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doc: Update removal of RCU-bh/sched update machinery
The RCU-bh update API is now defined in terms of that of RCU-bh and RCU-sched, so this commit updates the documentation accordingly. In addition, although RCU-sched persists in !PREEMPT kernels, in the PREEMPT case its update API is now defined in terms of that of RCU-preempt, so this commit also updates the documentation accordingly. While in the area, this commit removes the documentation for the now-obsolete synchronize_rcu_mult() and clarifies the Tasks RCU documentation. Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
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Paul E. McKenney
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@ -1374,8 +1374,7 @@ that is, if the CPU is currently idle.
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Accessor Functions</a></h3>
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<p>The following listing shows the
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<tt>rcu_get_root()</tt>, <tt>rcu_for_each_node_breadth_first</tt>,
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<tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt>, and
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<tt>rcu_get_root()</tt>, <tt>rcu_for_each_node_breadth_first</tt> and
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<tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> function and macros:
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<pre>
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@ -1388,13 +1387,9 @@ Accessor Functions</a></h3>
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7 for ((rnp) = &(rsp)->node[0]; \
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8 (rnp) < &(rsp)->node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
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9
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10 #define rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first(rsp, rnp) \
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11 for ((rnp) = &(rsp)->node[0]; \
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12 (rnp) < (rsp)->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; (rnp)++)
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13
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14 #define rcu_for_each_leaf_node(rsp, rnp) \
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15 for ((rnp) = (rsp)->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; \
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16 (rnp) < &(rsp)->node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
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10 #define rcu_for_each_leaf_node(rsp, rnp) \
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11 for ((rnp) = (rsp)->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; \
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12 (rnp) < &(rsp)->node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
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</pre>
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<p>The <tt>rcu_get_root()</tt> simply returns a pointer to the
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@ -1407,10 +1402,7 @@ macro takes advantage of the layout of the <tt>rcu_node</tt>
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structures in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's
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<tt>->node[]</tt> array, performing a breadth-first traversal by
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simply traversing the array in order.
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The <tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> macro operates
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similarly, but traverses only the first part of the array, thus excluding
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the leaf <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.
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Finally, the <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> macro traverses only
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Similarly, the <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> macro traverses only
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the last part of the array, thus traversing only the leaf
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<tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.
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@ -1418,15 +1410,14 @@ the last part of the array, thus traversing only the leaf
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<tr><th> </th></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
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<tr><td>
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What do <tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> and
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What does
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<tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> do if the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree
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contains only a single node?
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</td></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
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<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
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In the single-node case,
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<tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> is a no-op
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and <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> traverses the single node.
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<tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> traverses the single node.
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</font></td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td></tr>
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</table>
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@ -12,10 +12,9 @@ high efficiency and minimal disturbance, expedited grace periods accept
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lower efficiency and significant disturbance to attain shorter latencies.
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<p>
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There are three flavors of RCU (RCU-bh, RCU-preempt, and RCU-sched),
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but only two flavors of expedited grace periods because the RCU-bh
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expedited grace period maps onto the RCU-sched expedited grace period.
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Each of the remaining two implementations is covered in its own section.
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There are two flavors of RCU (RCU-preempt and RCU-sched), with an earlier
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third RCU-bh flavor having been implemented in terms of the other two.
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Each of the two implementations is covered in its own section.
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<ol>
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<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period Design">
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@ -1306,8 +1306,6 @@ doing so would degrade real-time response.
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<p>
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This non-requirement appeared with preemptible RCU.
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If you need a grace period that waits on non-preemptible code regions, use
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<a href="#Sched Flavor">RCU-sched</a>.
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<h2><a name="Parallelism Facts of Life">Parallelism Facts of Life</a></h2>
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@ -2165,14 +2163,9 @@ however, this is not a panacea because there would be severe restrictions
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on what operations those callbacks could invoke.
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<p>
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Perhaps surprisingly, <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt>,
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<a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor"><tt>synchronize_rcu_bh()</tt></a>
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(<a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">discussed below</a>),
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<a href="#Sched Flavor"><tt>synchronize_sched()</tt></a>,
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Perhaps surprisingly, <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> and
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<tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>,
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<tt>synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited()</tt>, and
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<tt>synchronize_sched_expedited()</tt>
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will all operate normally
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will operate normally
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during very early boot, the reason being that there is only one CPU
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and preemption is disabled.
