during THP's initialization. Sometimes,
this will change the value which was set by the user. Showing this
message will clarify this confusion.
Only show this message when changing a value which was set by the user
according to Michal Hocko's suggestion.
Show the old value of min_free_kbytes according to Dave Hansen's
suggestion. This will give user the chance to restore old value of
min_free_kbytes.
Signed-off-by: Han Pingtian <hanpt@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Most of the VM_BUG_ON assertions are performed on a page. Usually, when
one of these assertions fails we'll get a BUG_ON with a call stack and
the registers.
I've recently noticed based on the requests to add a small piece of code
that dumps the page to various VM_BUG_ON sites that the page dump is
quite useful to people debugging issues in mm.
This patch adds a VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(cond, page) which beyond doing what
VM_BUG_ON() does, also dumps the page before executing the actual
BUG_ON.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix up includes]
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cleanup. Change __get_page_tail_foll() to use get_huge_page_tail()
to avoid the code duplication.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: Darren Hart <dvhart@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This skips the _mapcount mangling for slab and hugetlbfs pages.
The main trouble in doing this is to guarantee that PageSlab and
PageHeadHuge remains constant for all get_page/put_page run on the tail
of slab or hugetlbfs compound pages. Otherwise if they're set during
get_page but not set during put_page, the _mapcount of the tail page
would underflow.
PageHeadHuge will remain true until the compound page is released and
enters the buddy allocator so it won't risk to change even if the tail
page is the last reference left on the page.
PG_slab instead is cleared before the slab frees the head page with
put_page, so if the tail pin is released after the slab freed the page,
we would have a problem. But in the slab case the tail pin cannot be
the last reference left on the page. This is because the slab code is
free to reuse the compound page after a kfree/kmem_cache_free without
having to check if there's any tail pin left. In turn all tail pins
must be always released while the head is still pinned by the slab code
and so we know PG_slab will be still set too.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Khalid Aziz <khalid.aziz@oracle.com>
Cc: Pravin Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Ben Hutchings <bhutchings@solarflare.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is based on KOSAKI's work and I add a little more description,
please refer https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/14/74.
Currently, I found system can enter a state that there are lots of free
pages in a zone but only order-0 and order-1 pages which means the zone is
heavily fragmented, then high order allocation could make direct reclaim
path's long stall(ex, 60 seconds) especially in no swap and no compaciton
enviroment. This problem happened on v3.4, but it seems issue still lives
in current tree, the reason is do_try_to_free_pages enter live lock:
kswapd will go to sleep if the zones have been fully scanned and are still
not balanced. As kswapd thinks there's little point trying all over again
to avoid infinite loop. Instead it changes order from high-order to
0-order because kswapd think order-0 is the most important. Look at
73ce02e9 in detail. If watermarks are ok, kswapd will go back to sleep
and may leave zone->all_unreclaimable =3D 0. It assume high-order users
can still perform direct reclaim if they wish.
Direct reclaim continue to reclaim for a high order which is not a
COSTLY_ORDER without oom-killer until kswapd turn on
zone->all_unreclaimble= . This is because to avoid too early oom-kill.
So it means direct_reclaim depends on kswapd to break this loop.
In worst case, direct-reclaim may continue to page reclaim forever when
kswapd sleeps forever until someone like watchdog detect and finally kill
the process. As described in:
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.mm/103737
We can't turn on zone->all_unreclaimable from direct reclaim path because
direct reclaim path don't take any lock and this way is racy. Thus this
patch removes zone->all_unreclaimable field completely and recalculates
zone reclaimable state every time.
Note: we can't take the idea that direct-reclaim see zone->pages_scanned
directly and kswapd continue to use zone->all_unreclaimable. Because, it
is racy. commit 929bea7c71 (vmscan: all_unreclaimable() use
zone->all_unreclaimable as a name) describes the detail.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: uninline zone_reclaimable_pages() and zone_reclaimable()]
Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Cc: Neil Zhang <zhangwm@marvell.com>
Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Lisa Du <cldu@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This function is nowhere used, and it has a confusing name with put_page
in mm/swap.c. So better to remove it.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
munlock_vma_pages_range() was always incrementing addresses by PAGE_SIZE
at a time. When munlocking THP pages (or the huge zero page), this
resulted in taking the mm->page_table_lock 512 times in a row.
We can do better by making use of the page_mask returned by
follow_page_mask (for the huge zero page case), or the size of the page
munlock_vma_page() operated on (for the true THP page case).
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In find_extend_vma(), we don't need mlock_vma_pages_range() to verify
the vma type - we know we're working with a stack. So, we can call
directly into __mlock_vma_pages_range(), and remove the last
make_pages_present() call site.
Note that we don't use mm_populate() here, so we can't release the
mmap_sem while allocating new stack pages. This is deemed acceptable,
because the stack vmas grow by a bounded number of pages at a time, and
these are anon pages so we don't have to read from disk to populate
them.
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gregungerer@westnet.com.au>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Eric Wong reported on 3.7 and 3.8-rc2 that ppoll() got stuck when
waiting for POLLIN on a local TCP socket. It was easier to trigger if
there was disk IO and dirty pages at the same time and he bisected it to
commit 1fb3f8ca0e ("mm: compaction: capture a suitable high-order page
immediately when it is made available").
