mm: lock VMA in dup_anon_vma() before setting ->anon_vma

When VMAs are merged, dup_anon_vma() is called with `dst` pointing to the
VMA that is being expanded to cover the area previously occupied by
another VMA.  This currently happens while `dst` is not write-locked.

This means that, in the `src->anon_vma && !dst->anon_vma` case, as soon as
the assignment `dst->anon_vma = src->anon_vma` has happened, concurrent
page faults can happen on `dst` under the per-VMA lock.  This is already
icky in itself, since such page faults can now install pages into `dst`
that are attached to an `anon_vma` that is not yet tied back to the
`anon_vma` with an `anon_vma_chain`.  But if `anon_vma_clone()` fails due
to an out-of-memory error, things get much worse: `anon_vma_clone()` then
reverts `dst->anon_vma` back to NULL, and `dst` remains completely
unconnected to the `anon_vma`, even though we can have pages in the area
covered by `dst` that point to the `anon_vma`.

This means the `anon_vma` of such pages can be freed while the pages are
still mapped into userspace, which leads to UAF when a helper like
folio_lock_anon_vma_read() tries to look up the anon_vma of such a page.

This theoretically is a security bug, but I believe it is really hard to
actually trigger as an unprivileged user because it requires that you can
make an order-0 GFP_KERNEL allocation fail, and the page allocator tries
pretty hard to prevent that.

I think doing the vma_start_write() call inside dup_anon_vma() is the most
straightforward fix for now.

For a kernel-assisted reproducer, see the notes section of the patch mail.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20230721034643.616851-1-jannh@google.com
Fixes: 5e31275cc9 ("mm: add per-VMA lock and helper functions to control it")
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm/mmap.c

@@ -615,6 +615,7 @@ static inline int dup_anon_vma(struct vm_area_struct *dst,
 	 * anon pages imported.
 	 */
 	if (src->anon_vma && !dst->anon_vma) {
+		vma_start_write(dst);
 		dst->anon_vma = src->anon_vma;
 		return anon_vma_clone(dst, src);
 	}