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This means that the call <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> (or friends)
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@ -2861,15 +2854,22 @@ The other four flavors are listed below, with requirements for each
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described in a separate section.
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<ol>
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<li> <a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor</a>
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<li> <a href="#Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor</a>
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<li> <a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor (Historical)</a>
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<li> <a href="#Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor (Historical)</a>
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<li> <a href="#Sleepable RCU">Sleepable RCU</a>
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<li> <a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>
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<li> <a href="#Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods">
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Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods</a>
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</ol>
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<h3><a name="Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor</a></h3>
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<h3><a name="Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor (Historical)</a></h3>
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<p>
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The RCU-bh flavor of RCU has since been expressed in terms of
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the other RCU flavors as part of a consolidation of the three
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flavors into a single flavor.
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The read-side API remains, and continues to disable softirq and to
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be accounted for by lockdep.
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Much of the material in this section is therefore strictly historical
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in nature.
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<p>
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The softirq-disable (AKA “bottom-half”,
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@ -2929,8 +2929,20 @@ includes
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<tt>call_rcu_bh()</tt>,
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<tt>rcu_barrier_bh()</tt>, and
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<tt>rcu_read_lock_bh_held()</tt>.
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However, the update-side APIs are now simple wrappers for other RCU
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flavors, namely RCU-sched in CONFIG_PREEMPT=n kernels and RCU-preempt
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otherwise.
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<h3><a name="Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor</a></h3>
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<h3><a name="Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor (Historical)</a></h3>
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<p>
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The RCU-sched flavor of RCU has since been expressed in terms of
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the other RCU flavors as part of a consolidation of the three
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flavors into a single flavor.
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The read-side API remains, and continues to disable preemption and to
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be accounted for by lockdep.
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Much of the material in this section is therefore strictly historical
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in nature.
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<p>
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Before preemptible RCU, waiting for an RCU grace period had the
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@ -3150,94 +3162,14 @@ The tasks-RCU API is quite compact, consisting only of
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<tt>call_rcu_tasks()</tt>,
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<tt>synchronize_rcu_tasks()</tt>, and
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<tt>rcu_barrier_tasks()</tt>.
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<h3><a name="Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods">
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Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods</a></h3>
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<p>
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Perhaps you have an RCU protected data structure that is accessed from
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RCU read-side critical sections, from softirq handlers, and from
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hardware interrupt handlers.
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That is three flavors of RCU, the normal flavor, the bottom-half flavor,
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and the sched flavor.
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How to wait for a compound grace period?
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<p>
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The best approach is usually to “just say no!” and
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insert <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
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around each RCU read-side critical section, regardless of what
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environment it happens to be in.
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But suppose that some of the RCU read-side critical sections are
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on extremely hot code paths, and that use of <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt>
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is not a viable option, so that <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and
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<tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> are not free.
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What then?
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<p>
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You <i>could</i> wait on all three grace periods in succession, as follows:
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<blockquote>
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<pre>
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1 synchronize_rcu();
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2 synchronize_rcu_bh();
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3 synchronize_sched();
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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<p>
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This works, but triples the update-side latency penalty.
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In cases where this is not acceptable, <tt>synchronize_rcu_mult()</tt>
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may be used to wait on all three flavors of grace period concurrently:
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<blockquote>
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<pre>
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1 synchronize_rcu_mult(call_rcu, call_rcu_bh, call_rcu_sched);
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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<p>
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But what if it is necessary to also wait on SRCU?
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This can be done as follows:
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<blockquote>
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<pre>
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1 static void call_my_srcu(struct rcu_head *head,
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2 void (*func)(struct rcu_head *head))
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3 {
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4 call_srcu(&my_srcu, head, func);
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5 }
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6
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7 synchronize_rcu_mult(call_rcu, call_rcu_bh, call_rcu_sched, call_my_srcu);
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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<p>
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If you needed to wait on multiple different flavors of SRCU
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(but why???), you would need to create a wrapper function resembling
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<tt>call_my_srcu()</tt> for each SRCU flavor.
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<table>
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<tr><th> </th></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
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<tr><td>
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But what if I need to wait for multiple RCU flavors, but I also need
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the grace periods to be expedited?
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</td></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
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<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
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If you are using expedited grace periods, there should be less penalty
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for waiting on them in succession.
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But if that is nevertheless a problem, you can use workqueues
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or multiple kthreads to wait on the various expedited grace
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periods concurrently.