The intention of that patch was to improve high-order allocations under
memory pressure after changes made to reclaim in 3.6 drastically hurt
THP allocations but the approach was flawed. For Eric, the problem was
that page->pfmemalloc was not being cleared for captured pages leading
to a poor interaction with swap-over-NFS support causing the packets to
be dropped. However, I identified a few more problems with the patch
including the fact that it can increase contention on zone->lock in some
cases which could result in async direct compaction being aborted early.
In retrospect the capture patch took the wrong approach. What it should
have done is mark the pageblock being migrated as MIGRATE_ISOLATE if it
was allocating for THP and avoided races that way. While the patch was
showing to improve allocation success rates at the time, the benefit is
marginal given the relative complexity and it should be revisited from
scratch in the context of the other reclaim-related changes that have
taken place since the patch was first written and tested. This patch
partially reverts commit 1fb3f8ca "mm: compaction: capture a suitable
high-order page immediately when it is made available".
Reported-and-tested-by: Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>
Tested-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v2.0.18 (GNU/Linux)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=ivQa
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
Merge tag 'balancenuma-v11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mel/linux-balancenuma
Pull Automatic NUMA Balancing bare-bones from Mel Gorman:
"There are three implementations for NUMA balancing, this tree
(balancenuma), numacore which has been developed in tip/master and
autonuma which is in aa.git.
In almost all respects balancenuma is the dumbest of the three because
its main impact is on the VM side with no attempt to be smart about
scheduling. In the interest of getting the ball rolling, it would be
desirable to see this much merged for 3.8 with the view to building
scheduler smarts on top and adapting the VM where required for 3.9.
The most recent set of comparisons available from different people are
mel: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/9/108
mingo: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/7/331
tglx: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/10/437
srikar: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/10/397
The results are a mixed bag. In my own tests, balancenuma does
reasonably well. It's dumb as rocks and does not regress against
mainline. On the other hand, Ingo's tests shows that balancenuma is
incapable of converging for this workloads driven by perf which is bad
but is potentially explained by the lack of scheduler smarts. Thomas'
results show balancenuma improves on mainline but falls far short of
numacore or autonuma. Srikar's results indicate we all suffer on a
large machine with imbalanced node sizes.
My own testing showed that recent numacore results have improved
dramatically, particularly in the last week but not universally.
We've butted heads heavily on system CPU usage and high levels of
migration even when it shows that overall performance is better.
There are also cases where it regresses. Of interest is that for
specjbb in some configurations it will regress for lower numbers of
warehouses and show gains for higher numbers which is not reported by
the tool by default and sometimes missed in treports. Recently I
reported for numacore that the JVM was crashing with
NullPointerExceptions but currently it's unclear what the source of
this problem is. Initially I thought it was in how numacore batch
handles PTEs but I'm no longer think this is the case. It's possible
numacore is just able to trigger it due to higher rates of migration.
These reports were quite late in the cycle so I/we would like to start
with this tree as it contains much of the code we can agree on and has
not changed significantly over the last 2-3 weeks."
* tag 'balancenuma-v11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mel/linux-balancenuma: (50 commits)
mm/rmap, migration: Make rmap_walk_anon() and try_to_unmap_anon() more scalable
mm/rmap: Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem
mm: migrate: Account a transhuge page properly when rate limiting
mm: numa: Account for failed allocations and isolations as migration failures
mm: numa: Add THP migration for the NUMA working set scanning fault case build fix
mm: numa: Add THP migration for the NUMA working set scanning fault case.
mm: sched: numa: Delay PTE scanning until a task is scheduled on a new node
mm: sched: numa: Control enabling and disabling of NUMA balancing if !SCHED_DEBUG
mm: sched: numa: Control enabling and disabling of NUMA balancing
mm: sched: Adapt the scanning rate if a NUMA hinting fault does not migrate
mm: numa: Use a two-stage filter to restrict pages being migrated for unlikely task<->node relationships
mm: numa: migrate: Set last_nid on newly allocated page
mm: numa: split_huge_page: Transfer last_nid on tail page
mm: numa: Introduce last_nid to the page frame
sched: numa: Slowly increase the scanning period as NUMA faults are handled
mm: numa: Rate limit setting of pte_numa if node is saturated
mm: numa: Rate limit the amount of memory that is migrated between nodes
mm: numa: Structures for Migrate On Fault per NUMA migration rate limiting
mm: numa: Migrate pages handled during a pmd_numa hinting fault
mm: numa: Migrate on reference policy
...
Several place need to find the pmd by(mm_struct, address), so introduce a
function to simplify it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning]
Signed-off-by: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Ni zhan Chen <nizhan.chen@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Note: This is very heavily based on a patch from Peter Zijlstra with
fixes from Ingo Molnar, Hugh Dickins and Johannes Weiner. That patch
put a lot of migration logic into mm/huge_memory.c where it does
not belong. This version puts tries to share some of the migration
logic with migrate_misplaced_page. However, it should be noted
that now migrate.c is doing more with the pagetable manipulation
than is preferred. The end result is barely recognisable so as
before, the signed-offs had to be removed but will be re-added if
the original authors are ok with it.
Add THP migration for the NUMA working set scanning fault case.
It uses the page lock to serialize. No migration pte dance is
necessary because the pte is already unmapped when we decide
to migrate.
[dhillf@gmail.com: Fix memory leak on isolation failure]
[dhillf@gmail.com: Fix transfer of last_nid information]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Presently CMA cannot migrate mlocked pages so it ends up failing to allocate
contiguous memory space.
This patch makes mlocked pages be migrated out. Of course, it can affect
realtime processes but in CMA usecase, contiguous memory allocation failing
is far worse than access latency to an mlocked page being variable while
CMA is running. If someone wants to make the system realtime, he shouldn't
enable CMA because stalls can still happen at random times.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment text, per Mel]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We had thought that pages could no longer get freed while still marked as
mlocked; but Johannes Weiner posted this program to demonstrate that
truncating an mlocked private file mapping containing COWed pages is still
mishandled:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *map;
int fd;
system("grep mlockfreed /proc/vmstat");
fd = open("chigurh", O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_RDWR);
unlink("chigurh");
ftruncate(fd, 4096);
map = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
map[0] = 11;
mlock(map, sizeof(fd));
ftruncate(fd, 0);
close(fd);
munlock(map, sizeof(fd));
munmap(map, 4096);
system("grep mlockfreed /proc/vmstat");
return 0;
}
The anon COWed pages are not caught by truncation's clear_page_mlock() of
the pagecache pages; but unmap_mapping_range() unmaps them, so we ought to
look out for them there in page_remove_rmap(). Indeed, why should
truncation or invalidation be doing the clear_page_mlock() when removing
from pagecache? mlock is a property of mapping in userspace, not a
property of pagecache: an mlocked unmapped page is nonsensical.
Reported-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
page_evictable(page, vma) is an irritant: almost all its callers pass
NULL for vma. Remove the vma arg and use mlocked_vma_newpage(vma, page)
explicitly in the couple of places it's needed. But in those places we
don't even need page_evictable() itself! They're dealing with a freshly
allocated anonymous page, which has no "mapping" and cannot be mlocked yet.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is almost entirely based on Rik's previous patches and discussions
with him about how this might be implemented.
Order > 0 compaction stops when enough free pages of the correct page
order have been coalesced. When doing subsequent higher order
allocations, it is possible for compaction to be invoked many times.
However, the compaction code always starts out looking for things to
compact at the start of the zone, and for free pages to compact things to
at the end of the zone.
This can cause quadratic behaviour, with isolate_freepages starting at the
end of the zone each time, even though previous invocations of the
compaction code already filled up all free memory on that end of the zone.
This can cause isolate_freepages to take enormous amounts of CPU with
certain workloads on larger memory systems.
This patch caches where the migration and free scanner should start from
on subsequent compaction invocations using the pageblock-skip information.
When compaction starts it begins from the cached restart points and will
update the cached restart points until a page is isolated or a pageblock
is skipped that would have been scanned by synchronous compaction.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Davies <richard@arachsys.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When compaction was implemented it was known that scanning could
potentially be excessive. The ideal was that a counter be maintained for
each pageblock but maintaining this information would incur a severe
penalty due to a shared writable cache line. It has reached the point
where the scanning costs are a serious problem, particularly on
long-lived systems where a large process starts and allocates a large
number of THPs at the same time.
Instead of using a shared counter, this patch adds another bit to the
pageblock flags called PG_migrate_skip. If a pageblock is scanned by
either migrate or free scanner and 0 pages were isolated, the pageblock is
marked to be skipped in the future. When scanning, this bit is checked
before any scanning takes place and the block skipped if set.
The main difficulty with a patch like this is "when to ignore the cached
information?" If it's ignored too often, the scanning rates will still be
excessive. If the information is too stale then allocations will fail
that might have otherwise succeeded. In this patch
o CMA always ignores the information
o If the migrate and free scanner meet then the cached information will
be discarded if it's at least 5 seconds since the last time the cache
was discarded
o If there are a large number of allocation failures, discard the cache.
The time-based heuristic is very clumsy but there are few choices for a
better event. Depending solely on multiple allocation failures still
allows excessive scanning when THP allocations are failing in quick
succession due to memory pressure. Waiting until memory pressure is
relieved would cause compaction to continually fail instead of using
reclaim/compaction to try allocate the page. The time-based mechanism is
clumsy but a better option is not obvious.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Davies <richard@arachsys.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Mark Brown <broonie@opensource.wolfsonmicro.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reverts commit 7db8889ab0 ("mm: have order > 0 compaction start
off where it left") and commit de74f1cc ("mm: have order > 0 compaction
start near a pageblock with free pages"). These patches were a good
idea and tests confirmed that they massively reduced the amount of
scanning but the implementation is complex and tricky to understand. A
later patch will cache what pageblocks should be skipped and
reimplements the concept of compact_cached_free_pfn on top for both
migration and free scanners.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Davies <richard@arachsys.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
isolate_migratepages_range() might isolate no pages if for example when
zone->lru_lock is contended and running asynchronous compaction. In this
case, we should abort compaction, otherwise, compact_zone will run a
useless loop and make zone->lru_lock is even contended.