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</font></td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td></tr>
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</table>
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<p>
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Again, it is usually better to adjust the RCU read-side critical sections
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to use a single flavor of RCU, but when this is not feasible, you can use
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<tt>synchronize_rcu_mult()</tt>.
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In <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt> kernels, trampolines cannot be preempted,
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so these APIs map to
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<tt>call_rcu()</tt>,
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<tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt>, and
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<tt>rcu_barrier()</tt>, respectively.
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In <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=y</tt> kernels, trampolines can be preempted,
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and these three APIs are therefore implemented by separate functions
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that check for voluntary context switches.
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<h2><a name="Possible Future Changes">Possible Future Changes</a></h2>
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@ -3248,12 +3180,6 @@ If this becomes a serious problem, it will be necessary to rework the
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grace-period state machine so as to avoid the need for the additional
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latency.
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<p>
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Expedited grace periods scan the CPUs, so their latency and overhead
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increases with increasing numbers of CPUs.
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If this becomes a serious problem on large systems, it will be necessary
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to do some redesign to avoid this scalability problem.
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<p>
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RCU disables CPU hotplug in a few places, perhaps most notably in the
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<tt>rcu_barrier()</tt> operations.
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@ -3298,11 +3224,6 @@ Please note that arrangements that require RCU to remap CPU numbers will
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require extremely good demonstration of need and full exploration of
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alternatives.
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<p>
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There is an embarrassingly large number of flavors of RCU, and this
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number has been increasing over time.
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Perhaps it will be possible to combine some at some future date.
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<p>
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RCU's various kthreads are reasonably recent additions.
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It is quite likely that adjustments will be required to more gracefully
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@ -16,12 +16,9 @@ o A CPU looping in an RCU read-side critical section.
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o A CPU looping with interrupts disabled.
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o A CPU looping with preemption disabled. This condition can
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result in RCU-sched stalls and, if ksoftirqd is in use, RCU-bh
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stalls.
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o A CPU looping with preemption disabled.
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o A CPU looping with bottom halves disabled. This condition can
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result in RCU-sched and RCU-bh stalls.
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o A CPU looping with bottom halves disabled.
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o For !CONFIG_PREEMPT kernels, a CPU looping anywhere in the kernel
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without invoking schedule(). If the looping in the kernel is
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@ -87,9 +84,9 @@ o A hardware failure. This is quite unlikely, but has occurred
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This resulted in a series of RCU CPU stall warnings, eventually
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leading the realization that the CPU had failed.
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The RCU, RCU-sched, RCU-bh, and RCU-tasks implementations have CPU stall
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warning. Note that SRCU does -not- have CPU stall warnings. Please note
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that RCU only detects CPU stalls when there is a grace period in progress.
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The RCU, RCU-sched, and RCU-tasks implementations have CPU stall warning.
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Note that SRCU does -not- have CPU stall warnings. Please note that
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RCU only detects CPU stalls when there is a grace period in progress.
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No grace period, no CPU stall warnings.
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To diagnose the cause of the stall, inspect the stack traces.
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@ -934,7 +934,8 @@ c. Do you need to treat NMI handlers, hardirq handlers,
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d. Do you need RCU grace periods to complete even in the face
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of softirq monopolization of one or more of the CPUs? For
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example, is your code subject to network-based denial-of-service
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attacks? If so, you need RCU-bh.
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attacks? If so, you should disable softirq across your readers,
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for example, by using rcu_read_lock_bh().
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e. Is your workload too update-intensive for normal use of
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RCU, but inappropriate for other synchronization mechanisms?
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@ -3534,14 +3534,14 @@
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In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set
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the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs.
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Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will
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be offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for
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that purpose, where "x" is "b" for RCU-bh, "p"
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for RCU-preempt, and "s" for RCU-sched, and "N"
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is the CPU number. This reduces OS jitter on the
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offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC and
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real-time workloads. It can also improve energy
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efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors.
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Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will be
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offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for that
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purpose, where "x" is "p" for RCU-preempt, and
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"s" for RCU-sched, and "N" is the CPU number.
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This reduces OS jitter on the offloaded CPUs,
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which can be useful for HPC and real-time
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workloads. It can also improve energy efficiency
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for asymmetric multiprocessors.
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rcu_nocb_poll [KNL]
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Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
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@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ To reduce its OS jitter, do at least one of the following:
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to do.
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Name:
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rcuob/%d, rcuop/%d, and rcuos/%d
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rcuop/%d and rcuos/%d
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Purpose:
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Offload RCU callbacks from the corresponding CPU.
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