An additional check is added to ensure that cc.migratepages and
cc.freepages get properly drained whan compaction is aborted.
[minchan@kernel.org: Putback pages isolated for migration if aborting]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: compact_zone_order requires non-NULL arg contended]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make compact_zone_order() require non-NULL arg `contended']
[minchan@kernel.org: Putback pages isolated for migration if aborting]
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Add ALLOC_CMA alloc flag and pass it to [__]zone_watermark_ok()
(from Minchan Kim).
* During watermark check decrease available free pages number by
free CMA pages number if necessary (unmovable allocations cannot
use pages from CMA areas).
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Drop clean cache pages instead of migration during alloc_contig_range() to
minimise allocation latency by reducing the amount of migration that is
necessary. It's useful for CMA because latency of migration is more
important than evicting the background process's working set. In
addition, as pages are reclaimed then fewer free pages for migration
targets are required so it avoids memory reclaiming to get free pages,
which is a contributory factor to increased latency.
I measured elapsed time of __alloc_contig_migrate_range() which migrates
10M in 40M movable zone in QEMU machine.
Before - 146ms, After - 7ms
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix nommu build]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make sure the #endif that terminates the standard #ifndef / #define /
#endif construct gets labeled, and gets positioned at the end of the file
as is normally the case.
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While compaction is migrating pages to free up large contiguous blocks
for allocation it races with other allocation requests that may steal
these blocks or break them up. This patch alters direct compaction to
capture a suitable free page as soon as it becomes available to reduce
this race. It uses similar logic to split_free_page() to ensure that
watermarks are still obeyed.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jim Schutt reported a problem that pointed at compaction contending
heavily on locks. The workload is straight-forward and in his own words;
The systems in question have 24 SAS drives spread across 3 HBAs,
running 24 Ceph OSD instances, one per drive. FWIW these servers
are dual-socket Intel 5675 Xeons w/48 GB memory. I've got ~160
Ceph Linux clients doing dd simultaneously to a Ceph file system
backed by 12 of these servers.
Early in the test everything looks fine
procs -------------------memory------------------ ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
31 15 0 287216 576 38606628 0 0 2 1158 2 14 1 3 95 0 0
27 15 0 225288 576 38583384 0 0 18 2222016 203357 134876 11 56 17 15 0
28 17 0 219256 576 38544736 0 0 11 2305932 203141 146296 11 49 23 17 0
6 18 0 215596 576 38552872 0 0 7 2363207 215264 166502 12 45 22 20 0
22 18 0 226984 576 38596404 0 0 3 2445741 223114 179527 12 43 23 22 0
and then it goes to pot
procs -------------------memory------------------ ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
163 8 0 464308 576 36791368 0 0 11 22210 866 536 3 13 79 4 0
207 14 0 917752 576 36181928 0 0 712 1345376 134598 47367 7 90 1 2 0
123 12 0 685516 576 36296148 0 0 429 1386615 158494 60077 8 84 5 3 0
123 12 0 598572 576 36333728 0 0 1107 1233281 147542 62351 7 84 5 4 0
622 7 0 660768 576 36118264 0 0 557 1345548 151394 59353 7 85 4 3 0
223 11 0 283960 576 36463868 0 0 46 1107160 121846 33006 6 93 1 1 0
Note that system CPU usage is very high blocks being written out has
dropped by 42%. He analysed this with perf and found
perf record -g -a sleep 10
perf report --sort symbol --call-graph fractal,5
34.63% [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
|
|--97.30%-- isolate_freepages
| compaction_alloc
| unmap_and_move
| migrate_pages
| compact_zone
| compact_zone_order
| try_to_compact_pages
| __alloc_pages_direct_compact
| __alloc_pages_slowpath
| __alloc_pages_nodemask
| alloc_pages_vma
| do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page
| handle_mm_fault
| do_page_fault
| page_fault
| |
| |--87.39%-- skb_copy_datagram_iovec
| | tcp_recvmsg
| | inet_recvmsg
| | sock_recvmsg
| | sys_recvfrom
| | system_call
| | __recv
| | |
| | --100.00%-- (nil)
| |
| --12.61%-- memcpy
--2.70%-- [...]
There was other data but primarily it is all showing that compaction is
contended heavily on the zone->lock and zone->lru_lock.
commit [b2eef8c0: mm: compaction: minimise the time IRQs are disabled
while isolating pages for migration] noted that it was possible for
migration to hold the lru_lock for an excessive amount of time. Very
broadly speaking this patch expands the concept.
This patch introduces compact_checklock_irqsave() to check if a lock
is contended or the process needs to be scheduled. If either condition
is true then async compaction is aborted and the caller is informed.
The page allocator will fail a THP allocation if compaction failed due
to contention. This patch also introduces compact_trylock_irqsave()
which will acquire the lock only if it is not contended and the process
does not need to schedule.
Reported-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Tested-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Change the skb allocation API to indicate RX usage and use this to fall
back to the PFMEMALLOC reserve when needed. SKBs allocated from the
reserve are tagged in skb->pfmemalloc. If an SKB is allocated from the
reserve and the socket is later found to be unrelated to page reclaim, the
packet is dropped so that the memory remains available for page reclaim.
Network protocols are expected to recover from this packet loss.
[a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl: Ideas taken from various patches]
[davem@davemloft.net: Use static branches, coding style corrections]
[sebastian@breakpoint.cc: Avoid unnecessary cast, fix !CONFIG_NET build]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Cc: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <sebastian@breakpoint.cc>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When a user or administrator requires swap for their application, they
create a swap partition and file, format it with mkswap and activate it
with swapon. Swap over the network is considered as an option in diskless
systems. The two likely scenarios are when blade servers are used as part
of a cluster where the form factor or maintenance costs do not allow the
use of disks and thin clients.
The Linux Terminal Server Project recommends the use of the Network Block
Device (NBD) for swap according to the manual at
https://sourceforge.net/projects/ltsp/files/Docs-Admin-Guide/LTSPManual.pdf/download
There is also documentation and tutorials on how to setup swap over NBD at
places like https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuLTSP/EnableNBDSWAP The
nbd-client also documents the use of NBD as swap. Despite this, the fact
is that a machine using NBD for swap can deadlock within minutes if swap
is used intensively. This patch series addresses the problem.
The core issue is that network block devices do not use mempools like
normal block devices do. As the host cannot control where they receive
packets from, they cannot reliably work out in advance how much memory
they might need. Some years ago, Peter Zijlstra developed a series of
patches that supported swap over an NFS that at least one distribution is
carrying within their kernels. This patch series borrows very heavily
from Peter's work to support swapping over NBD as a pre-requisite to
supporting swap-over-NFS. The bulk of the complexity is concerned with
preserving memory that is allocated from the PFMEMALLOC reserves for use
by the network layer which is needed for both NBD and NFS.
Patch 1 adds knowledge of the PFMEMALLOC reserves to SLAB and SLUB to
preserve access to pages allocated under low memory situations
to callers that are freeing memory.
Patch 2 optimises the SLUB fast path to avoid pfmemalloc checks
Patch 3 introduces __GFP_MEMALLOC to allow access to the PFMEMALLOC
reserves without setting PFMEMALLOC.
Patch 4 opens the possibility for softirqs to use PFMEMALLOC reserves
for later use by network packet processing.
Patch 5 only sets page->pfmemalloc when ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS was required
Patch 6 ignores memory policies when ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS is set.
Patches 7-12 allows network processing to use PFMEMALLOC reserves when
the socket has been marked as being used by the VM to clean pages. If
packets are received and stored in pages that were allocated under
low-memory situations and are unrelated to the VM, the packets
are dropped.
Patch 11 reintroduces __skb_alloc_page which the networking
folk may object to but is needed in some cases to propogate
pfmemalloc from a newly allocated page to an skb. If there is a
strong objection, this patch can be dropped with the impact being
that swap-over-network will be slower in some cases but it should
not fail.
Patch 13 is a micro-optimisation to avoid a function call in the
common case.
Patch 14 tags NBD sockets as being SOCK_MEMALLOC so they can use
PFMEMALLOC if necessary.
Patch 15 notes that it is still possible for the PFMEMALLOC reserve
to be depleted. To prevent this, direct reclaimers get throttled on
a waitqueue if 50% of the PFMEMALLOC reserves are depleted. It is
expected that kswapd and the direct reclaimers already running
will clean enough pages for the low watermark to be reached and
the throttled processes are woken up.
Patch 16 adds a statistic to track how often processes get throttled
Some basic performance testing was run using kernel builds, netperf on
loopback for UDP and TCP, hackbench (pipes and sockets), iozone and
sysbench. Each of them were expected to use the sl*b allocators
reasonably heavily but there did not appear to be significant performance
variances.
For testing swap-over-NBD, a machine was booted with 2G of RAM with a
swapfile backed by NBD. 8*NUM_CPU processes were started that create
anonymous memory mappings and read them linearly in a loop. The total
size of the mappings were 4*PHYSICAL_MEMORY to use swap heavily under
memory pressure.
Without the patches and using SLUB, the machine locks up within minutes
and runs to completion with them applied. With SLAB, the story is
different as an unpatched kernel run to completion. However, the patched
kernel completed the test 45% faster.
MICRO
3.5.0-rc2 3.5.0-rc2
vanilla swapnbd
Unrecognised test vmscan-anon-mmap-write
MMTests Statistics: duration
Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 197.80 173.07
User+Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 206.96 182.03
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 3240.70 1762.09
This patch: mm: sl[au]b: add knowledge of PFMEMALLOC reserve pages
Allocations of pages below the min watermark run a risk of the machine
hanging due to a lack of memory. To prevent this, only callers who have
PF_MEMALLOC or TIF_MEMDIE set and are not processing an interrupt are
allowed to allocate with ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS. Once they are allocated to
a slab though, nothing prevents other callers consuming free objects
within those slabs. This patch limits access to slab pages that were
alloced from the PFMEMALLOC reserves.
When this patch is applied, pages allocated from below the low watermark
are returned with page->pfmemalloc set and it is up to the caller to
determine how the page should be protected. SLAB restricts access to any
page with page->pfmemalloc set to callers which are known to able to
access the PFMEMALLOC reserve. If one is not available, an attempt is
made to allocate a new page rather than use a reserve. SLUB is a bit more
relaxed in that it only records if the current per-CPU page was allocated
from PFMEMALLOC reserve and uses another partial slab if the caller does
not have the necessary GFP or process flags. This was found to be
sufficient in tests to avoid hangs due to SLUB generally maintaining
smaller lists than SLAB.
In low-memory conditions it does mean that !PFMEMALLOC allocators can fail
a slab allocation even though free objects are available because they are
being preserved for callers that are freeing pages.
[a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl: Original implementation]
[sebastian@breakpoint.cc: Correct order of page flag clearing]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Cc: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <sebastian@breakpoint.cc>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On architectures with CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_SIZE_VARIABLE set, such as
Itanium, pageblock_order is a variable with default value of 0. It's set
to the right value by set_pageblock_order() in function
free_area_init_core().
But pageblock_order may be used by sparse_init() before free_area_init_core()
is called along path:
sparse_init()
->sparse_early_usemaps_alloc_node()
->usemap_size()
->SECTION_BLOCKFLAGS_BITS
->((1UL << (PFN_SECTION_SHIFT - pageblock_order)) *
NR_PAGEBLOCK_BITS)
The uninitialized pageblock_size will cause memory wasting because
usemap_size() returns a much bigger value then it's really needed.
For example, on an Itanium platform,
sparse_init() pageblock_order=0 usemap_size=24576
free_area_init_core() before pageblock_order=0, usemap_size=24576
free_area_init_core() after pageblock_order=12, usemap_size=8
That means 24K memory has been wasted for each section, so fix it by calling
set_pageblock_order() from sparse_init().
Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Keping Chen <chenkeping@huawei.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Order > 0 compaction stops when enough free pages of the correct page
order have been coalesced. When doing subsequent higher order
allocations, it is possible for compaction to be invoked many times.
However, the compaction code always starts out looking for things to
compact at the start of the zone, and for free pages to compact things to
at the end of the zone.
This can cause quadratic behaviour, with isolate_freepages starting at the
end of the zone each time, even though previous invocations of the
compaction code already filled up all free memory on that end of the zone.
This can cause isolate_freepages to take enormous amounts of CPU with
certain workloads on larger memory systems.
The obvious solution is to have isolate_freepages remember where it left
off last time, and continue at that point the next time it gets invoked
for an order > 0 compaction. This could cause compaction to fail if
cc->free_pfn and cc->migrate_pfn are close together initially, in that
case we restart from the end of the zone and try once more.
Forced full (order == -1) compactions are left alone.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/laste/last/, use 80 cols]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Tested-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reverts commit 5ceb9ce6fe.
That commit seems to be the cause of the mm compation list corruption
issues that Dave Jones reported. The locking (or rather, absense
there-of) is dubious, as is the use of the 'page' variable once it has
been found to be outside the pageblock range.
So revert it for now, we can re-visit this for 3.6. If we even need to:
as Minchan Kim says, "The patch wasn't a bug fix and even test workload
was very theoretical".
Reported-and-tested-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull vfs changes from Al Viro.
"A lot of misc stuff. The obvious groups:
* Miklos' atomic_open series; kills the damn abuse of
->d_revalidate() by NFS, which was the major stumbling block for
all work in that area.
* ripping security_file_mmap() and dealing with deadlocks in the
area; sanitizing the neighborhood of vm_mmap()/vm_munmap() in
general.
* ->encode_fh() switched to saner API; insane fake dentry in
mm/cleancache.c gone.
* assorted annotations in fs (endianness, __user)
* parts of Artem's ->s_dirty work (jff2 and reiserfs parts)
* ->update_time() work from Josef.
* other bits and pieces all over the place.
Normally it would've been in two or three pull requests, but
signal.git stuff had eaten a lot of time during this cycle ;-/"
Fix up trivial conflicts in Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt (the
'truncate_range' inode method was removed by the VM changes, the VFS
update adds an 'update_time()' method), and in fs/btrfs/ulist.[ch] (due
to sparse fix added twice, with other changes nearby).
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (95 commits)
nfs: don't open in ->d_revalidate
vfs: retry last component if opening stale dentry
vfs: nameidata_to_filp(): don't throw away file on error
vfs: nameidata_to_filp(): inline __dentry_open()
vfs: do_dentry_open(): don't put filp
vfs: split __dentry_open()
vfs: do_last() common post lookup
vfs: do_last(): add audit_inode before open
vfs: do_last(): only return EISDIR for O_CREAT
vfs: do_last(): check LOOKUP_DIRECTORY
vfs: do_last(): make ENOENT exit RCU safe
vfs: make follow_link check RCU safe
vfs: do_last(): use inode variable
vfs: do_last(): inline walk_component()
vfs: do_last(): make exit RCU safe
vfs: split do_lookup()
Btrfs: move over to use ->update_time
fs: introduce inode operation ->update_time
reiserfs: get rid of resierfs_sync_super
reiserfs: mark the superblock as dirty a bit later
...
take it to mm/util.c, convert vm_mmap() to use of that one and
take it to mm/util.c as well, convert both sys_mmap_pgoff() to
use of vm_mmap_pgoff()
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
When MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE pages are freed from MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE type
pageblock (and some MIGRATE_MOVABLE pages are left in it) waiting until an
allocation takes ownership of the block may take too long. The type of
the pageblock remains unchanged so the pageblock cannot be used as a
migration target during compaction.
Fix it by:
* Adding enum compact_mode (COMPACT_ASYNC_[MOVABLE,UNMOVABLE], and
COMPACT_SYNC) and then converting sync field in struct compact_control
to use it.
* Adding nr_pageblocks_skipped field to struct compact_control and
tracking how many destination pageblocks were of MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE type.
If COMPACT_ASYNC_MOVABLE mode compaction ran fully in
try_to_compact_pages() (COMPACT_COMPLETE) it implies that there is not a
suitable page for allocation. In this case then check how if there were
enough MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE pageblocks to try a second pass in
COMPACT_ASYNC_UNMOVABLE mode.
* Scanning the MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE pageblocks (during COMPACT_SYNC and
COMPACT_ASYNC_UNMOVABLE compaction modes) and building a count based on
finding PageBuddy pages, page_count(page) == 0 or PageLRU pages. If all
pages within the MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE pageblock are in one of those three
sets change the whole pageblock type to MIGRATE_MOVABLE.
My particular test case (on a ARM EXYNOS4 device with 512 MiB, which means
131072 standard 4KiB pages in 'Normal' zone) is to:
- allocate 120000 pages for kernel's usage
- free every second page (60000 pages) of memory just allocated
- allocate and use 60000 pages from user space
- free remaining 60000 pages of kernel memory
(now we have fragmented memory occupied mostly by user space pages)
- try to allocate 100 order-9 (2048 KiB) pages for kernel's usage
The results:
- with compaction disabled I get 11 successful allocations
- with compaction enabled - 14 successful allocations
- with this patch I'm able to get all 100 successful allocations
NOTE: If we can make kswapd aware of order-0 request during compaction, we
can enhance kswapd with changing mode to COMPACT_ASYNC_FULL
(COMPACT_ASYNC_MOVABLE + COMPACT_ASYNC_UNMOVABLE). Please see the
following thread:
http://marc.info/?l=linux-mm&m=133552069417068&w=2
[minchan@kernel.org: minor cleanups]
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew pointed out that the is_mlocked_vma() is misnamed. A function
with name like that would expect bool return and no side-effects.
Since it is called on the fault path for new page, rename it in this
patch.
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujtisu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/mlock_vma_newpage/mlock_vma_newpage/, per Minchan]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This commit exports some of the functions from compaction.c file
outside of it adding their declaration into internal.h header
file so that other mm related code can use them.
This forced compaction.c to always be compiled (as opposed to being
compiled only if CONFIG_COMPACTION is defined) but as to avoid
introducing code that user did not ask for, part of the compaction.c
is now wrapped in on #ifdef.
Signed-off-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Rob Clark <rob.clark@linaro.org>
Tested-by: Ohad Ben-Cohen <ohad@wizery.com>
Tested-by: Benjamin Gaignard <benjamin.gaignard@linaro.org>
Tested-by: Robert Nelson <robertcnelson@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Barry Song <Baohua.Song@csr.com>
Michel while working on the working set estimation code, noticed that
calling get_page_unless_zero() on a random pfn_to_page(random_pfn)
wasn't safe, if the pfn ended up being a tail page of a transparent
hugepage under splitting by __split_huge_page_refcount().
He then found the problem could also theoretically materialize with
page_cache_get_speculative() during the speculative radix tree lookups
that uses get_page_unless_zero() in SMP if the radix tree page is freed
and reallocated and get_user_pages is called on it before
page_cache_get_speculative has a chance to call get_page_unless_zero().
So the best way to fix the problem is to keep page_tail->_count zero at
all times. This will guarantee that get_page_unless_zero() can never
succeed on any tail page. page_tail->_mapcount is guaranteed zero and
is unused for all tail pages of a compound page, so we can simply
account the tail page references there and transfer them to
tail_page->_count in __split_huge_page_refcount() (in addition to the
head_page->_mapcount).
While debugging this s/_count/_mapcount/ change I also noticed get_page is
called by direct-io.c on pages returned by get_user_pages. That wasn't
entirely safe because the two atomic_inc in get_page weren't atomic. As
opposed to other get_user_page users like secondary-MMU page fault to
establish the shadow pagetables would never call any superflous get_page
after get_user_page returns. It's safer to make get_page universally safe
for tail pages and to use get_page_foll() within follow_page (inside
get_user_pages()). get_page_foll() is safe to do the refcounting for tail
pages without taking any locks because it is run within PT lock protected
critical sections (PT lock for pte and page_table_lock for
pmd_trans_huge).
The standard get_page() as invoked by direct-io instead will now take
the compound_lock but still only for tail pages. The direct-io paths
are usually I/O bound and the compound_lock is per THP so very
finegrined, so there's no risk of scalability issues with it. A simple
direct-io benchmarks with all lockdep prove locking and spinlock
debugging infrastructure enabled shows identical performance and no
overhead. So it's worth it. Ideally direct-io should stop calling
get_page() on pages returned by get_user_pages(). The spinlock in
get_page() is already optimized away for no-THP builds but doing
get_page() on tail pages returned by GUP is generally a rare operation
and usually only run in I/O paths.
This new refcounting on page_tail->_mapcount in addition to avoiding new
RCU critical sections will also allow the working set estimation code to
work without any further complexity associated to the tail page
refcounting with THP.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When I was reading nommu code, I found that it handles the vma list/tree
in an unusual way. IIUC, because there can be more than one
identical/overrapped vmas in the list/tree, it sorts the tree more
strictly and does a linear search on the tree. But it doesn't applied to
the list (i.e. the list could be constructed in a different order than
the tree so that we can't use the list when finding the first vma in that
order).
Since inserting/sorting a vma in the tree and link is done at the same
time, we can easily construct both of them in the same order. And linear
searching on the tree could be more costly than doing it on the list, it
can be converted to use the list.
Also, after the commit 297c5eee37 ("mm: make the vma list be doubly
linked") made the list be doubly linked, there were a couple of code need
to be fixed to construct the list properly.
Patch 1/6 is a preparation. It maintains the list sorted same as the tree
and construct doubly-linked list properly. Patch 2/6 is a simple
optimization for the vma deletion. Patch 3/6 and 4/6 convert tree
traversal to list traversal and the rest are simple fixes and cleanups.
This patch:
@vma added into @mm should be sorted by start addr, end addr and VMA
struct addr in that order because we may get identical VMAs in the @mm.
However this was true only for the rbtree, not for the list.
This patch fixes this by remembering 'rb_prev' during the tree traversal
like find_vma_prepare() does and linking the @vma via __vma_link_list().
After this patch, we can iterate the whole VMAs in correct order simply by
using @mm->mmap list.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: avoid duplicating __vma_link_list()]
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Greg Ungerer <gerg@uclinux.org>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In most cases, get_user_pages and get_user_pages_fast should be used
to pin user pages in memory. But sometimes, some special flags except
FOLL_GET, FOLL_WRITE and FOLL_FORCE are needed, for example in
following patch, KVM needs FOLL_HWPOISON. To support these users,
__get_user_pages is exported directly.
There are some symbol name conflicts in infiniband driver, fixed them too.
Signed-off-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
CC: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
CC: Roland Dreier <roland@kernel.org>
CC: Ralph Campbell <infinipath@qlogic.com>
Signed-off-by: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
This reverts commit 744ed14427.
Chris Mason ended up chasing down some page allocation errors and pages
stuck waiting on the IO scheduler, and was able to narrow it down to two
commits: commit 744ed14427 ("mm: batch activate_page() to reduce lock
contention") and d8505dee1a ("mm: simplify code of swap.c").
This reverts the first of them.
Reported-and-debugged-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Cc: linux-mm <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The zone->lru_lock is heavily contented in workload where activate_page()
is frequently used. We could do batch activate_page() to reduce the lock
contention. The batched pages will be added into zone list when the pool
is full or page reclaim is trying to drain them.
For example, in a 4 socket 64 CPU system, create a sparse file and 64
processes, processes shared map to the file. Each process read access the
whole file and then exit. The process exit will do unmap_vmas() and cause
a lot of activate_page() call. In such workload, we saw about 58% total
time reduction with below patch. Other workloads with a lot of
activate_page also benefits a lot too.
I tested some microbenchmarks:
case-anon-cow-rand-mt 0.58%
case-anon-cow-rand -3.30%
case-anon-cow-seq-mt -0.51%
case-anon-cow-seq -5.68%
case-anon-r-rand-mt 0.23%
case-anon-r-rand 0.81%
case-anon-r-seq-mt -0.71%
case-anon-r-seq -1.99%
case-anon-rx-rand-mt 2.11%
case-anon-rx-seq-mt 3.46%
case-anon-w-rand-mt -0.03%
case-anon-w-rand -0.50%
case-anon-w-seq-mt -1.08%
case-anon-w-seq -0.12%
case-anon-wx-rand-mt -5.02%
case-anon-wx-seq-mt -1.43%
case-fork 1.65%
case-fork-sleep -0.07%
case-fork-withmem 1.39%
case-hugetlb -0.59%
case-lru-file-mmap-read-mt -0.54%
case-lru-file-mmap-read 0.61%
case-lru-file-mmap-read-rand -2.24%
case-lru-file-readonce -0.64%
case-lru-file-readtwice -11.69%
case-lru-memcg -1.35%
case-mmap-pread-rand-mt 1.88%
case-mmap-pread-rand -15.26%
case-mmap-pread-seq-mt 0.89%
case-mmap-pread-seq -69.72%
case-mmap-xread-rand-mt 0.71%
case-mmap-xread-seq-mt 0.38%
The most significent are:
case-lru-file-readtwice -11.69%
case-mmap-pread-rand -15.26%
case-mmap-pread-seq -69.72%
which use activate_page a lot. others are basically variations because
each run has slightly difference.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
